Transformer Voltage Regulation

UCF

Transformer Voltage Regulation (1)

Ideal:

VP
n
VS

Non-ideal:

NP
NS

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Transformer Voltage Regulation (2)

No load (open circuit):

Full load : VP

VP
VSnl
n

VSfl ( Reqs jX eqs )I S

Voltage regulation: VR

VSnl VSfl
VSfl

100%

VP / n VSfl
VSfl

100%

UCF

Transformer Voltage Regulation (3)

VP
VSfl ReqsI S jX eqsI S
n
VR

Discussions:

VP / n VSfl

(1) Load is lagging (inductive)

I 0
s

VP / n VSfl VR 0

VSfl

100%

UCF

Transformer Voltage Regulation (4)

VP
VSfl ReqsI S jX eqsI S
n
(2) Load is resistive (unit power factor)

VP / n VSfl VR 0
(3) Load is leading (capacitive)

I 0
s

VP / n may be VSfl VR may be <0

Discussions on Phasor Diagram

UCF

VP
VS ReqsIS jXeqsIS
n

lagging load

I 0

leading load
I 0
s

Assume the angle of VS is 0.

Real part:

Imaginary part:

VP
cos VS Reqs I S cos I s X eqs I S sin I s
n
VS ( Reqs cos X eqs sin ) I S
VP
sin Reqs I S sin I s X eqs I S cos I s
n
( Reqs sin X eqs cos ) I S

Transformer VR Calculation Case I

UCF

VR

VP / n VS
100%
VS

Given: (1) VS (fixed)

(2) rated apparent power (VA) of the load
(3) power factor (pf) of the load
Find: IS and thenVP
IS : I S Srated / VS

cos1 ( pf )
I V
S

+ lagging, - leading

VP
VS ( Reqs jX eqs ) I S
n

Transformer VR Calculation Case II (1)

UCF

VP / n VS
VR
100%
VS
VP
VS ( Reqs jX eqs ) I S
n
Given: (1) VP (fixed)
(2) IS of the load
(3) power factor (pf) of the load
Find: VS
IS : cos1 ( pf ) + lagging, - leading
set

V 0
S

I V
S

IS IS e

jIS

Transformer VR Calculation Case II (2)

UCF

VP
VS (Reqs jXeqs )IS
n
VS ZeqsIS

lagging load

I 0
s

Imaginary part:

VP
sin ( Reqs sin X eqs cos ) I S = Im( Z eqs I S )
n

sin 1 ( Reqs sin X eqs cos ) I S / (VP / n) = sin 1 Im( Z eqs I S ) / (VP / n)

Real part:

VP
cos VS ( Reqs cos X eqs sin ) I S VS Re Z eqs I S
n

VP
VP
VS cos ( Reqs cos X eqs sin ) I S cos Re Z eqs I S
n
n
Or:

VP VP j
e
n n

VP
VS ZeqsIS
n

Transformer VR Calculation Case III

UCF

Given: (1) VP (fixed)

(2) ZL

VP / n VS
VR
100%
VS
VP
VS (Reqs jXeqs )IS
n
VS ZeqsIS

Find: VS
Assume the angle of VP is 0.
VP / n
IS
Zeqs ZL

VP VP j 0
e
n n

ZL VP
VS ZLIS
Zeqs ZL n

UCF

Example 3

For a 15 kVA, 2300/230 V, 60 Hz transformer, the equivalent circuit

parameters are:

Req 5, X eq 6, RC 100 k, X M 10 k
Find voltage regulation:
(1) The secondary voltage 230 V (fixed), full load at (a) 0.8 pf lagging;
(b)1.0 pf; (c) 0.8 pf leading;
(2) The primary voltage 2300 V (fixed), load current 65 A at
(a) 0.8 pf lagging; (b)1.0 pf; (c) 0.8 pf leading;
(3) The load resistance Z L 3+j2 .

trans3.m.

Per Unit System

UCF

Per Unit System (1)

Define Base Values

Normalization:
Actual quantity
Quantity in per unit
Base value of quantity

UCF

Per Unit System (2)

Analysis Procedure:
(1) select VA base and voltage base
VA base
(2) current base
voltage base
voltage base
(3) resistance base
current base
(4) normalize all the quantities (or : get quantities per unit)
(5) perform a standard circuit analysis with all quantities
in per unit
(6) actual values of results
base value solved quantity in per unit

UCF

Example 4 (1)

UCF

Example 4 (2)

Process is in trans4.m.

UCF

Non-ideal Transformer in Per Unit System

Or

UCF

Voltage Regulation in Per Unit System

Voltage regulation: VR

VSnl VSfl
VSfl

100%

VP / n VSfl
VSfl

100%

VP, pu VS , pu ( Req , pu jX eq, pu )I S , pu

Voltage regulation in per unit:

VR

VP, pu VS , pu
VS , pu

100%

UCF

Per-Unit Phasor Diagram

lagging load

VP , pu
VS , pu

VP , pu VS , pu Req , pu I S , pu jX eq , pu I S , pu

jX eq , pu I S , pu

Req , pu I S , pu

VP , pu

leading load

jX eq , pu I S , pu

Req , pu I S , pu
VS , pu

Assume the angle of VS , pu is 0.

Real part:

VP , pu cos VS , pu Req , pu I S , pu cos I s X eq , pu I S , pu sin I s

VS , pu ( Req , pu cos X eq , pu sin ) I S , pu

Imaginary part: VP , pu sin Req , pu I S , pu sin I X eq , pu I S , pu cos I

s

( Req , pu sin X eq , pu cos ) I S , pu