Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Jonas Meyer-Ohle, Dsire Bergeron, Nalin Mathur, Arihant Mehta, Alex Van Ballaer, Joji
Horie
http://sites.acsindep.edu.sg/mathematics/sow/IBO%20SL%20Mathematics%20Guide.pdf
Topic 1 - Algebra
1.1 Sequences and Series
Arithmetic Sequences
Geometric Sequences
Compound interest
Series (Sum of a Sequence)
1.2 Exponents and Logs
Exponent Laws
Multiplication:
Logarithm Laws
1.3 The binomial Theorem
NOT IN EXAM
Topic 2 - Functions and Equations
2.1 - Concept of Functions
2.2 - Graphing Functions
2.3 - Transformations
This is the graph of the function f(x) = x2
2.4 - Reciprocal Functions
2.5 - Quadratic Forms
2.6 - Quadratic Formula and Discriminant
2.7 - Inverse Functions
2.8 - Exponential Functions
Topic 3 - Circular Functions and Trigonometry
3.1 - Radians
3.2 - To do with cos , sin , and tan
3.3 - Double Angle Formulae
3.4 - Circular Functions + Composite of f (x) = asin(b(x + c)) + d
3.5 - Solving Trigonometric Equations and their Graphs
3.6 - Solution of Triangles
Topic 4 - Matrices
4.1 - Definitions
4.2 - Algebra of Matrices
4.3 - Determinant of a Square Matrix
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Topic 1 - Algebra
1.1 Sequences and Series
Arithmetic Sequences
BasisofArithmeticSequences
- eg. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 +1
- eg. 4, 2, 0, -2, -4 -2
- A sequence is just a list of numbers.
- Numbers in a sequence are called terms.
- Distance between two terms is called the difference (d).
- To find the difference, subtract backwards. ([{2, 4, 6 } 4-2=2, 6-4=2] d=2)
- Arithmetic sequences have the same difference between each of their terms.
TheNthNumberofanArithmeticSequence
- Un=U1+(n-1)d
- Un Is the number you want
- U1 is the first number of the list
- n is the position of the number in the list
- d is the difference of the arithmetic sequence
- For example you have a sequence with the terms (1,3,5,7,9). Find the 10th term.
- Difference = 3-1 = 2
- U10 = 1+(10-1)2
- U10 = 19
Geometric Sequences
Nth Term of a geometric sequence
- Un = U1 x rn-1
- r is the common ratio (constant factor between consecutive terms)
- You can figure out r by dividing backwards. (n+1)/n= r
(n+2)/(n+1) = r
- Eg. You are trying to find the 10th term in a sequence with terms 3,9,27,81
- U10 = 3 x 310-1
- U10 = 59049
Compound interest
Compound interest is the interest calculated on both the principal (Starting money, objects) and the
accrued interest (eg. Interest gained every year, month).
Simple interest on the other hand is interest paid on the principal alone.
Another way you can think of it, is that compound interest is a geometric sequence while simple
interest is an arithmetic sequence.
SIMPLE INTEREST CALCULATION
In simple interest the difference is always the same.
Eg. Your starting investment is 100 Dollars. There is a fixed addition of 50 dollars per year.
U1 = 100
d = 50
What is your investment in 10 years?
Use the formula: I = PrT
P = Principal (starting, 100)
R = percentage rate (IN DECIMAL FORM 50/100 = 0.5)
T = Time (IN YEARS, 10)
I = 100 x 0.5 x 10
I = 500
This is your interest gained. To find the end money of your investment, add the principal.
COMPOUND INTEREST
In compound interest, the interest is added to the initial investment and every interval
You can use the formula:
Sigma notation
Arithmetic series
- Sn = (n/2)(2U1 + (n-1)d)
- or
Eg.k=0
n=7
d=2
U1=0
Gofrom0to(71)so6terms
(0+6x2)=12
Logarithm Laws
Why we use logs
Logs are used when we have a variable in the exponents. If we had to solve 2x=16, how would you do it?
Its pretty obvious that x = 4, but with larger and more complicated numbers, we need to use logs
Take the log of both sides - log2x = log16
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Bring the x down Divide both sides by log2 Put it in your calculator! -
x log2 = log16
x = log16/log2
x=4
Adding Logs
When you are adding two logs with the same bases, the values in the brackets can be multiplied together
to form one log.
loga (x) + loga (y) = loga (xy)
eg. log 10 + log 5 = log 50
Subtracting Logs
When you are subtracting logs with the same base, the values in the brackets can be divided to form one
log.
loga (x) - loga (y) = loga (x/y)
eg. log 10 - log 2 = log 5
Floating Exponent
When there is an exponent in your log, the exponent can float down in front of your log to multiply
everything instead.
loga (x)2 = 2 loga (x)
eg. log (10)2= 2 log 10
Same Base and Variable
When the value of the log and the base are the same, the solution will always be 1.
loga (a) = 1
Changing Base Rule
To change bases of logs, divide log base x (new base) of the value divided by log base x of the old base.
logb (a) = logc a/logc b
eg. log10 5 = log2 5/log2 10
Changing numbers to logs
To change numbers into logs, raise the base of the log by that number.
a = logb(ba)
eg. 2 = log10(10^2)
2 = log10100
Watch Out!
- Logs can never be negative
- Logs cant be zero
- There are other small rules but if we understand the concepts above, WE will be OK
This is a graph for Y=log2(x)
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Basicallyyouhavetofindcertaininputvalueswhichdonotproduceavalidoutput.
Letsusetheexample:f(x)=3/(x1)
Sowhatxvalueswillmakef(x)undefined?
Ifx=1,thedenominatorwillbe0.Dividingby0isundefined.Thereforethedomaincannot
includex=1
Keeplookingforundefinederrorsandyouwillfindthedomain.
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Tofindtherangeofagraph,checkifthegraphisaparabolaandfindthevertex.Thisisyour
minimumyvalue.Fromthereonyoucanfindtherange.
Ifthefunctionisexponential,theyvalueswillnevertouch0orgounderneath.y>0
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2.3 - Transformations
A graph can be transformed in various ways by moving it around or even changing the graph itself.
I will show you all the different ways by using the function f(x) = x2.
Thisisthegraphofthefunctionf(x)=x2
This graph can be changed in several ways
- Translating the graph in the y and x axis.
- Stretching the graph in the y and x axis.
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As a Summary:
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Graph of y = -1/x
Graph of y = 2/x
Graph of -0.5/x
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- If a is negative then the graph opens downwards like a sad face cause nobody likes them
negatives.
- To find a you first find the vertex coordinates, and then use substitution from another point on
the graph.
e.g. y = a(x 3) 4 and (2.6, 3.2)
3.2 = a(2.6 3) 4
3.2 = a( 0.4)-4
0.8 = 16a
5 = a
- Changing the a value makes the graph wider or thinner.
- Changing the h translates the graph to the right or to the left.
- Changing the k value translates the graph up or down.
Factorizedform: y = (x q)(x p)
- q and p are the x-intercepts. Knowing these can help you make quick sketches.
Standardfrom: y = ax + bx + c
- The a , b, and c values refer to the values of the quadratic formula.
- The c value is the y-intercept.
- The formula for the axis of symmetry can be found from this form as well. It is known as
x = b 2a . (This is the x coordinate of the vertex)
- Here is a great chart to show how to convert between the different quadratic forms:
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Examples:
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4ac)/2a
- Calculator
- Graphing it and finding the intercept of the two sides of the equation.
- Factoring into either double or single brackets but nobody likes factoring so just use the
equation, yo. Or you know, completing the square somehow. I think that goes in the algebra
category.
- Guessing.
- The Discrimination.
= b 4ac
The discriminant gives an indication of the type of root that the quadratic will give. If the discriminant is
equal to zero, there are two identical roots which will give one real solution. If the discriminant is
greater than zero, the equation will have two distinct roots which means two solutions. If the
discriminant is less than zero, there will be no solution.
e.g For the equation y= x2-4x+4, there is only one solution which means that on the parabola
there is only one x intercept.
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The above graph shows the general relationship between exponential functions and their inverses.
We see that the e^x graph is the inverse of the lnx graph.
This will work when we switch the variables and prove that it is so.
e^x=y
switch variables
e^y=x
lnx=y
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Remember that when the x values are negative, the y values will become smaller and smaller.
Thats why a exponential graph will never touch the x axis due to the function converging to y = 0
You can see this behavior from the graph below:
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Topic 4 - Matrices
4.1 - Definitions
4.2 - Algebra of Matrices
4.3 - Determinant of a Square Matrix
4.4 - Solution of Systems of Linear Equations with Inverse Matrices
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Topic 5 - Vectors
5.1 - Vector Basics
5.2 - Scalar Products
5.3 - r = a + tb and Angle between Two Lines
5.4 - Coincident and Parallel Lines and Intersections
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Topic 7 - Calculus
7.1 - Limits, Convergence, Derivatives.
7.2 - Differentiation, Chain Rule, Product/Quotient Rule, Second Derivatives
7.3 - Local Maximum and Minimum Points
7.4 - Indefinite Integration and Integral and Composites with Linear Function
ax + b
7.5 - Anti-Differentiation, Definite Integrals, Curves, Volume of Revolution
7.6 - Kinematic Problems
7.7 - Graphical Behaviour of Functions, Significance of Derivative, Points of
Inflection.
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