1/

2/ The within variation of machine 1 and 3 are pretty similar, while the within variation of machine 2
spreads on a larger scale and more variable.
In terms of between variation, machine 1 values seem to be centered around 2.6mm, the center of
machine 2 thicknesses is closer to 2.9mm, and that of machine 3 thicknesses is around 1.8

3-4/ First we create a main horizontal line, that one is the main problem that we are focusing on
identifying the possible causes of variation in the process. And the we start to draw from that some (for
example 5) other lines stating possible causes, and again from each of that (5 for example) lines, some
other lines stating the inner causes for the causes of variation. As we keep doing that we can result in
some fishbone graph called Ishikawa diagram.
This type of graph is used for teams thinking on possible causes of variation in the process, and served
as a starting point for finding ways to improve the manufacturing process.
5/ Repeatability measure the consistency of the gage in repeated measurements by the same operator
on the same part. If the repeatability of measurement is low, the problem could be a faulty gage, flawed
measurement methodology, or poor operator training
Reproducibility measures the variation between different operators. Low reproducibility means
measurements vary greatly from operator to operator. Problems of reproducibility may be due to poor
operator training.
6-7/Height variable and armspan variable is quantitative
8/

9-12: Is the histogram symmetric? How many modal bars does it have? Where are they located? Do you
see any outliers in the histogram?
The histogram is not symmetric. There is one model bar. It locates in the interval from 157.5 to 172.5.
There is no outlier in the histogram.
13-16: Attach a boxplot. Are there any outliers? Find the IQR by going to Analyze -> distribution. What is
the interpretation of the IQR?

There is no outlier.
IQR = Q3-Q1 = 17
Interpretation of IQR is the difference between the third and first quartiles. It is also the range or spread
of the middle 50% of the data. Because it is based on quartiles, the IQR is the natural measure of spread
when the median is used as the measure of location.

17-18: Now identify the 90th percentile. What is your interpretation of the 90th percentile?
90th percentile is 188.8.
There is 10 number => y = 0.9 * 10 = 9 => take the mean of 9th and 10th number = (183.4 + 194.1)/2 =
188.8

The 90th percentile is the data point where its value acquires 90% of the data set.
19-20: Is the standard deviation resistant to outliers? Is the interquartile range resistant to outliers?
Standard deviation is non resistant
Interquartile range is resistant

21-22: From Analyze -> distribution, identify the median. What is the interpretation of the median?
Median is 171.35. The interpretation of median is the 50th percentile, the middle number in a sorted list
of number.
23-24: What is the procedure for finding the median? Verify by hand the median you found in 21-22.
If the amount of data is an even number, median can be solved by taking the average of 2 middle points
If the amount of data is an odd number, median is the number in the middle position of data set.
There is 10 number => y = 0.5 * 10 = 5 => take the mean of 5th and 6th number = (171.7+ 171)/2 = 173.5
Re-arrange the data set:

145.5 164 160.5 170 171 171.7 181 181 194.1 183.5
25-26: From Analyze -> distribution, identify the variance. What is the interpretation of the variance?
Variance = 187.3023.
Variance is the square of standard deviation
27-28: Now add an armspan of 240 to your dataset. Using a boxplot, is 240 an outlier? Is the variance
resistant to this new data point?

From the boxplot, we can see that 240 is an outlier.

With 240

Without 240

The variance is nonresistant to the new data plot.