Essentials of Arabic Grammar

for
Learning Quranic Language

Brig.(R) Zahoor Ahmed

(M.A, M.Sc)

This material may be freely used by any one for learning the Holy Quran.


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Preface

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(In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious,
the Most Merciful)
Islam is the divine system of guidance for all human being
on the earth, and the Prophet, Muhammad (SAW) is the
universal messenger of Allah (SWT), as revealed in chapter
34,verse 28 of the Holy Quran.

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And We (Allah) have not sent you (O Muhammad (SAW))
except as a giver of glad tidings and a warner (against sin)
to all mankind. But most of people know not
Likewise, the book of guidance, al-Quran is a divine
treasure of knowledge and a universal code of conduct in
Arabic for salvation of the entire humanity, as revealed in
the following two verses of the Holy Quran:

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Verily, We (Allah) have sent it down as an Arabic Quran
in order that you may learn wisdom. [12/1]

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Ramadan is the month in which was sent down the
Quran, a guidance for mankind and clear proofs
1

Preface

for the guidance and the criterion (between right

and wrong). [2/185]
We can
derive benefits from this divine source of
knowledge and guidance only if we learn the Quranic
language. It must be clearly understood that reading of
translation of the Book is, at best, a poor substitute to
learning the Quranic language. One cannot understand the
exact meaning and the spirit of the divine revelation
without understanding the text of the Book. Infact, Allah
(SWT) has repeatedly stressed on the ponderability of His

message, which is not possible without having an insight

knowledge of the language. The following two verses
necessitate the understanding of the divine message
directly from the Arabic text.

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(This is) a Book (the Quran) which we have sent down
to you, full of blessings that they may ponder over its
message, and that men of understanding may
receive admonition. [38/29]

 #_ : / 

d  +_ /_
j+ 
_*  
 # 
  
% K H
i
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Do they not then think deeply in the Quran, or are their
hearts locked up (from understanding it). [47/24]

In truth, it is the Haq (right) of the divine message to be
recited in the best possible manner, and be understood in
the right perspective, as has been highlighted in the
following verse:
2

Preface

G ; i
 ;
k

G
  +_ K H

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S
b
1  ; 
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b

f
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G 
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T )
G 
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) m H

f
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Those to whom we have sent the Book recite it (obey its
orders and follow its teachings) as it should be recited they
are the ones who believe therein. And those who
disbelieve in it (the Quran) those are they
who are the loosers. [2/121]
In this verse the Arabic verb yatlu, in fact, cannot be
translated in one word in any other language, which
implies recitation, understanding and obeying. This verse
has emphasized the understanding of the text of the Book
by the believers, and further added that G 

  1
) m H

f
 l #_ 
they are the ones who (really) believe therein, implying
thereby that, those who do not recite it as it deserves to be
recited, they do not have sincere faith in the Holy Quran.
Unfortunately, most of the non-Arab believers, particularly
the Pakistanis, do not understand the Arabic text of the
Book.
It is important for the learner to know that the Arabic is
very easy to learn as it is a highly sophisticated language
based on very refined and systematic set of rules and
patterns. This fact is confirmed by Allah (SWT) in the
following verse:


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And we have indeed made the Quran easy to understand
and remember, then is there any that will remember
(and receive admonition). [54/17]
3

Preface

It is an open challenge for all those who are in search of

truth. Nevertheless, it does require consistent effort, with a
sense of purpose and commitment, to attain this most
important treasure of knowledge for the mankind, and the
following tradition of the prophet (SAW) rightly accords a
very high status to the learner of the Holy Quran.

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Uthman ibn Affan (RA) relates that the messenger (SAW) of
Allah said: The best among you
are those who have learnt the Quran and teach it
(to others). [Al-Bukhari]
The aim of this book is to enable the learner to acquire an
insight knowledge of the Quranic language with a view to
understanding the text of the Holy Quran.
In all, this book has 28 lessons. I have tried to make it as
simple as I could. During the course of study the learner
should acquire the vocabulary right from the start of the
book. All the words and phrases used in the lessons should
be understood and remembered so that he or she can
muster sufficient vocabulary to enable him or her to
construct simple phrases and sentences from an early stage
of the study. Besides, the learner should recite a page or
two from the Holy Quran regularly, and try to apply the
grammatical aspects of the language to the verses of the
Quran as an exercise.
4

Preface

The verbal forms and pronouns of Arabic grammar are

generally considered difficult to understand or remember.
The learners are advised to concentrate in the beginning
only on the third person masculine singular and plural
forms, the second person masculine singular and plural
forms and both the first person forms in the given tables,
and skip over the verbal forms and pronouns of the
feminine gender (except the singular forms) and the dual
forms E(1];F, as these forms are not frequently used in the
Holy Quran. In the given tables of conjugation I have
included all the forms of the verbs and the pronouns,
essentially as ready reckoners for the learners.
And finally the most important advice to the learner is that
he or she should seek the guidance and help of Almighty
Allah through supplications such as:

B
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Q H
KB
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t  C
 

O my Lord! Expand for me my chest (grant me selfconfidence, contentment, and boldness). And
ease my task for me. [20/25-26]



Acknowledgement

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All the praises and thanks be to Allah (SWT) with Whose
help, guidance and blessings have I been able to
accomplish this work. My sincere thanks and prayers for
my parents who afforded me the understanding of true
Islamic values.    

    
 

  
 
  
I whole-

heartedly thank Muhammad Irshad for the laborious

work of typesetting, and extend my sincere thanks to
Ubaid-ur-Rahman for carrying out the strenuous work
of vetting the book. I am grateful to Zeenat Ullah Khan
for proof reading of the book, as also Mohsin Manzoor
Bhatti for his forthcoming assistance.

I acknowledge with appreciation and thanks the

contribution made by my wife, Tahira Ahmed, in her
own domain. And finally I am most grateful to my
Arabic teachers, including Dr. Idrees Zubair (Al-Huda
International), Professor Abu Masood Hassan Alvi
(Islamic Research Academy), Ubaid-ur-Rahman (Vice
Principal, Institute of Arabic Language), Professor
Abdus-Sattar (Allama Iqbal Open University), and
Professor Asma Nadeem (National University of
Modern Languages), who taught me the language of
the Glorious Quran. May Allah (SWT) reward them all
with the highest reward. !"#

$
% &



This material may be used freely by any

one for learning the Holy Quran.

Name of Book : Essentials of Arabic Grammar for

Learning Quranic Language
By : Brig. (R) Zahoor Ahmed
593 Chaklala-III, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Tel:+92-51-5766197, Cell:+92-334-5380322
E-mail: zahoorahmad50@yahoo.com

Composed by : Muhammad Irshad

Tel:+92-51-2875371, Cell:+92-333-5252533

First-Edition : 2008
ISBN : 978-969-9221-00-1

Available at:
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Price of printed edition:
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In Pakistan Rs. 200/200/- Abroad US$ 10/10/-

Official website of the author, Brig. (R) Zahoor Ahmed

where some more free Arabic learning resources are
available is:
www.sautulquran.org
Important Abbreviations:
SWT = Subhaanahu Wa Taaala
SAW = SallAllaahu `alaihi wa sallam
RA

= RadiyAllaahu `anhu

Note:
Some pages in the original hard copy were blank,
since new chapters started from the right page and if
the previous chapter ended in a right page, the next
left page was omitted and the next chapter was started
from the right page.
(Left Page)

(Right page)

So these blank pages which have been omitted from

the online version to save file size and allow quicker
download include pages numbered: 6, 28, 38, 44, 52,
74, 86, 94, 128, 140, 144, 148, 158 and 176.
InshaAllah!, soon, even more additional supplements
for this book will be available at the official website of
the author.
Spread this book as much as possible!


Contents

CONTENTS

Lesson
Lesson1:

Lesson
Lesson2:

Lesson
Lesson3:

Lesson
Lesson4:

Preface ()%*) .....................................

................................ .....
Parts of Speech ( +,#
./ ...................

The Noun ............................................

The Verb..............................................

The Harf ..............................................

The Vowels..........................................

The Verbal Noun .................................
The Gender of Noun 012 .................

Real Gender.........................................

Formal Gender.....................................

Exceptional Cases ................................

Common Gender .................................
The Number of Nouns 345
% .........

Wahid or Mufrad .................................

Tathniyah.............................................

The Plural of Nouns and Adjectives......

The Sound Plural in Arabic...................

The Broken Plural ................................
The Pronouns 6 7# ..........................

Pronouns Attached to a Verb................

Possessive Pronouns ............................

Demonstrative Pronouns......................

The Relative Pronouns .........................

Interrogative Pronouns .........................

1
7
7
8
8
9
10
13
13
13
14
16
17
17
17
17
18
19
21
23
25
26
26
27
I

Contents

Lesson
Lesson5: The Irab of Nouns 8 ..................... 29

( &
8 ..................................... 30

9
&8 ....................................... 32

Declinable ........................................... 34

Indeclinable......................................... 36
Lesson
Lesson6: The Adjective Phrase :;
< ) ...... 39

=/
< ).......................................... 39

) <
;.............................................. 39
Lesson
Lesson7: The Relative Phrase A>?@
< ) .......... 45

Lesson
Lesson8: The Demonstrative Phrase
Phrase BC@
< )... 49
Lesson
Lesson9: The Genitive Phrase BD
< ) ........... 53

Inseparable Prepositions....................... 53

Separable Prepositions ......................... 55
Lesson
Lesson10:
10: The Sentence (+ 2 ............................ 59

The Nominal Sentence......................... 59

The Verbal Sentence ............................ 59

Types of the Mubtada........................... 61

The Omission of the Mubtada/ the
Khabar................................................. 65

Types of the Khabar ............................. 65
Lesson
Lesson11:
11: Some Particles of Various Origin ............. 69
Lesson
Lesson12:
12: The Verb Perfect Tense
Tense ?!
E":# .... 75

The Active and Passive of Madi............ 82
Lesson
Lesson13:
13: The Verbal Sentence (+":#(
+ 2 ........ 87

The Nominal Sentence......................... 87

The Verbal Sentence ............................ 87

The Object .......................................... 88
Lesson
Lesson14:
14: The Imperfect Tense - 7!
E":# ........... 95

Six Groups of Triliteral Verbs ............... 101

Moods of Verb..................................... 104
II

Contents

The Imperative Tense )5
E">.............. 115

The Derived Verbal FormForm-IG>
%HI)
E"> ... 121
The Derived Verbal Form " > 
 ...... 129
Form-II E
The Derived Verbal Form  >
 ..... 133
Form-III E
The Derived Verbal Form " : ;
 .... 137
Form-IV E
The Derived Verbal Form  :;
 .... 141
Form-V E
The Derived Verbal Form " :  
... 145
Form-VI E
The Derived Verbal Form " K > 
... 149
Form-VII E
The Derived
Derived Verbal FormForm-VIII E" > 
... 153
The Derived Verbal Form " : K L
 
. 155
Form-IX E
The Unsound Verbs EK"! ..................... 159

The Sound Verbs.................................. 159

The Weak Verbs .................................. 159

The Mahmuz ....................................... 160

The Mudaaf ........................................ 160
Lesson
26:: The Hamzated and Duplicated
Lesson26
Duplicated Radical
Verbs M"7! ! 

............................ 177

The Mahmuz ....................................... 177

The Mudaaf ........................................ 179
Lesson
Lesson27:
27: The Numerals %"# ............................. 185
Lesson
Lesson28:
28: The Nouns in Accusative OP1! ........ 193
Conclusion ...........................................
................................ ........... 203
Lesson
Lesson15:
15:
Lesson
Lesson16:
16:
Lesson
Lesson17:
17:
Lesson
Lesson18:
18:
Lesson
Lesson
son19:
19:
Lesson
Lesson20:
20:
Lesson
Lesson21:
21:
Lesson
Lesson22:
22:
Lesson
Lesson23:
23:
Lesson
Lesson24:
24:
Lesson
Lesson25:
25:

III

5
%#
Lesson 1

(AA  + , # 

A.
 / 
PARTS OF SPEECH
We start the Arabic lessons from the very beginning. A

 +
 ). It has
meaningful word in Arabic is called Kalimah ((h
only three parts. In other words there are only three parts of
speech in Arabic. These are;

Se L
 ( Noun, literally name):
It is that word which does not need the help of another
word to explain its meaning. It is the name of a person,
a place or a thing, and the term Ism includes the

 # as well, e.g. %e  v
_ Muhammad,
adjective nouns (_ : P

%
 
  Ahmad, S
 # R William, 
D

George, <

1 H 
Zenab, (_ [
 6  Aishah, S
H  ) Maryam, x_  b y Tahirah,

K .

  Pakistan,
% 1 # London, .
   > France, z

 g # 
the house, %

{
 .
 ! the Mosque, Se + / a pen, 

K , # the
book, (_ 1 2
 the garden, (h g "
 Kaba,  
# the paper/
leaf, e " y
 food, ~E}
 a shade, S
.
 2
 the body, %e H a
hand, =
e   / a shirt, 
 # the cave, L
  ,_ # the chair,
e % / a foot, z

1 g# the girl, %e # a boy, <

e # y
 a student,
Ee D

 a man,
e  > a horse, T
 " # the eye, e _
an ear,
S
+ .
 !_ the Muslim, 
> , # the non-believer of Islam,
~ P
  a Christian, ~B
  H a Jew.
7

Parts of Speech

# P
 #

ke L
 > a
disobedient, e 
  a helper, e  C
 a poet, S
# " # the

b 2
 the Ignorant, %
H % 2
 the new,
Knowledgeable, E
S
H % * # the old,
  .
 # The All Hearing, S
 + " # The All
the

pious/

righteous

person,

Knowing, etc.
 E
e " > (Verb):
It is that word by which we understand some work or
action being done. It is of three kinds/ tenses:
1 The perfect tense, the Madi E?
 ! F is used for an
action which is completed, e.g. E
 " > he did, <
 K

he wrote, E

 he entered.

2 The imperfect tenses the Madari E

R 7
 !_ F used when

an action is not completed, e.g. E

" : H he does or he
is doing or he will do, <

K
, H he writes/is writing/

will write, E

% H he enters/is entering/will enter.

5
 F which
3 The imperative tense or the Amr E
)
signifies command, request or supplication, e.g. E
 " > 
do, <
 K

_write, E 

_ enter.

 9
e  
 (Harf):
The particle, preposition and conjunction are called

harf. It is that word which is used with noun or verb to

complete the meaning of the sentence; its meaning will
depend on the word with which it is used, e.g. j
 + on,

 > in, T  regarding, S "  yes, W

 no, ) that/ what,
etc.
8

Parts of Speech

(h  +

(Meaningful Word)

9
e  


Ee A">

Se L
 

Particle, Preposition,
Conjunction

(Verb)

(Noun)

Further explanation and information about the Ism, the

Fail and the Harf will follow in the subsequent lessons.
 Vowels (O
e 
  
 Harkaat):
Harkaat):
The vowels used in Arabic are called O


  &
 which
are explained below:
1 (h
 K > (Fathah): Signed as on top of a letter and
pronounced as a in above.
2 xh  .

 (Kasrah): Signed as
under a letter and
pronounced as i' in if.
3 (h
?
 (Dammah): Signed as on top of a letter and
pronounced as u in put.
4
e  ,_ L

(Sukun): Signed as on top of a letter as stop

or stress; it indicates that the consonant is
vowelless, e.g, T

_ (kun), 
  (abb), T ) (mun).
5 T
e H R 1 ; (N sound): Signed as double vowel
, ,
as indicated is called tanwin,
e.g.  K
 (kitaban),

d K
 (kitabin), 
e K
 (kitabun). Remember that a
word with tanwin is always a noun ESe L
 F, also a
word having (al)
 in the beginning is an indication
of its being a noun, however, it does not necessarily
9

Parts of Speech

mean that a word without al or tanwin will not be

a noun Se L
 . This is evident from the examples of
nouns mentioned above where certain words have
neither tanwin nor al, yet they are nouns. It should
be noted that the tanwin and al never come
together on a noun. If al comes in the beginning of
a noun then its case-ending will be single vowel,
not tanwin, e.g.. it may be 
e K
 (a book) or 

K , #
(the book). It is incorrect to say 

K , #.

The Verbal Noun E

%
P
 ! F
F:
The verbal noun or noun of action may also be used as
SL, e.g. e P
  help (literally helping), 
e  ?
 a blow
(literally striking), xh  g
 prayer (literally praying), e ) 
order (literally ordering).
The Arabic definite article ( al) corresponds to the
English definite article the. The Arabic indefinite article
tanwin is dropped when the definite article al is prefixed
to a noun, e.g. z
e   (baitun) a house becomes z

 g #( albaitu) the house, E

e  D
 (jamalun) a camel to E
 2

(aljamalu) the camel.
Arabic has 28 alphabets or letters; of these, 14 are called
the Sun Letters E(_  .
  [
 #
9&
 
_ F and the other 14 are called
the Moon Letters E(_ H R
 * #
9&
 
_ F. In the moon letters the
lam EF of al is pronounced, e.g. 

 * #( al-qamaru). While
in the sun letters the lam of al is assimilated to the first
letter of the noun, e.g. 0

 [
 #( ash-shamsu). The
assimilation is indicated by Q%C (shadda,
) on the first letter
10

Parts of Speech

of the noun. A table showing the moon letters and the sun
letters is given below.
Lunar Letters - (_ H R
 * #
9

&
 
_

The mother
The door
The garden
The donkey
The bread
The eye
The lunch
The mouth
The moon
The dog
The water
The boy
The air
The hand

al-ummu

5
_ 

al-baabu



g #

al-Jannatu

(_ 1 2


al-himaru


  &


al-khubzu

I
g
_

al-ainu

T
 " #

al-ghadau

3
%  #

al-famu

S
: #

al-qamaru


 * #

al-kalbu

<

+ , #

al-maau

3
!

al-waladu

%
#  #

al-hawau

3



al-yadu

%
 #




Ab
B

J
J
J
J
J

J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

J
J
J
J
J
J
J

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Solar Letters - (_  .
  [
 #
9

&
 
_

The trader

at-taajiru


D
 K #

The clothing
ath-thoubu



 ] #
The house
The gold
The man
The flower
The fish

ad-daaru


%#



ad-dahbu

<

b \#


ar-rajulu

E
D

 #


az-zahratu

x_  b I #


as-samaku

f
_  .
 #

11

Parts of Speech

ash-shamsu

0

 [
 #
The chest

as-sadru


% P
 #
The guest

ad-daifu

M

 7
 #
The student
at-talibu

<

# 
V #
The injustice
az-zulmu

S
+
#
The meat

al-lahmu

S

 +V #
The star

an-najmu

S
{
 1 #
The sun

12

J 8

J 9
J 10
J 11
J 12
J 13
J 14

]#
%#
Lesson 2

A 1 {
 #

THE GENDER OF NOUNS


This lesson explains the different categories of gender used
for Arabic nouns. According to the Arabic grammar the
gender is classified into the following four categories:

*  *
 #

1 2
 ( Real Gender):

0
The words related to the male sex are e
V \ )
()

masculine, and those related to the female sex are

e  m )

(female ), e.g. Ee D

 man is a real masculine and xh  )

 
woman is a real feminine, f
h H cock, (h D
 D
 hen, %e # 
boy, z
e 1  girl, 
e  father, ~ _mother, e  brother, z
e
 _
sister, etc.
 BR 
  #

1 2
 ( Formal Gender):
{

0
The nouns which do not have the concept of pair are
termed as feminine or masculine by form
0

1 2
 F
EBR 
 . The identification of gender for such noun is
that the words ending with round-ta E(h y
  
 )
x F are
generally feminine, and those ending with some other
letter are assumed as masculine gender, e.g. (h 
 L

watch, (h 
 )  fan, xh  {
 C
 tree, xh   L
 car, (h 1 D

garden, (h H  sign, xh  
 life, xh \ >  window are
13

The Gender of Nouns

feminine gender by form, and e %

D
 wall, 
e K
 book,
Se + / pen,
h  
 path, %e {
 .
 ) mosque, z
e   house,
~L
 
_ chair, e   canal, 
e  door, etc. are considered
masculine gender by form.
It may also be understood that feminine gender is often
formed from the masculine by suffixing x, e.g. Se + .
 )

Muslim (), (h
 + .
 )
Muslim (), e > 
 disbeliever

(), xh  > 
 disbeliever (), e  
 truthful (), (h /  

truthful (),
e # 
 pious (), (h
 # 
 pious (), Te  

son (), (h 1  daughter (), <

e # y
 student (), (h g # y


student (), %
e H % D
 new (), xh % H % D
 new (), Se H % / old

(), (h
 H % / old (), Ee H R y
 long (), (h + H R y
 long (),

e  ]
 many (), xh   ]
 many (), etc.
 
 : +V #

1 {
 # ( Exceptional Cases):
#
0

The nouns which do not fall under the abovementioned two categories are termed as exceptional
cases. The following nouns are feminine by usage even
though they have no x (ta) ending nor have they pairconcept.
1 3e 
L
 sky,

e  
 war,
battle, 0
e  C
 sun, e  fire,
S
1  D
 hell,
e H R wind, e  
 wine, 0
e :  soul,
person, self, e house, e l  well,
e n
 cup,  P
staff, O
e  _ y
 an idol, a tyrant, devil,  H 
dream,

e   earth, Ee  gL
 path, e # bucket.
2 Proper names of countries and towns are feminine
by signification, e.g. 
P
 ) Egypt, 
K .

 
14

The Gender of Nouns

Pakistan, 
 b
 W Lahore city, , HR )  America,
T
_ 1 C
 Washington, " 
# Iraq, etc.
3 Many parts of the body, especially those that are in
pair, are termed as feminine, e.g. %
e H hand, Te  
eye, e %
 / foot, Ee D
 R leg, e L
 shin, e _
ear, ~%

cheek.
4 The nouns ending

in c
 , c
called xh   P

* )
M
e # 

(short alif) or 3 _called xh  %

 )
M
e #  (lengthened alif)

are also feminine, e.g. j1 .

 

good, beautiful, c g

_

great, c
  

small, c
 [
 
good news, 3

 


desert, 3
? 
 harm, 3
b blooming, 3
7
   white,

3
7
 
 green, 3
/  blue, etc.

5 All Arabic letters of alphabet are considered as

feminine.
6 Some broken plurals, e.g. 
 
# the Jews, E

 # the
messengers, c P
 1 # the Christians are treated as
feminine.
7 Some collective nouns, e.g. e  / people,
h b  tribe
are used as feminine. However, E
e b  family, e 
progeny are masculine.
8 Exceptional Masculine: Some nouns have ta x

ending but they are used as masculine, e.g. (h :  + 


caliph, (h )
 i learned, (_ ) L
 _ a male name, (_  + L
 a

male name. Some parts of body (single), e.g.

e  
head, ~TL
 tooth, Te
 belly, e % 
 chest, etc. are

also considered exceptional masculine.

15

The Gender of Nouns

 0
R 1 {
 #


 ( Common Gender):

S
L
Gender):

Some nouns are used as masculine as well as feminine.
These are termed as 0
R 1 {
 #
S
L
 , e.g. 
e 
 L
 clouds, e * 
cattle, e D
 locust, <
e b gold, Ee
  bees, e {
 C
 trees.
These are masculine by form, feminine by signification.
An Explanation Regarding Exceptional Cases:

Here, I would like to clarify an important point regarding
the exceptional cases in the grammatical rules. The learner
should be mindful of the fact that the languages have not
come into being through an academic process based on
some predetermined sets of grammatical rules and forms
but, on the contrary, the languages are spoken by the
natives of the region long before the grammarians form the
grammatical rules applicable to them. And the object of
framing grammatical rules is essentially to facilitate the
learning and better understanding of the languages by the
non-natives or the foreigners. But, where they fail to apply
uniform sets of grammatical rules, they categorize that as
exceptional case. Hence, the exception-rule is a common
feature to all the languages. Having said that, I must hasten
to emphasis that the grammarians of Arabic language have
contributed tremendously in facilitating the learning
process of the language. In fact, they have developed an
easy and effective method of learning the classic Arabic of
the Holy Quran. Hence, their efforts cannot be undermined
in any way.

16

#]#
%#
Lesson 3

34
 5


% A

THE NUMBER OF NOUNS
Unlike English, Arabic has three numbers: singular is
termed wahid E%
e
 F or Mufrad Ee  : )
F, the dual or two of

anything is termed tathniyah E(h  1 ] ; F, and more than two is

plural called Jam E

e  D
 F.

Wahid E%
e
 F or Mufrad Ee  : )
F:
Examples of Wahid E%
e
 F or Mufrad Ee  : )
F are: 

K , #,

S
+ * #, (_  .
 #, <
e # y
 ,z
e   , %e H , Ee D

 , xh  ) , x_   .
 #,(_ g # 
V #
,

%e # , e  
 ,

# P
 #, ke L
 > , S
+ .
 !_ , 
> , #, etc.

 Tathniyah E(h  1 ] ; F:
The dual form ends in aani E
R F, e.g. R  K , #, R  + * #,

R K  .
 #, R g # y
 , R K   , R % H , R i
D

 , R ;  ) , R ;   .

 #,
R K g # 
 #, R % # , R /  
 , R 
 # P
 #, R * L
 > , R   + .
 !_ ,
R  > , #, etc.
 The Plurals of Nouns and Adjectives:
In English, adjectives have no plural form. We say
good man and good men. But in Arabic even
adjectives have dual and plural form. In English we
have two kinds of plural form:
17

The Number of Nouns

1 Sound Plural: In sound plural the word retains its

original form, e.g. book
books, pen
pens.
2 Broken Plural: The original form of the word is
changed to a great extent, e.g. Man
men, woman

women.
In Arabic too, we have these two kinds of plural forms;
Sound and Broken.
 The Sound Plural in Arabic
E

 #


 # F

ES
# .
#{ 


F:
1 The masculine plural of nouns are formed by adding

_
to the singular form e.g.
Se + .
 )


 + .
 )
, T
) m !_


  1
) m !_ , e R L
 thief
 /_ R L
 , Ee b D
 ignorant

 +_ b D
 , Ee /  wise
 +_ /  ,
e # 

 

# 
 , 
P
 #
patient

 
 P
 #,  
P
 # truthful
 /_  P
 #, etc.
2 The feminine plural of nouns which end in x_, are


formed by changing x (ta) into O (aat) as, (h / R L

thief
O
e / R L
 (plural), (h  + .
 )

O
e   + .
 )
, xh  > 


O
e  > 
 , (h  L
 watch
O
e  L
 , (h L
  % )

O
e L
  % )
,
(h
 > 
 protector
O
e 
 > 
 , (h  +
 word
O
e   +
 ,
(h g # y

O
e g # y
 , xh \ >  window
O
e  > \, (h 
 )  fan

O
e 
 )  , (h l  L
 evil
O
e l  L
 , (h D
  step/status

O
e D
  .
The plural of nouns which do not end in x_ are

also formed by adding O to the singular as in S

H  )

(name)
O
e   H  ) , 3e   L
 sky
O
e   L
.

18

The Number of Nouns

The Broken Plural E

 .
 F:
., K #

#




D
Unlike English, the broken plural is very widely used in
Arabic. It is formed from the singular by the addition or
elision of consonants, e.g. from
e  L


Ee L


, from Ee D



e D
 R , or by the change of vowels, e.g. %e L
 
%e L

_.

There are many patterns of the broken plural. The

following are commonly used patterns:
No

Bab

S/



1
e  "
>_

2
Ee "
>_

e " >

3
4
e " > 

5
Ee "
> 

6 3
i" >_

7 3
i" > 

8 E
e  # " >
9 E
e # " >

e i" >_

10
11 (h + " >

12
e " >_

as from
as from
as from
as from
as from
as from
as from
as from
as from
as from
as from
as from

Singular

Broken Plural

AA:)

Se {
  star


e K
 book

Ee D

 man

Se + / pen

Te   eye

e  * > poor

~1  rich

e 
  C
 Satan

(h # IR 1 ) building

%e +  country

e  brother

e D
 ; trader

.,K#


e  {




<
e K

_

e D
 R

e i/ 

T

 

3e
_> * 
3e  1 

Te  y
  C


e R 1 )

e % + 


xh  
 

e {
 ;

Note:
It is quite common for a noun in Arabic to have more
than one broken plurals, e.g. the plural of
e  brother
are
e  
 , xh  
 @R, e  
 _, 3e 
 , or in some cases to have
19

The Number of Nouns

both the sound plural and broken plural e.g. in the case
of ~ (prophet), its sound plural is
   g and broken
plural is 3
 g .

20

#
%#
Lesson 4


A6   7
 #
THE PRONOUNS
The pronoun is a word used in place of a noun, e.g.  b

he, S b

they,  b she, z
   you, T

  we, ^
his, b her,

U
 your, B my, etc. They are of two kinds; the Detached
Pronouns, called (h + P
 : 1 )

e 6   ?
 , e.g.  b
he
<
e # y

 b
he
is a student and the Attached Pronouns, called
e 6 
?

(h + P
 K )
, e.g. ^
his
G

K
 his book, etc.
For detailed conjugation of the detached pronouns see
Table-1. The attached pronouns are either attached to a
noun or a verb, as shown in tables 2 & 3.

Table 1
Detached Personal Pronouns
SINGULAR
3rd Person
Person
())
3rd Person
Person
())

<
e # y

 b

he is a

student

(h g # y

 b

DUAL

R g # y

  b

they are

students

R K g # y

  b

PLURAL


e Viy
_
S b

they are

students

O
e g # y

Tb

she is a

they are

they are

student

students

students
21

The Pronouns

2nd Person
Person
())
2nd Person
Person
())
1st Person
Person
(&
&))

<
e # y

z
  

R g # y

  K
 

you are a
student

(h g # y

z
  


e Viy
_
S K
 

you are
students

you are
students

R K g # y

  K
 
O
e g # y

TK
 

you are a
student

you are
students

you are
students

L<
e # y

 

(h g # y


LR g # y

T

 

R K g # y


L
e Viy
_
T

 

O
e g # y


I am a student

we are students

we are students

Note:
Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning,
and skip over the remaining forms as these are not
frequently used in the Holy Quran.

Table 2
Pronouns attached to a noun with
E(>?8FPossessive Relations
SINGULAR

DUAL

3rd Person
G

K

AA
G
A
Person
())

his book

PLURAL

  

K

AA
  b



their book

3rd Person


AA
b
  

K

AA
  b


Person

K
())

her book
their book

nd
2 Pers
Person
on
f
 
K

AA
U

 ,_ 
K

AA

_

())

your book

your book

S 

K

AA
S b

their book

T

K

AA
Tb

their book

S ,_ 
K

AA
S
_
your book

2 Pers
Person
on
f
 
K

AA
U

  ,_ 
K

AA
 
_
T,_ 
K

AA
T
_
())
your book
your book
your book
nd

1st Person
 K

AA
B
Person

(&
&))
my book
22

1 
K

AA


1 
K


AA


our book

our book

The Pronouns

Note:
Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning,
and skip over the remaining forms as these are not
frequently used in the Holy Quran.

Pronouns Attached to a Verb:
Pronouns attached to a verb become its Direct Object,
e.g. 
  ?
 means he struck, he is a subject and struck
is a verb; with the addition of an attached pronoun G
A
him would become the object of the verb 
  ?
 . For
usage of Attached Pronouns to a verb see Table 3.

Table 3
Pronouns Attached to a Verb as its Direct Object.
Object.
SINGULAR
3rd Person
Person
())
3rd Person
Person
())
2nd Person
Person
())
2nd Person
Person
())
1st Person
Person
(&
&))

G
  ?

AA
G
A

DUAL

PLURAL

  
  ?

AA
  b

S 
  ?

AA
S b

He struck
him/it.

He struck
them.

He struck
them.

He struck
her/it.

He struck
them.

He struck
them.

He struck
you.

He struck
you.

  ?

AA
b
 
  ?

AA
  b

T
  ?

AA
Tb

f
   ?

AA
U

He struck
you..

 ,_   ?

AA
 
_
S ,_   ?

AA
S
_

f
   ?

AA
U

  ,_   ?

AA
 
_
T,_   ?

AA
T
_
He struck
you.

He struck
you.

He struck
you.

 1   ?

AA
B

1   ?

AA


1   ?

AA


He struck
me

He struck
us.

He struck
us.
23

The Pronouns

Note:
Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning,
and skip over the remaining forms as these are not
frequently used in the Holy Quran.
Some other examples of frequently used Attached
pronouns are given below:
B
 % H my hand, e.g. B
 % H
 >


K , # the book is in my

hand.
B
 % H my two hands, e.g. <K ,  #
j+ 
B
 % H my two
hands are on the table.
B%
 H
T   literally between my hands i.e. in front of
me, e.g. B%
 H
T  

{
 [
 # the tree is in front of me.
+ 
 on me or my responsibility, e.g. + 
G

.

 his

account is on me.
S R H % # with them/by them, e.g. S R H % #
<

K
,_ # the
books are with them.
 # to me or for me, e.g.  +  
 # my action is for
me i.e. I am responsible for my action.
f
 # to you or for your, e.g. f
 +  
f
 # and your
action is for you i.e. you are responsible for your
action.
G
# to him, for him, e.g. %

 #
G
#
f
_ +
#
G
# to Him
(Allah) belongs the universe and for Him is all the
Praise, k
 #
G
# he is right or he has the right.
% 1  with, e.g. <
e K

_
 % 1  we have books,
B
 % 1 
xh   L
 I have a car.

Note that in Tables 1, 2 & 3 the second persons &

dual and the third persons & dual are identical.
24

The Pronouns

Important Note:
Concentrate in the beginning only on the 3rd Person
masculine singular & plural forms, the 2nd Person
masculine singular & plural forms, and both the 1st
person forms, and skip over the verbal forms and
pronouns of the feminine gender (except the singular
forms) and the dual forms as these are not frequently
used in the Holy Quran.
 Possessive Pronouns:
The word H is prefixed to the Attached Pronouns. The
word H confines the meaning to only/alone, e.g.
U
 H @R
T
 " K .
 
U
 H @R
%
g
"  You (Alone) we worship, and You
(Alone) we ask for help[1/4]. For usage of Possessive
Pronouns with H @R see Table 4.

Table 4
Possessive Pronouns
SINGULAR
rd

3 Pers
Person
on
())

^
H @R
AA
GA

He alone

3rd Person
Person
())

b H @R
AA
b

2nd Person
Person
())

U
 H @R
AA
U


2nd Person
Person
())

U
 H @R
AA
U


st

1 Pers
Person
on
(&
&))

She alone

You alone
You alone

B
 H @R
AA
B
I alone

DUAL

PLURAL

  b
H @R
AA
  b

S b
H @R
AA
S b

  b
H @
AA
  b

Tb
H @R
AA
Tb

Both of them

Both of them

They alone

They only

 
_ H @R
AA
 
_
S
_ H @R
AA
S
_
Both of you

All of you

 
_ H @R
AAA
 
_
T
_ H @R
A A
T
_
Both of you

 H @R
AA


We alone

All of you

 H @R
AA


We alone
25

The Pronouns

Note:
Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning,
and skip over the remaining forms as these are not
frequently used in the Holy Quran.
 Demonstrative Pronouns x 
8
R


 :
C

S
L
The demonstrative pronouns are listed below:

xC8
SL

Singular

Dual

Plural

Near

<H R * + #

\b this

R \b these two

3 W
 m
b

^ \ b this

R ;b these two (&) these

Distant

f
 # that
f
  those two

%  " g + #

f
 l # _ 

f
 + ; that f
  ; those two (&) these

Note:
Concentrate on the underlined forms.
 The Relative Pronouns

 

  #_


 W
 :

S
L

 H \ #V , B
 \ #V , etc. are used as
The relative pronouns T
conjunction, meaning that, which, who, whom. They
serve the purpose of joining nouns/pronouns or verbs to
other nouns or verbs. They have a definite form as
given below:

SINGULAR

DUAL

PLURAL

For Male

B
 \ #V

R \+V #

T H \ #V

For Female

 K #V

R K +V #

 6 i#
L ; i#

Note:
Concentrate on the underlined forms.
26

The Pronouns

Examples:
<
e # y

% {
 .
  #
T )
  

B
 \ #V
%
#  # The boy who went out
of the Mosque is a student.

  L

 % )

<K ,  #
T )
D

 

T H \ #V 

D
  # The men who left
the office are teachers.
(h g # y

z
  g #
T )
z
 D
  

 K #V
z

1 g# The girl who left the

house is a student.
 b

VW@R
G #
W

B
 \ #V
$
_ 
b
He is Allah, beside Whom la
Ilaha illa Howa (none has the right to be worshipped
but He). [59/293]

  "
C
 

S R ; i


 >
S b

T H \ #V
 1
) m
#

 + > 
% /
Successful indeed are the believers, those who offer
their Salah (prayers) with all solemnity and full of
submission. [23/182]

Interrogative
 W



 :
Interrogative Pronouns 
: K L

3
  L
These are given below:

T ) who ) what T H  where M

 
 how jK ) when
S
 how much, how many, j which, from where S #
why, !for what )
 what

27

0)
%#
Lesson 5

SR AL
 W
 

A @R

THE IRAB OF NOUN

The Irab of words is a peculiar characteristic of Arabic

language, which does not have an equivalent in English.
Therefore, it requires particular attention to grasp the
subject. The Arabic noun changes its original form or the
case ending under different grammatical conditions, e.g.

G
A+ # being the original form in nominative case, called
_(# 
R >  #, may change to G A+ #, the accusative case, called
_(# 
<P
 1 # or $
 , the genitive case, called  {
 # _(
# . Likewise,
%e 
 )
, being the original form, may change to %
 )
or
%d 
 )
, e.g.
in the Shahadah Ex_ [ 
 #F declaration of faith the first part

is $
_
VW@R
G #
W where $
_ is the original form in nominative

 

L


%e 
 )
where $
 is in
case and the second part is $

the genitive case, while in the verse

 C

E
_
j+
$
 @
R

e H % / , the noun $
 is in the accusative. Similarly, in the
first part of the Shahadah the noun %
e 
 )
is in the original
form, but in %
d 
 )

j+
E

S
+V # the noun %d 
 )
is in
genitive form and in $
 

L


%
 )


%
 C
  it is in the
accusative.
29

The Irab of Noun

Similarly, we use K, # , 

 K, # , 

K, # as also we read in the

Holy Quran: O
 1) m !_ , O

1) m !_ , T H R > ,# ,  >

  ,# , T   + .
 !_ ,

 + .
 !_ . These changes in the case-endings of the noun are
called SR L
 W
 @ 

R (Irab of noun).
It is important to remember that the literal meaning of the
words/nouns remain the same in all the different
conditions; however, their function in a sentence changes
according to the different grammatical considerations,
which are explained later in the book.
This change/declension in Irab is effected in two ways as
explained below:
 (
 
 # 

8
R :


Case-ending with vowel marks, e.g. E
eD

 a man is the

original form in nominative E

R >  # _(
# 
 F and with the
change of vowels it may become i
D

 in accusative

E <P
 1 # _(
# 
 F or E D

 in genitive case E 2

 _(
# 
 F or E
D

 #,
E D

 #, ER D

 # ;
and from <

e K

_ books, which is in the
original nominative form E
R >  # _(
# 
 F, it may become
 gK

_ ,<
d K

_ or <

K
,_ # , <
 K
,_ # , <K
,_ # , and from 3
.
 1 # the
women
3 .
 1 #, 3 .
 1 # ;from O
e   + .
 )

O
d   + .
 )
(only
one change is used in this case which represents both
the accusative as well as genitive form). In all these
cases the vowel of the last consonant is changed.
Note that the original form of a noun in all such cases is
always indicated with dammah E(h
?
 _
F or tanwin
30

The Irab of Noun

ETe H R 1 ; _e F, and is called >#(
# (halatur-rafha), i.e.

nominative case. And the declined form of

e @  R
 K > _ F, i.e. single
(
 
 #  (Irab bil harkah) is fathha E(h
short vowel or tanwin ETH1;_F above the last
consonant, which is called <P
 1 # _(
# 
 (halatul nasb) i.e.
accusative case, and kasrah Fx. _F or tanwin (TH1;
d)
below the last consonant, which is called  {
 # _(
# 

(halatul-Jarr).
The declension by Irab bil hakah is effected in the
following three categories of noun.
1 All singular nouns, both masculine and feminine,
e.g.

SR + .

#
S + .

#
S
+ .

#

or
S + .
 )

 + .
 )

Se + .
 )

(  + .

#
(  + .

#
(_  + .

#
or
(d  + .
 )

(  + .
 )

(h  + .
 )


2 All broken plural nouns, both masculine and
feminine, e.g.

 D
 R , W
D
 R men e D
 R

or
R D
  #,  D
  #, 
D
  #

3d .
  , 3 .
  women 3e .
 

or 3 .
 1 #, 3 .
 1 #, 3
.
 1 #

3 All feminine sound plural nouns, e.g.

O
e   + .
 )
, O
d   + .
 )

Muslim women or O

  + .

# ,

O
   + .

# ( There is only one change in this category
which represents both the accusative and the
genitive case.)
31

The Irab of Noun

 9
 

# 

8
R :


Change of Irab with letter. The change of Irab with
letter is effected in the following two categories of
nouns:
1 All dual E(h  1 ] ; F, both masculine and feminine are
changed with letter, e.g.
R   + .
 )
two Muslim men,
which is the original/nominative case, is changed to
TR   + .
 )
, representing both the accusative and the
genitive forms. In this case
R 
_ (aani) is changed to
TR H
_ (aini).
In case of feminine gender, the dual of (h
 + .
 )
a
Muslim woman is
R K  + .
 )
two Muslin women,
which is the original/nominative case, can be
changed to T
R  K  + .
 )
, representing both the
accusative and genitive forms. Here
R ; _ is changed
to T
R  ; .
2 All sound masculine plural nouns EL

 \)
 D
 F
are also changed with letter, e.g.
 
+ .
 )
(Muslin
men) is the nominative/original form, and it is
changed to T
   + .
 )
, representing both the conditions
of accusative and genitive forms. Here
 ( _

u-na) is
changed to T
 H
- (i-na).
Note that
R (ni) (nun at the end with kasra) is
indicative of a dual noun while
 (na) (nun with
fatha) is indicative of a sound plural noun.
The different conditions of Irab are summed up in Table 5.
32

The Irab of Noun

Same as CF-I

Muslemaine

T
   + .
 !_
LT   + .
 )
T   + .
 !_
LT   + .
 )

Same as CF-I

Muslemeena

Singular

LR  + .
 )

R  + .

#
L
 + .
 )

 + .
 !_

LR K  + .
 )

same as CF-I

Muslemataine

R K  + .
 !_

LO
d  + .
 )

LO
d  + .
 )

LO
e  + .
 )

*
O + .

#

*O
  + .

#

 + .

#

L<
d K

_

L g
K
_

L<
e K

_

*
<K
,_ #

*
<K
,_ #

<

K
,_ #

L3d .

L3 .

L3e .

3 .1 #

3 .1 #

3
.1 #

Dual

e  D

3
L

Gender

Plural

*
(
 + .

#
L(d  + .
 )
*
(  + .

#
L(  + .
 )
(_  + .

# L(h  + .
 )
4
T
R  K  + .
 !_ LTR  K  + .

)
TR  K  + .
 !_ LTR  K  + .
 )

(h  1 ] ;

%e 
 
Singular

(h  1 ] ;
Dual

e  D

6

L
Plural

Masc.

Fem.

Broken Plural

T
R   + .
 !_ LTR   + .
 )
TR   + .
 !_
LTR   + .
 )

 
S
+ .

# LSe + .
 )

1 %e 

e m )
Fem.

*
S+ .

# L +.
 )

.,;

*
RS+ .

# LS + .
 )

0
e 1 D


(Genitive case) (Accusative Case) (Nominative case)

Changed Form II Changed Form I Original Form

e
V \ )
Masc.

R >  #(_
# 

Number

<P
 1 #(_
# 

e % 

 {
 # (_
# 

S/No.

Table 5
Different Conditions of Irab ESR L
 W
 @ 

RF

Note
Notes
tes:
(1) * In serial (1, 4, 6, 7) the declension of Irab is
effected by the vowel marks O 
 # 


8
R .
(2)  In serial (2, 3, 5) the declension of Irab is effected
by the letters 9

 

# 

 8
R .
33

The Irab of Noun

(3) In serial (2, 3, 5, 6) the Changed Form I & II are the

same.
(4) The accusative ending with tanwin (e.g.  K

 +.
 )
)
contains an alif. Exception to this rule being the x and
B
 , i.e. alif maqsurah Exh   P

* )
eM# F.
According to Irab the noun is of two kinds; Declinable
E")F and Indeclinable Eg)F Nouns.

Declinable E
e  " )
F:
It is further divided into two kinds;
1 9
e R P
 1 )
- First declension or triptote: The Irab at its
ends change under all the different conditions as
shown in Table 5 above.

2 9
d R P
 1 )


  - Second declension or diptote: In this

category the noun does not accept tanwin (T

e H R 1 ; d-e-)

and, in the genitive case-ending, it does not accept

D- i.e. it has only two case-endings namely,

nominative/ original form (represented with (h
?
 _)
and accusative (represented with (h
 K > _), which is
also representative of genitive case. Diptotes


F
E9
e R P
 1 )
include the following categories:
Names of women, e.g. (_ [
 6 
(_ P
 : 

(_ {
 H % 

S
H  ) ,
etc.
Names of Prophets and Angels (peace be upon
them), e.g.


 b
E
 6 g D

E
 6 ,  )
O


 b
O

)
 
S
 b @  R
M

 H
, etc.
34

The Irab of Noun

Nouns on E

" >  pattern, e.g. 

g
, %
{
 ) , E
7
 > ,
%
 
 , T
.

 , 
L
  black, 
 
  red,   
blue,

   white, etc.
The broken plurals nouns on E

 : ) & E
 # " >
patterns, e.g.

D
 7
 ) bed, %
D
 .
 ) , 
* ) graves,
S
b  Dirhams, 
H R / glass
Names of men on the pattern of

i
 " > , e.g.

 ]  
,  
+ L
 , 
%  ,  

  , etc.
Names of men ending with (h y
  
 )
?x ? (closed ta),
e.g. (_
 + y
 , (_  + L
 , (_ H R " )
, (_ ) L
 _, etc.
Names of most of the countries and cities, e.g.

 b W
 , 
K .

 ,
% 1 # , 
P
 ) , (_ ,V ) , E
 , etc.
Nouns ending with M# or xh   P

* )
M
 #  (short M#),
e.g.  
world, j  near, jP
 /  distant, jL
  )
,
j.
   , etc.
Nouns ending with 3 _Exh  %

 )
M
 # F prolonged
vowel, e.g. 3


 
merciful, 3
>  C

nobles, 3
_> * 
poor, 3
 L
 black , 3
7
   white , 3
  

red , 3
/  blue , 3
7
 
 green .
Some additional nouns, e.g. S
1  D
 hell, 0

 +  @R
Satin,

   > Pharaoh, 
D

n )

D

n H Gog
Magog, etc.
Note 1:
With the definite article or with annexed noun
E9
e 7
 )
F the diptote E9
d R P
 1 )


  F accepts Q D - in
genitive case-ending, e.g.
T
R  
  #
$

SR .
  In the
35

The Irab of Noun

name of Allah, the Most Gracious,

RD
 7
  #
TR 
from the beds, $
 
R 6 " C

T ) among the Signs of
Allah, Se H R * ;
T
R.

 
 > in the best stature/mould.
Note 2:
The occasions as to when and why a noun changes
its form from nominative to accusative or genitive
case will be studied later.
 Indeclinable E~j1 g )
 F:
Most of the Arabic nouns (about 90%) are declinable

E
e  " )
F. However, some nouns/
pronouns called
indeclinable E~j1 g )
 F, remain static or stationary on their
original form under all the varied conditions. These
include the following:
Personal pronouns, e.g. S K
 , z
  , S b
,  b
,  b
, etc.
Demonstrative pronouns, e.g. 3 W
 m
b , f
 l # _ , f
 + ; ,
\b , etc. except the dual (h  1 ] ; , e.g. f
  ;
Lf
 1  ; ,
R \b
LTR H \ b .
Relative pronouns E
R  

  #
S
L
 F, e.g. B
 \ #V ,  6 Vi#,
T H \ #V ,  K #V , etc. except the dual E(h  1 ] ; F, e.g.
R K+V #LTR  K +V #)( , TR H \ +V #, R \+V #)( .
Interrogative pronouns ER : K L
 W

3
 L
 F, e.g. T ) , ),
T H , M
 
 , S
 , S # L # , etc.
Possessive pronouns, e.g. B
 H@R, S
_ H@R, ^
H@R, etc.
Nouns with alif EM#F or xh   P

* )
M
e #  (short alif)
ending, e.g. 
, jL )

, j  near, jP/  distant.

36

The Irab of Noun

Nouns with personal pronouns, e.g. 

 ;  L
 ,   + / ,
 K
 , etc.
Cardinal numbers from eleven to nineteen, e.g.
%
 
 [
  ,  [
 
1 ,  [
 
( i
  ,  [
 
(" .
 ; .
Important Note:
The learners should not get discouraged if he or she
does not understand this lesson fully at this stage. He or
she should continue with the subsequent lessons,
which would definitely help in better understanding of
the subject of Irab, Insha Allah.

37

.#
%#
Lesson 6

QA:  
  K #<

A
V   #
THE ADJECTIVE PHRASE

So far we have learnt the characteristics of a single word/

. We now come to the compounds

noun, called e  : )

EO

g
V  !_ F i.e. the phrases/ sentences. If two or more words

are joined together, it constitutes a phrase or a sentence

E(h +  D

F, e.g. <

# 
V # and %
R K {

# are two mufrad Ee  : )
F

words. But if they are joined as %

R K {

# <

# 
V # the hard
working student or %
e R K {
 )

<

# 
V # the student is
hardworking, then they became a phrase/sentence. The

murakkabat are of two kinds;

=
e / 
<
e
V  )
Phrase or incomplete sentence.
 e ;
<
e
V  )
Sentence E(h +  D

F which conveys complete

sense.

e / 
<
e
V  )
F is further divided
The murakkabun naqis E=
into the following four types:
1 :  
  K #<

V  !_ the adjective phrase.
2 > ?
 8
R <

V  !_ the relative phrase.
3 BR C
8
R <

V  !_ the demonstrative phrase.
4 BR 2
 <

V  !_ the genitive phrase.
39

The Adjective Phrase

It is very important to clearly grasp the above mentioned

four phrases, which would go a long way in the
construction and understanding of sentences E(_ +
{

# F. In
this lesson we shall learn about the Adjective Phrase, while
the remaining three Phrases and the subject of sentences
will be studied in the subsequent four lessons.
O

g
V  A
# 
(The Compounds)

e ;
e<
V  )

=
e / 
e<
V  )

(Sentence - (h +
D

(Incomplete Sentence/ Phrase)

BD
< )

BC@
< )

?@
< )

:;
< )

(Genitive Phrase) (Demonstrative Phrase) (Relative Phrase) (Adjective Phrase)

The Adjective Phrase E:K#! <
F has two nouns in it

where one noun describes the quality of another noun. The
noun that describes the quality is called the adjective
E(_ : P
 # F and the noun qualified is called 9

 

 ! ( al-mausuf),
e.g. 
 1

# 

K , # the illuminating Book [13/184]. Here



K , # the Book is the noun qualified E9!F, and 

 1
#
the illuminating is its adjective E(_ : P
 #F, Se H R

f
h + ) a
noble Angel [12/31], here f
h + ) Angel is 9

 

 ! and
Se H R
 noble is its adjective E(:P#F. Unlike English 9!
comes before (:P#( the adjective).
The important point to remember about :;
< )
(adjective phrase) is that the adjective E(:P#F is to
40

The Adjective Phrase

correspond to the noun being qualified E9!F in all the

four aspects of a noun, i.e.
%
 " # number, 0

1 {
 # the
gender, (_ " L
 
# the capacity definite/indefinite and


 8
R the case-ending. These are explained below:
1 The number E
%
 " #F of the adjective E(_ : P
 #F is to be in
coordination with 9

 

 ! , i.e. if 9! is singular

E%e 
 F then (:P# is to be singular E%F, if 9! is
dual E(h  1 ] ; F then (:P# is to be dual, and if 9! is
plural E
e  D
 F then (:P# is to be plural EF, e.g.
%e # 

e # 
 (a pious boy), R 
 # 

R % # ( two pious boys),
e W
  
 

# 
 (three or more pious boys).
2 The gender E0

1 {
 # F of (:P# is also to correspond to

9! i.e., if 9! is e

V \ )
then (:P# is to be  \);
if 9! is
e  m )
then (:P# is to be m) too, e.g.
z
e 1 
(h
 # 
 (pious girl), R K
 # 

R K 1  (two pious girls),
O
e 1 
O
e 
 # 
 (pious girls, more than two).

3 The Capacity E(_ " L

 
#F of (_ : P
 # is also to correspond to
that of 9! i.e., if 9! is definite E(h > R " )
 F, (:P#

 F, and if 9

 

  # is indefinite
will be definite E(h > R " )

Exh  ,  F, (_ : P
 # will be indefinite Exh  ,  F, e.g.

e # 

%e #


# P
 #
%
#  #

R 
 # 

R % #
R 
 # P
 #
R % #  #

 

# 

e W
  
 

# P
 #

W
 5


4 The Irab / case-ending E

 8
R F: The Irab of (_ : P
 # are to
be in coordination with that of the 9

 

 ! i.e. if 9

 

 !
41

The Adjective Phrase

is in nominative case E
R >  # _(
# 
 F, (:P# is to be in

nominative case E
R >  # _(
# 
 F, if 9! is in the

 1 # _(
# 
 F then (_ : P
 # too is in
accusative case E<P

accusative case E<P

 1 # _(
# 
 F, if 9

 

 ! is in the genitive

case E {
 # _(
# 
 F then (:P# is to be in genitive
(_ # 
 F

EQR {
 # , e.g.

(1];

%

(Plural)

(Dual)

(Single)

 

# 
eW

 R # 
R%#

e # 
e%#

T 
 # 
W
 TR 
 # 
RTH % #  
#
%#

T
 # 
dW

 TR 
 # 
RTH % #

# 
d%#


R >  #(_
# 

Nominative Case

<P
 1 #(
# 
Accusative Case

 {
 # (_
# 
Genitive Case

An exception to this rule is that the adjective to the broken

plural E  .
 , ;

 D
 F of inanimate objects is almost always

feminine singular, e.g. (h 

  ?

 )

e 

K(h   >_  )
e 
L

 >
in it there will be couches raised on high, and goblets
placed ready [88/13-14]. Here (h 
  >_  ) raised on high is

(_ : P
 # of e 
L

couches which is a broken plural E  .

 , ;

 D
 F
of e H R L
 couch and an inanimate object EE / 

  F.

Similarly, (h 
  ?

 ) placed ready is (_ : P
 # of 
e 
 goblets

which is a broken plural E  .

 , ;

 D
 F of 
e 
_ goblet,

which is an inanimate object EE

/ 

  F; therefore, both the
adjectives are in the feminine singular form.
42

The Adjective Phrase

Some more examples of the adjective phrases from the

Holy Quran:

# P#

E  " # [ 35/10], (h
  g)

hx {
 C
 [24/35], Ee  + /
eK) [3/197],
Se 
 
e D
  [3/172], =

# o
 #
T
H %#[ 39/3], (h 1 .


xh  L
 _ [33/21],
x_  
 

%#[ 28/83], (h g  y

(h  +
 [14/24], 
)  , )

e g [21/26],
O
e 1) m )

e3. [48/25], <

/ ]#

S{
 1 #[ 86/3], e  :_ 
~ [34/15],
hx% + 
(h g  y
 [34/15], TR    K H
TR  ) i
 _ [18/82], R K
 7
R 1  [55/66],
O
e 1 
eOH [2/99], (d  # 
d(1 D

> [88/10], (h )  , )

eM

[80/13]

43

.#
%#
Lesson 7

~A> ?@R
<
e
V  )

THE RELATIVE PHRASE

e > ?@R
e<
V  )
F is a co-relation between
The Relative Phrase E
two nouns. In a relative phrase the idea of one noun is very
often more closely determined or defined by that of
another. In this phrase, the determined noun is called 9

7!_
the annexed and the determining noun is called G  # @R
e97)

that to which the annexation is made or to which another

noun is annexed. The relation subsisting between them is
known as (_ > ?8
R the annexation, e.g. $
 

K
 Allahs

Book. In this phrase, 

K
 is 9
e 7)
and $
 is G  # @R
9
e 7)
.
Similarly, in the phrase $
 

L

 Allahs Prophet, 
L

 is

9
e 7)
and $
 is G  # @R
9
e 7)
. The following rules apply to
(h > ?@R annexation:

is never placed on 9
e 7)
nor has it tanwin (Te H R 1 ; nunnation). In the above mentioned examples, it will
be incorrect to say $
 

K
 or $
 

K, # and $
 

L

 or
$
 

L

 #.
 G  # @R
9

7
# is always e {
 
 ) i.e., in a genitive caseending, e.g. ( )
 * # 

H , TR  / R [
  # 
and T   # "# 
. In
these examples the nouns, ( )
 * # , TR  / R [
  # and T   # "#
are the mudaf ilai, which are in genitive case.
45

The Relative Phrase

 If 9

7
# is a dual E(h  1 ] ; F or sound plural masculine
E \)
L
F then its ~R@

is dropped, e.g.

% {
 .
  # two doors of the Mosque (for % {
 .
  #
R ),
and  " # 

+ .
 )
Muslims of the Arab (for

 + .
 )

 " # ). Similarly, <

d  #
 
% H the two hands of Abu
Lahab [111/1] (for <
d  #
 
R % H )
 9

7
# may be e  >_  ) (nominative) original form of a
noun, 
e  P

1 ) (accusative) changed form I or e {

 
 )
(genitive) changed form II, e.g. $
 

K
 ,$
 

 K

@R,
$
 
K

 > .

97! always comes before G  # @R
9

e 7)
, e.g. x 
 # _(
1 H R

allurement of the life, here (_ 1 H R is 9

7!_ and x 

 # is

G  # @R

97!_ .

 There may be more than one G#@
97! in one (h > ?@R,

e.g. T
R H %#
R H
f# ) owner of the Day of Judgment
[1/3], $

R  L



z1  daughter of the Prophet of Allah.

 If 3 %1 #

9 
 (Interjection) comes before 9

7!_ then it is
read as 
e  P

1 ) , e.g. $

%
g  Allahs slave, with
9

 

3 %1#( interjection) it becomes $

% g 
H O Allahs
slave!. f
 +
#
f
 # )
S
+V # O Allah! Owner of the
kingdom. But if that noun is not 9

7!_ then it is called

e  : )

c1)
and is e  >_  ) , but has no tanwin ETH1;F, e.g.
H
E
D

 O man!, %
H 
H O Zaid!. If c1
# is with then
AH  for masculine and AK
H  for feminine is placed after
H, e.g.

1#
H 
H O people!, O mankind! ,
K

H 
H
0

: 1 # O self!, O soul! .
46

The Relative Phrase

 The mudaf E9

7!_ F is often attached with a personal

pronoun, i.e. G
A,  b

, S b
, Tb
, etc, as G  # @R
9
e 7)
, e.g.

S 
#_    their deeds, in that   
is 9

7!_ and S b
is
G  # @R
9

7!_ .
^
%H
z
 ) %/
)
3
  #


_ 1 H
 H the Day when men will
see what his two hands have sent forth [78/40], here

%H (for R %H ) is 9

7!_ and G
A the pronoun is G  # @R
9

7!_ .
When a noun is annexed to a Personal Pronoun, it will
be in the following pattern. (Table 6)

Table 6
Pronouns Attached to Mudaf as Mudaf ilai

3rd Person
Person

SINGULAR

DUAL

PLURAL

G

K


* 

K


S 

K


his book

their book

their book

her book

their book

2 Person
Person

f
 
K


their book

())

your book

your book

your book

2nd Person
Person

f
 
K


())

your book

1st Person
Person

 K


(&
&))

my book

())
3rd Person
Person
())
nd


K


* 

K

#

 ,_ 
K
_

T


K

S ,_ 
K


 ,_ 
K


T,_ 
K


your book

your book

1
K


1
K


our book

our book

Note:
#

the 2nd Person and dual are identical.

* the 3rd Person and dual are identical.

47

The Relative Phrase

Since the pronouns are indeclinable E~j1 g )

 F, they remain in
their original form even as G#@
97! ;however, they are
considered in genitive place Ee {
 
 )
i
 ) F.
The suffix of the first person singular is B (ya) and not 
(ni), e.g. 
 K
 , not  1 
K
 (as attached to verbs). If the
final letter of the word is a xI b E3F then it can be absorbed,
e.g. B
 H
 for B
 3 H
 my wrong action; B
 b (for B
 3 b )
my love/wish.
The nominal suffix B is sometimes shortened into
 (i)
particularly when the noun to which it is attached is in
vocative, e.g.  (for 
 
H) which has the meaning O my
Lord! as opposed to 
  my Lord, similarly, R  /
H O my
people! as opposed to 
 )  / my people.

The dammah in G
A,  b

, S b
, Tb
is changed into kasra after  ,
B or B_, e.g. G K

 > in his book, S R gK

_
 > in their
books,  R K

> in the two books of the two of them.
However, if no ambiguity of meaning can arise, the dual
before a dual suffix is replaced by a singular mudaf, i.e.
 

K
 the book of them both or the plural  
g
K

_ the
books of them both.

48

T)]#
%#
Lesson 8

QBR AC
 @R
e<A
V  )

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PHRASE

The Demonstrative Phrase has two parts: (i) x  C8
R

SL
 ( the
demonstrating pronoun) and (ii) G  # @R
e[)

(the demonstrated
 .#
f+ ; that watch,
3W
mb
noun), e.g. S
+ * # \
b this pen, (_ 

D # these men. In these examples \b , f
 + ; , 3 W
 m
b are
the demonstrating pronouns Ex  C8
R

3 L
 F and S
+ * # , (_  .#,

D # are the demonstrated nouns EG  # @R
e [)
F. In a
demonstrative phrase there is always a coordination
between x  C8
R

SL
 and G  # @R
e[)
in the Number E
% " # F, the
Gender E0

1 2
 F, the Capacity E(_ " L
 
#F and the case-ending
E
e @ RF.

R

SL
 F has two forms, one
The demonstrative pronoun Ex  C8
for near distance E<

H R * + #
x  C8
R
S
L
 F and another for far
distance E%

 " g + #
x  C8
R
S
L
 F. These forms are given in the
following tables.
Demonstrative Pronouns for Near Distance

E<HR * + #
x C8

R

3 L
 F
Masculine
Masculine Feminine
Singular - All Cases
Dual Nominative
Dual - Accusative/Genitive
Plural - All Cases

\b

R \b
TR H \ b
3 W
 m
b

^ \ b
R ;b
TR  ; b
3 W
 m
b

this
these (2)
these (2)
these all
49

The Demonstrative Phrase

Note:
\b

L^ \ b are not written with full alif after Ab, instead it is
written with a short vowel _

h(
 K > as \b L^ \ b or with
M
e # 
xh   P

* ) (short alif) as \b L^ \ b ; and in both the cases it is

pronounced as b
L^  b.
The plural form is common to both the genders i.e.
3 W
 m
b , but it is used only for rational being EEe / F
otherwise ^ \
 b , singular form of the feminine is used to
refer to the collective or plural inanimate nouns

EE/

  F.
Demonstrative Pronouns for Far Distance

E%e  " g + #
x C8

R

3 L
 F
Masculine Feminine

U

Lf
 # 
Dual Nominative

f 
Dual - Accusative/Genitive
*
f1 H 
Plural - All Cases

fl # _
Singular - All Cases

f
 + ;
*
f ;
*
f
 1  ;
f
 l # _

that/this
those (2)
those (2)
those all

Note:
* These forms have neither occurred in the Holy Quran
nor are these in the modern use.
Some examples of the demonstrative compounds:
%

#  # \
b this boy or this is the boy

x_  .
 # \^
b this car

R g# V#
R\b these two students (male)
50

The Demonstrative Phrase

R Kg # V#
R ;b these two students (female)


D #
3W
 m
b these men (more than two)
3
.1 #
3W
 m
b these women (more than two)
z

1 g# 
f+ ; that girl

E
D

 #
f#
LU
 that man
R i
D

 #
f those two men

R K1 g#
f ; those two girls

 + .

# 
fl # _those Muslim men (more than two)
O

  + .

# 
fl # _those Muslim women (more than two)
<

K
,_ # \^
b these books (inanimate noun)

{C
 5
 \^
b these trees (inanimate noun)

51

LK#
%#
Lesson 9

~BR AD

<
e A
V  )

THE GENITIVE PHRASE

We have learnt earlier in the lessons that an Arabic noun is,
in its original form, in the nominative case ER >  # _(
# F. We
have also learnt that in the relative compound the noun is
in the genitive case EQ {
 # _(
# F when it is G  # @R
9

7!_ . We will
now study some more frequently used prepositions which,
when present before a noun, make its ending Jarr or the
genitive case. These prepositions can be divided into two
groups, Inseparable and Separable Prepositions.

Inseparable Prepositions:
Consisting of one letter, these are always attached to
the following word. The Inseparable Prepositions are:
1  (bi): in, with, by, etc., e.g. S
+ * #
SR + * #  with
the pen. When attached to pronouns, it is G  with it
or with him, f
  with you, S R  with them, etc.
The verbs denoting to begin, adhere, seize, attach
are also constructed with , e.g. G 
EP
 ; he got in
contact with him, G 
%
  he began with him/it,

3% 
$

SR L
  I start with the name of Allah; often the
verb is omitted as in $

SR .
  with the name of
Allah.
53

The Genitive Phrase

To believe in, is 
T)

 , e.g. $
 
T)  he believed in
Allah.
To swear by, is 
S
.
 / _, e.g. TR H %#
R   
S
.
 / _ I swear
by the Day of Judgment.
2 O (ta): for oath only; by the name of the
_
$
 ; by Allah.
Almighty Allah, e.g. $
3 ( waw): for oath, e.g.
R
 g
#
O

3  .
 # by
the Heaven full of the starts [the Quran], R P
 " # by
the Time, 0
R  [
 # by he Sun, ER  +V # by the
Night.
4 ( lam): for, to, belongs to, because of, e.g.
\b

 #

S+ * # this pen is mine, %d H I #

K, # \
b this book
belongs to Zaid, ^ R P
 1 #
 / he rose for his help;
\#
Lf
 # \ #
Lf
 #
ER D
 5

L\b
ER D
 5
 these expressions
denote for this reason.

G +V # for Allah, belongs to Allah G +V # is for E$


A# F, alif is
dropped when comes before
 , e.g.
 + .

#


T   + .

+ # for Muslims,  
  ,#
T   ,+ # for liars,
O

1) m
#
O
 1) m
+ # for the believing women, etc.
Note that
R (li) is changed to ( la) before
pronominal suffixes, except with the first person 
 # ,
e.g. G
# for him, # for her, S ,_ # for all of you/ you
all have,  
# for both of them/ they both have, 1#
for us/ we have, etc.
5 U
 (ka): as, like, e.g. 
 * # 
R  * #  as the
moon, 
e L

.
 # like a mirage, (_ 1 {
 #

( 1 {
 #  like the garden.
54

The Genitive Phrase

 Separable Prepositions:
The following prepositions are in common use:
1 
 > (fi): in, e.g.

 5


R  5
 >
in the earth,
3
 .
 #
3  .
 # >
in the sky; and with suffixes: G  >
in him/in it, > in me, S ,_  > in you or among
you, (h 1 .


xh  L
 _
$

R  L


 >
S ,_ #

 % * # Surely,

you have in the Messenger of Allah excellent
exemplar [the Quran].
2 T
  (un): away from, about, concerning, with, e.g.
~+ 

+ 
T  from Ali. Some examples from the
Holy Quran: t
R  #
TR 
f
   #_ n .
 H and they ask thee
about the soul, $

RE gL

T

` %P

H
TH \ #V those who

hinder (people) from the path of Allah,
S
1 

_$?

 
G
1 
? 

 Allah is well pleased with them and they

are well pleased with Him, and with suffixes it is
 1  from me, G
1  from him, S 
1  from them.

3 T)
 (min): from, e.g. %
{
 .
  #
% {
 .
  #
T ) from
the Mosque, 3
 .
 #
3  .
 #
T) from the sky. It is
often interchangeable with T
  and used with
suffixes such as G
1 )
 from him,  1 ) from me, 1)
from us, etc. An example from the Quran:
S
D

R o
 H

R  1 #
j#@R
O
  +_
#
T ) He brings them out of the
darkness into the light.

T ) is sometime used to complete the sense of E

g /
before and %

"  after. In that case the words E

g /
and %

"  become indeclinable (  7

 #
j+
g) i.e. E
g /

E

g /
T ) , %
" 
%
" 
T ) . According to some
55

The Genitive Phrase

grammarians this kind of T

 ) is called an additional
T ) , e.g. from the Quran %
" 
T)

Eg /
T)

) 5
 
G+V # with
Allah is the decision in the Past and in the Future.
However, if E

g / and %
"  come in a sentence as
9
e 7)
(annexed) then they are e {
 
 ) (in genitive
case), e.g. S ,_ + g /
T
 )
T H \ #V and those who come
before you, S ,_   H @R
%" 
T)
 after ye have believed.
4 j+
 (ala): on, at, over, upon, against, e.g.

 " #


R  " #
j+ on the throne, k
H R
V #
kR H R
V #
j+
on the way, from the Quran S ,_  + 

e i
L
 peace be
on you, e H%/
3d 
C

E
_
j+
$
 @
R Surely, Allah is
Possessor over all things. Sometimes it is used in a
hostile sense, e.g. G  + 

  
 he went out against
him. j+
 is used with suffixes as shown in table 7.

Table 7
The Preposition and Attached Pronouns
SINGULAR
3rd Person
Person
())
rd

3 Pers
Person
on
())
nd

2 Pers
Person
on
())
nd

2 Pers
Person
on
())
st

1 Pers
Person
on
(&
&))
56

G  + 

DUAL
#

 R  + 

PLURAL

S R  + 

on him

On them

on them

on her

On them

on them

 + 

f
  + 

on you

f
  + 

 R  + 

*
 ,_  + 

On you

TR  + 
S ,_  + 

on you

on you

*
 ,_  + 

On you

T,_  + 
on you

+ 

1 + 

1 + 

on me

on us

on us

The Genitive Phrase

Note:
Note:
(1) * the 2nd Person and dual are identical.

#
the 3rd Person and dual are identical.
(2) Prepositions like T
 ) from, T  away from),  by,  >
in,
R for, j#@R to are similarly attached to the personal
pronouns on the same pattern as shown above for j+
.
5 j#@R (ila): to, unto, towards, e.g. %

{
 .
  #

j#@R
% {
 .
  # towards the Mosque,
j#@R
R
 # 
%{
 .
  # 
T)
jP/ 5

% {
 .
  # from the sacred Mosque unto the
Distant (Al-Aqsa) Mosque [the Quran]. With the
suffixes, it is G  # @R to him, towards him, # @R to me,
1 # @R unto us, etc.
6 There are some nouns which, though not prepositions, change the following nouns in the
genitive case:
(
possessor), e.g. E
7
 >

Gracious or Possessor
of bounty.
#_ _ (possessor), e.g. R  5
 _
#_ relations.
<
e
  (companion), e.g. S + 
<


  companion
of knowledge/man of learning.

 ) (with), e.g. T H R P#
)
$@
R Allah is with
the patients [the Quran].
%
 1  (with, at, beside): Adverb 9


V # used for
place/time, e.g. ^
%
 1 
z

.
 + D
 I sat with/beside
him, R 
 # 
%{
 .
  # 
%1 
Sb
 +_ ; *;

W and fight
not with them at the sacred Mosque [the
57

The Genitive Phrase

Quran], 0
R  [
 #
R  +_ y
_
% 1 
3 D he came at sun
rise. It is often used to denote the meaning of
for, to, near, presence, etc., e.g.
%
 1 
  
_ _ 
f
  remember me in presence of thy lord
master [the Quran],
$
%1 

)

%: 1 H
S
_ % 1 
)
 what-ever you possess will pass away and
what Allah has, will remain [the Quran].
7 There are some nouns used in Quran as
prepositions, e.g. c%# L
 %
# LB% # with. These are
used with suffixes as S R H %
 # with them, B% # with
me, G H %
 # with him,  Q %
# with me, to me.
Examples from the Holy Quran:
B%
 #
9

oH
W

 +_ L
 
# the Messengers fear not in My presence,

1H % #
K, #
> 
_
G

 @R and it is in the original of
the Book with us, S 
)
 i/
 _* + H

@ R
SR H % #
z1
_
) 
and you were not with them when they cast (their
pens) lots with arrows.

58

C"#
%#
Lesson 10

(_ A+  {

#

THE SENTENCE

In Arabic there are two types of sentences:

L
 W
 (_
+  {

# F:

The Nominal Sentence E(_ 
The nominal sentence E(4W(
+ 2F wherein the first
word is a noun, e.g. %
e H % D


K, # the book is new.

 The Verbal Sentence E(_  + " : # (_
+

{

# F:
The verbal sentence E(_  + " : # _(
+
{

# F where in the first

word is a verb, e.g. %

e ) 
 
 Hamid went out.

In this lesson we shall learn about the nominal sentences.

The nominal sentence consists of the mubtada E3
%K g

# F
the subject and the khabar E
g o
 # F the predicate. The

mubtada/subject is the noun about which you want to say

something, and the khabar/predicate is what you have to
say about the subject, e.g.
e H R )
%e )  Hamid is sick. In

this sentence you want to speak about Hamid E%

e ) F, so it
is the mubtada/subject and the information you give about
him is that he is sick E
e H R ) F so that is the khabar/predicate.

Some more examples of simple nominal sentences
_(+

{

# F

E(_   L
 W
 are given below:

59

The Sentence

Ag%Kg!
Se  , 

e%#  Khalid is a wise man.
Se H R

e [
  Bashir is a kind man.
e  C

S # R William is a poet.
Se # 
e

 ) Mahmud is a learned man.
(h  # 

<1 H Zainab is a learned woman.
e  L

 %e 
 )
Mohammad (SAW) is a messenger.
%e R K {
 )


<# V# The student is hardworking.
M
e  " ?


E
D # The man is weak/old.

e K


_*# The Quran is a Book.
Te H

i
L
 8
R Islam is a region/way of life.
<
e ; 
~+  Ali is a writer.

There should be an agreement in the number and the

gender between the subject and the predicate, i.e. if a
subject is masculine/feminine singular, dual or plural the
predicate should be likewise.

Examples:

Ag

%Kg!

Se # 
e% " L


Singular
%e R K {
 )


<# V#
Singular
(h  # 
hx%  " L

Singular
xh % R K {
 )

_(g # V#
Singular
R 1) m )

Rg# V#
Dual
R K1 ) m )

RKg # V#
Dual
 1
) m )


Vi
#
Plural
O
e %R K {
 )


Og# V#
Plural
60

Saeed is a learned man.

The student is a hardworking.
Saeeda is a learned woman.
The student is a hardworking.
Both the students are believers
Both the students are believers
The students are believers.
The students are hardworking

The Sentence

In a nominal sentence if the subject E%K g

# F is a noun
alone then both the subject and the predicate E
g o
 # F are in
the nominative case.
 Types of the Mubtada E%
 K g
# F
F :
The beginning of a nominal sentence is one of the
following:
1 A noun or a pronoun, e.g. e  :_

_$ Allah is forgiver,
%e R K {
 )

 I am a hardworking, (h L
  % )
^ \ b this is a
school.
2 A masdar muawwal E 
m !_

% P
 ! F i.e. a clause
functioning as a masdar, e.g. S ,_ #V

 


)P

;
 and
that you fast is better for you [2/184]. Here the
clause 
)P

;
 functions as a masdar (infinitive)

which means S ,_ )
 
 your fasting. Another example
c* K +#

 / 
:_ " ;
 and that you should forgive is
nearer to piety [2/237]. Here :_ " ;
 is E 
m !_

% P
 ! F
which means S
_ 
:  your forgiving.
3 A particle resembling the verb, e.g.
e  :_

$
 @
R
Se  
  indeed Allah is forgiving, merciful [the
Quran]. The particles resembling the verb
9

&
 
_ F
EER " : # 
_( g [
 !_ are @R and its sisters, like ,  , z
  # ,
T, # , and E" # .
The Mubtada E%K g !_ F is normally a definite E(>")F as
indicated in the following examples:
$
 

L


%e 
 )
Muhammad (SAW) is the messenger of
Allah. Here %
e 
 )
is definite E(>")F because it is a
61

The Sentence

proper noun ES
+ " #F, and the predicate $
 

L

 is an
annexation E( > ?8
R F.

e  % )

b
he is a teacher.  b
is definite because it is a

pronoun E

7
 #F and the predicate
e  % )
is an

indefinite noun Exh  ,  F.

%
e{
 .
 )
\b this is a Mosque. \b is definite because it is

a demonstrative pronoun Ex  C8

R

SL
 F and the predicate

%e {
 .
 ) is an indefinite noun Exh  ,  F.

U
h R [
 )

$

  
%
g
" H
B
 \ #V he who worships other than

 \ #V is definite
Allah is mushrik (one who rejects faith). B

because it is a relative pronoun E

 

  #

SL
 W
 F, and the
predicate is a sentence E(h +
2
_ F.

$
 

K


_*# the Quran is the book of Allah. _*
# is

 , and the predicate

definite as it has the definite article
is an annexation E(_ > ?8
R F.

x_ i
P
 #(
1 {
 #

tK: ) the key to Paradise is Salah. te K: ) is

definite as its mudaf ilaihi EG  # @R
9

e 7)
F is definite, and
the predicate in this case is a definite noun E(h > R " )
 F.

However, the subject E3%K g !_ F may be indefinite Exh  ,  F in the

following circumstances.
If the khabar E
g
 F is a shibhu jumlah E(h +  D

(_ g C
F
(literally, that which resembles a sentence), which is
one of he following two terms:
1 A prepositional phrase, like <K ,
 #
j+ on the
table, 3  #  like the water, z
  g # >
in the

62

The Sentence

house. The phrase is also called e {

 
 ) ~
D (genitive
phrase).
2 A zarf E9


V #F adverb, like % 1  with, by, beside,

>  above, z

 ; under, % tomorrow,  
#
today. 9


V # is related to time or place.

In these cases the khabar should precede the mubtada,

e.g. Ee D


( >  
# > 
there is a man in the room.
(Remember that ( >  
#
>
eED

 is not a sentence). Here the

indefinite noun Ee D

 is the mubtada and the phrase
>

( >  
# is the khabar. Here is another example z
e
 _
 # I
have a sister literally there is sister for me. Here the
indefinite noun z
e
 _ is the mubtada and the phrase  # is
the khabar, Se + /
<K ,  # 
z
 ; there is a pen under the table
(<K ,  # 
z
 ;
eS+ / is not a sentence). Here Se + / is the mubtada
and the zarf z

 ; is the khabar. Another example is,
% 1 
xh  L
 we have a car literally there is a car with us.
Note, words like z

 ; , >  , % 1  are 9
e  }
 not

prepositions in Arabic. The prepositions, like 

 > , j+ ,

T ) , j#@R, , U
 are particles, but words like z

 ; , >  , % 1 
are nouns which are declinable, e.g. G K
 ;
T) , S R /  >
T) ,
$
 
%1 
T)
\b , and a majrur Ee {
 
 ) F noun following one
of these words is a mudaf ilaihi EG  # @R
9
e 7)
F, e.g.
z

 ;
R H R .
 # under the bed.
The mubtada may also be indefinite if it is an
interrogative noun, like T
 ) who, ) what, S
 how
many. These nouns are indefinite, e.g. f) what is
63

The Sentence

wrong with you?; here ) is the mubtada and the

prepositional phrase f
  is the khabar.

eH R )
T ) who is sick?, here T ) is the mubtada and

e H R ) is the khabar. REP

 : # 
>
g#y
S
 how many
students are there in the classroom?, here S
 is the
mubtada and the prepositional phrase E
RP
 : # >
is the
khabar.
There are some more situations where the mubtada can be
indefinite, e.g. U
d R [
 )

T )
e  

Te ) m )

%e g " # and surely a
believing slave is better than a man who associates
(partners with Allah) [2/21].
Note, the personal pronouns G
A,  b

, S b
become Gd A,  b , S b


 J or B
 , e.g. G K
 ;
T) ,  R K
 ;
T) ,
when preceded with xh  .

S R /  >
T ) . Also note that the dammah of G

A is pronounced
long if it is preceded by a short vowels, e.g. G
# (la-hu), G
K
H 
(raaitu-hu). And it is short when preceded by a consonant
or a long vowels, e.g. G
1 )
 , ^
3
 / . This rule also applies to G A

(hi), e.g. G  (bi-hi), but G  > (fi-hi); this change is for vocalic
harmony.
Also note that in case of the verb with the pronoun of the
2nd person masculine plural, like S K
H  you saw, a waw E F
has to be added between the verb and the pronoun, e.g.

^

K
H  you saw him, S b

K
H  you saw them, b
K
H  you
saw her, S b

HS K
# n L
 becomes S b

K
# n L
 you asked them,
S b
HS K
+ K / becomes S b

K
+ K / you killed them.
64

The Sentence

 The Omission of the Mubtada/the Khabar:

habar:
The mubtada or the khabar may be omitting, e.g. in
reply to the question f

L
 )
one may say %
 
 . This
is the khabar and the mubtada has been omitted. The
full sentence is %

 
 
  L
 . Similarly, in answer to the
question
9R " H
T)
 who knows? one may say , which
is the mubtada; and the khabar has been omitted. The
complete sentence is 9

R  
 I know.

Types of the Khabar E

g o
 # F:
There are three types of the predicate/khabar E
g o
 # F:
mufrad Ee  : )
F, jumla E(h +  D

F and shibhu jumla E(d +  D

Gg C
 F:
1 The mufrad khabar is a word, not a sentence, e.g.

%e 

$
_ Allah is one, EETR ) m
#
x_ )
T
) m
# FF the

believer is the mirror of the believer [the Hadith].

2 The jumla E(h +
D

F is a sentence. It may
be a nominal

or a verbal sentence, e.g. e D
 ;
^
 

Se C
 b Hashims
father is a trader literally, Hashim, his father is a
trader. Here Se C
 b is the mubtada and nominal
sentence e D
 ;

^ 
 is the khabar, and this sentence in
turn, is made up of the mubtada E^
 
F and the
khabar Ee D
 ;F. Here is another example;
<

 g
V #

G

L
 )
what is the name of the doctor? literally it
means, the doctor, what is his name? Here <

 g
V # is
the mubtada, and the nominal sentence G

L
 )
is
the khabar. Another example, +_ 
 


Vi
# the
students entered. Here 

Vi
# is the mubtada and
the verbal sentence +_ 
 they entered is the
65

The Sentence

khabar. Another example, S ,_ * + 


$
_ and Allah
created you. Here $
_ is the mubtada, and the
verbal sentence S ,_ * + 
 He created you is the
khabar.

3 The shibhu jumlah E(d +

D

G
g C
 F, as we have already
learnt, is either a prepositional phrase or zarf, e.g.
G +V #

% 
 # the praise belongs to Allah. Here %

 # is
the mubtada and the prepositional phrase G +V # E$
 HA# F
is the khabar, and it is in the place of raf
QE
R
 )
 > F
E >  . Another example, % {
 .
  # 
M+ 


z g # the house
is behind the mosque. Here z

 g # is the mubtada,
and the zarf M
 + 
 is the khabar. As a zarf, it is
mansub, and as a khabar it is in the place of raf
> F

E > 
E
 ) .

As stated earlier, in a nominal sentence, the subject is

usually a definite noun E(h > R " )
 F and the predicate is usually
an indefinite Exh  ,  F, but if the subject is a pronoun, e.g.

M

 H
I am Yousaf, 

K, # 
f# that is the book, then the

predicate maybe a definite noun like M

 H
and 

K, # . In
these cases if the predicate is indefinite the meaning is
different, e.g. 
e K

f# that is a book.
When both the subject E%
 K g !_ F and the predicate E
g
 F are
definite then an appropriate pronoun is frequently inserted
between them. This insertion gives the benefit of emphasis
on the mubtada and it brings the mubtada into focus, e.g.
e  :_ 
$
_ Allah is forgiving being a simple nominal
sentence is changed to 
 :_  # 
b

$
_ Allah is indeed
66

The Sentence

forgiving [42/5],
 
# }
 >
  ,# those who reject faiththey are the wrong doers to
 
# V#

Sb

 >
 ,# those
who reject faith-they are the wrong doers [2/254].


 
 I
6 >
(1 {
 # the dwellers of paradise will be successful to
 I
6 :#

Sb

(1 {
 # 


  It is the dwellers of paradise that
will be successful. [59/20]. ~k

\b this is a truth to
\b
k
 # 
b
this is indeed the truth [8/32]. ~1 
$
_ Allah is
Ghani/Rich, free of all needs to 1  # 
b

_$ Allah, He is
al-Ghani/the Rich, free of all needs. [the Quran]

e   L

f
  
Se  +  to S
 + " #  

.
 #
z
  
f
  Indeed You, You alone, is
the All Hear All Knowing. [the Quran]
The 3rd person pronoun is inserted when the predicate is
comparative, e.g. .#

 1 )

P
 > 
 b


 
b
 
  and my
brother Haroon, he is far better in speech than I am [the
Quran]. This added pronoun is called the Pronoun of
Separation EE
RP
 : # ?  


 F.

0
  # : It means is not. It is used in a nominal sentence to
negate a statement, e.g. %
e H % D

z

 g #
%H% D

z

 g #
0
  # or
%d H %


z g # 
0 # the house is not new. Note that A is often
 ) F.
prefixed to khabar and it is therefore majrur Ee {
 
After the introduction of 0
  # the mubtada is called ismu
  #
S
L
 F, and the khabar is called khabaru laisa
laisa E0
E0
  #

g 
 F. The predicate of 0
  # is in accusative case. The
feminine of 0
  # is z
 .
  # , e.g. (h 7
 H R )
_(1 ) 
( 7
 H R )
_(1 ) 
z.
  #
or (d 7
 H R

_(1 ) 
z
 .
  # Amina is not sick, (h  H % /
_x .
 #

z
 .
  #
(d  H % * 
_x .
 # the car is not old. Note that in this example
the sukun of z
 .
  # has changed to kasrah because of the
67

The Sentence

following
 ( al) (laisat al sayaratu
laisa tissayaratu).
Another example,
% 1 

z

.
 # I am not an engineer.
Here, the pronoun O

(tu) is the ismu laisa E0

  #

SL
 F and

% 1 

is the khabru laisa E0

  #

g 
 F.
Examples from the Holy Quran:

  P


S R  + 
z
.
 #
K
Q \ )

z
  
  @R O Muhammad
(SAW) you are only one who reminds. You are not a
dictator over them [88/21-22]
R 
 #
R R [
  #
E g /
S ,_ b  D



#  ;


 #
0
  # It is not
al-Birr (piety, righteousness and every act of obedience
to Allah) that you turn your faces towards east and (or)
west (in prayers) [the Quran].

68

[
B
&%#
Lesson 11

SOME PARTICLES OF
VARIOUS ORIGIN

3%K  W


W
:
It is a lam EF with fathah prefixed to the mubtada

E%K g !_ F for the sake of emphasis , e.g. 

g

$ 


\ # 

and indeed the remembrance of Allah is the greatest

(thing in life). [29/43] This lam is not to be confused
with the preposition A# which has a kasra, but takes a

fathah when prefixed to a pronoun, e.g. G

# , f
 # , # , T
# .

The 3%K  W

W
 does not change the ending of the

mubtada, e.g. E
e  D
 
f
 K  g # indeed your house is more

beautiful. Now if we want to use @R also in this

sentence then the lam EF has to be shifted to the

khabar, as two particles of emphasis cannot come

together in one place. So the sentence becomes
fK  
@R

E
 D
 5
 (indeed your house is more beautiful). After its
removal from its original position the lam is no longer
called lam al-ibtida E3 %K  W


W
 F. It is now called

i
 #

(_ * + 
 I !_ ( the displaced lam). A sentence with both @R and
(
the lam) is more emphatic than with @R or alone.
Here are some examples: %
e
 #
S,_  # @R
@R verily your
Ilah (God) is indeed one (i.e. Allah). [37/4]
69

Some Particles of Various Origin

O
  g
, 1 " #
z

 g #
O
  
g
#
T b @
 R Indeed the frailest
(weakest) of the houses is the Spiders house. [29/41].

  
 #

O P
 #
O
 5
 
,  
@R Verily/surely/indeed, the
harshest of all voices is the braying of the asses.
[31/19]
 T, # (B
(But):
ut):
It is one of the sisters of @R and it acts like @R, e.g.
eSC
 b

i
.


%H
T, #
e%R K {
 )
Hashim is hardworking but Zaid
is lazy. T, # is also used without the shaddah i.e. T
 , #
(lakin) and, in this case it loses two of its characteristics:
1 It does not render the noun following it mansub, e.g.
T  g )

i
?

 >
  #
 
# V#
T,# But the wrong
doers are today in manifest error. [19/38]
2 It may also be used in verbal sentence, e.g.
W
T, #
R [
"
 
 H But they do not perceive. [2/12] Both T, #
and T
 , # are said to be used to rectify or amend the
previous statement.
 n
 :
It is one of the sisters of @R, and so the noun following it
is mansub. n
 means, it looks as if, e.g.
<# V#
n


e H R ) it looks as if the student is sick and
T )
f n


% 1 R # ( you seem to be from India).
 @R:
The particle  is used at the beginning of a nominal
sentence, e.g. e  :_
_
_$
e  :_ _
$@
R and Ee  L


K, # @

R
Ee  L

K, # .
70

Some Particles of Various Origin

Note that the noun after @R is mansub i.e. in the

accusation case. After the introduction of @R the
mubtada is no longer called mubtada, but is, instead,
called ismu-inna E@R
S
L
 F and the khabr is called
khabaru-inna E@R

g 
 F. @R signifies emphasis. It can be
translated as certainly indeed, surely, no doubt,
truly and verily.
Remember the following:
1 If the mubtada has one dammah, it changes to one
fathah after @R, e.g. %e H % D


% !_
%e H % D

 %
# @
R and
(h g # y
_([
 6 
(h g # y
([
 6 
@R.
2 If the mubtada has two dammah ET
e H R 1 ; F they change
to two fathah, e.g.
e H R )
e%) 

e H R )
%)
@R

3 If the mubtada is a pronoun, it changes to its

corresponding mansub form, e.g. ~1

z
  

f
  @R
~1  , <
e # y

<
e # y
 @R
L1 @R and 
e Viy
_

T
 

L1 @R

e Viy
_
@R.

@R is frequently used with the attached pronouns, e.g.

G
 @R, f
  @R,  @R, T
 @R, S b

@RLS 
 @R, etc. The above mentioned
rules of @R are equally applicable to @R

O
  its sisters,
which are , n
 ,z
  # , T, # , E" # .

E" # :
This is also a particle like @R. It is called one of the
sisters of @R. Grammatically it acts like @R. It signifies
hope or fear, e.g. E
e   D

{
 # the weather is fine

E" #
Ee   D

{
 # I hope the weather is fine/the weather maybe
71

Some Particles of Various Origin

fine and
e H R )

%
# the teacher is sick

 %
# 
E" #

e H R ) I am afraid the teacher is sick.

   @R:
It is the most important particle of restriction, e.g.
  @R
 3
IR  K .
 )


T
  we are only mocking. [2/14] and
  @R
3 *:_ + #
O

/% P
 # the obligatory alms are only for the
poor. [9/60].

e  % )


  @R means, I am only a teacher i.e. I am a
teacher and nothing else.   @R is )H@R. This ) is called
)
( > ,# , i.e. the preventive ma, as it prevents @R from
rendering the following noun mansub, e.g.

EEO
 1 #
 
5
 @  
RFF actions are judged only by the
intentions. Unlike @R the word   @R is used in verbal
sentences as well, e.g. 

\ , H
  @R he is only telling a lie.

 ( T
(That):
It is used always in the middle of the sentence
preceding a noun in accusative case E
e  P

1 ) F, e.g.

e H % /
3d  C

E
_
j+
$


S + " ;
S #  Did you not know
that Allah has power over all things. [2/106]  is also
attached to pronouns, e.g.
  "
D
 
G # @R
S
  and that
they are to return to Him. [2/46]  and @R in a nominal
sentence give it the meaning of the infinitive or the
verbal noun E
%
P
 ! F.
 j (From
(From Where
Where,
here, How,
ow, When):

j means where? how? when?, e.g. j
S

H  )
H
 /
72

Some Particles of Various Origin

\b
f
 # He said, O Maryam! Whence comes this to
you. [3/37]
 E
  :
It denotes: nay, nay rather, not so, on the contrary,
but, e.g.  %#
x 
 # 
  
m ;

E  Nay (behold) you
prefer the life of this word [87/16]. E
  is opposed to
either a preceding affirmative or negative proposition, a
command or a prohibition, e.g.

S
1 " #
E
eM+
_
1
 +_ /_
#_ /
$
_ They say, our hearts are impermeably wrapped;
not so! Allah has cursed them for their unbelief. [the
Quran]
z
  # :
It means hypothetical or optative, e.g.
z

1
_
1 K  #
H

;O would that I were mere dust. [78/40]

73

[
]#
%#
Lesson 12

 A?
  #

EA"
: #

THE VERB PERFECT TENSE
The Arabic verb has only three forms:
 The perfect called madi E
?
 !F. It denotes an action
which was completed and finished at the indicated
time, and is often referred to the past.
 The imperfect called mudare E
R 7

#

E" : #F. It refers to
both the present and the future time for an incomplete
action that is either in progress or to be completed in
the future.
 The imperative called amr E
)
5


E" : # F. It implies to an
order/desire/wish/supplication.
The Arabic verb is mostly triliteral E{ 


#
Q i
 ] #F, i.e. it is
based on roots of three consonants, called radicals. Thus
the root meaning of a simple triliteral verb
Q i
 ] #
E
" : #F
E{ 


# . <
 K
 (kataba) is to write/writing, and the literal
meaning of <
 K
 is he wrote. This meaning is given by the
three consonants i.e. 
 HO
 HU
 ktb, and it is a past perfect
tense, third person masculine singular (abbreviate as III M1)
<
e 6 
e
V \ )

%e 
 ? 

 ) . Similarly,  P
  = H
 H nsr, its root
meaning is to help/helping and literally he helped,

 K > =t HO
 H9
 fth is opening and literally he opened.
75

The Verb Perfect Tense

To indicate the pattern of a verb, the grammarians use three

consonants of the verb E"> (faala) to do or doing literally
he did. In this the letter 9 represents the first radical, the
represents the second radical and the third radical.
Thus in the verb <
 K
 ,U
 is in place of 9
 radical, called

3>
(_  + , #
, O
 is in place of the middle radical called (  + , #

T 
and 
 is in place of called (  + , #

W. Follow the examples
below:

EAAA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA A"AA AA AAAAAAA AAA AA AA AA AA AA A>

( +,#
W ( +,# ( 
+,#
3>
<
 K
 he wrote


O

U



  ?
 he struck





 P
  he helped





 K > he opened
t
O

9

  L
 he heard

R



 
 he was noble



U

<
 .

 he thought



R
t
M
 "
?
 he was/became weak
9



In a simple triliteral verb E{ 

 !_ 
i] #
E
" : #F the first and
the third (last) radicals are always t
e  K
: ) i.e. vowelled with
(h
 K > , but the second or the middle radical is not constant.
It may be t
e  K
: ) (vowelled with fathah (h
 K > ) or e  .

, )
(vowelled with kasra xh  .

 ) or e 
7
 ) (vowelled with
dammah (h
?
 ). Thus a simple triliteral verb E
i]#F
may be symbolized as follows:
 E
 " > faala (i.e. a-a-a) as  P
  (he helped), <
 K
 he
76

The Verb Perfect Tense

wrote,
 K > he opened, 0
 + D
 he sat,   
 he went
out, E

 he came in or entered.
 E
 " > faila (i.e. a-i-a) as   L
 he heard, S +  he knew,
t R > he became happy/was glad, 
 R C
 he drank,
 R 
he inherited, 
?
  he was pleased,  [

 he was
afraid.
 E
 "
> faula (i.e. a-u-a) as 9
 
C
 he was/has been
honored,
 g
/ he was ugly, T .


 he was/became good
or beautiful, %
 "
 he was/became far away, S
_  he
was/became great, E
 g
 he became/was noble, M
 "
?

he became/was weak,
 
 he was noble.
Note that in all the three patterns of triliteral verbs
 i]#F

E{ 

 !_ mentioned above, the first and the last radicals

remained unchanged. They are always maftuh t
e  K
: ) .

Apart from the triliteral E
i]#F, four radical verbs

called 
  
 (quadriliteral) are also in use. However,
quadriliteral verbs are less common. The pattern for a four
radical verbs is E
 + " > falala, e.g. S D
  ; he translated, I # 
he/it shook,
  
 he rolled, t I 
 he/it was removed.
It is a well known fact that a verb EE

" : #F without a subject

EE
 :#F conveys no sense, e.g. wrote in English, conveys
no sense unless a personal pronoun/noun is added to it,
e.g. he wrote, I wrote, you wrote, she wrote, we
wrote, they wrote, William wrote, Bilal wrote, etc. In
Arabic the relevant pronoun is a part of the verb, i.e. it has
a built-in pronoun which becomes the subject of the verb,
77

The Verb Perfect Tense

e.g. in <
 b he went and z
 g b she went; the subject is
said to be damir mustatir e K K .
 )

e  ?
 (hidden pronoun). In
this way, to the basic form of madi E?)F, suffixes are
added to indicate different pronouns.
All simple verbs have three persons, i.e., the first person
called Se +Y , K )

(mutakallim), e.g. z

g K
 I wrote, the second

person called e ?
 
 (hadir), e.g. z
 g K
 you wrote, and the
third person called <
e 6  (ghaib), e.g. <
 K
 he wrote, each

of which may be masculine gender Ee

V \ )
F or feminine

E
e  m )
F. Each gender, in turn may be either singular E%e 
 F,
dual E(h  1 ] ; F or plural E
e  D
 F. When a simple verb is

conjugated into three persons, two genders and three

numbers in the form of a table it is called conjugation

E9
e  
 F; this process is also called Isnad Ee 1L
 @RF. In all, there
are fourteen categories in a table, and each category is

 (form) as explained below;

called sighah (h   
1. <
 b he went: The subject he is a hidden pronoun

Ee K K .
 )

e   ?
 F. This tense (III M1) forms the basis, and

contains the root letters, called radicals.

2. gb
 two () went: It is a masculine dual. The subject
is alif EM#F

3. g
b
 they went (): The subject is waw . The alif
after the waw is not pronounced (dahab-u).
4. z
 g b She went: The subject is dhamir mustatir
e   ?
 F

Ee K K .
 )
. The ta O is the sign of its being feminine.

78

The Verb Perfect Tense

5. Kg b
 two () went: The subject is alif denoting dual.
6. T
 g b they went (): The subject is the nun

(dahab-na).

 g b you went (singular ): The subject is the ta O

7. z
(dahab-ta).

 you (dual ) went: The subject is tuma  ;

8.  K
g b
(dahab-tuma).

 you went (plural ): The subject is tum S ;

9. S K
g b
(daheb-tum).

 g b you went (singular ): The subject is ti O


10. z
(daheb-ti).
11.  K
g b
 you (dual ) went: It is the same as for
masculine dual.
12. TK
g b
 you went (plural ): The subject is tunna T;

(daheb-tunna).
13. z

g b I went (singular or): The subject is tu O

(daheb-tu).
14. 1g b
 we went (plural/dual or): The subject is na

 (daheb-na) and is applicable to both the genders.

For the method of conjugating a trilateral perfect simple

verb Madi Maruf E9

 "
 # !?
F, see Table 8 below:
79

The Verb Perfect Tense

Table 8
Conjugation of Madi Maruf 9

 "
 # ?

  #
(Triliteral
(Triliteral Verb)

3rd Person
Person
())
3rd Person
Person
())
2nd Perso
Person
())
2nd Person
Person
())
1st Person
Person
(&
&))

SINGULAR

DUAL

PLURAL

E " >

i
 " >

+_ " >

he did

they did

they did

she did

they did

they did

you did

you did

you did

z
 + " >

* K
+ " >

TK
+ " >

you did

you did

you did

z
 + " >

z
 + " >

+ " >
I did

K+ " >

* K
+ " >

1+ " >

we did

T + " >

S K
+ " >

1+ " >

we did

Note:
(1) * 2nd Person masc. dual and fem. dual are identical.

#

1st Person dual and plural are identical.

(2) The second and third person masculine plural of any

verb cover any group of men and women even though
in a group of 100 women there is only one man,
whereas the second and third person feminine plural
only cover groups of women exclusively.
A quadrilateral perfect simple verb E?!F is conjugated on
the same pattern, as shown in Table 9.
80

The Verb Perfect Tense

Table 9

 "
 # ?

  #
Madi Maruf 9
(Quadrili
Quadriliteral Verb)
Verb)

3rd Person
Person
())
3rd Person
Person
())
2nd Person
Person
())
2nd Person
Person
())

SINGULAR

DUAL

PLURAL

S D
  ;

 D
  ;

D
  ;

they
translated

they
translated

they
translated

they
translated

he translated

z
  D
  ;
she
translated

z
  D
  ;

1 Pers
Person
on
(&
&))

T  D
  ;

you

* K

D
  ;
you

translated

translated

translated

z
  D
  ;

* K

D
  ;
you
translated

TK
 D
  ;

you
translated
#

st

K  D
  ;

 D
  ;

I translated

1  D
  ;

we
translated

S K
 D
  ;
you

you
translated
#

1  D
  ;

we
translated

Note:
* the 2nd Person and are identical.
#

applicable to both the genders.

81

The Verb Perfect Tense

THE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE FORMS

OF MADI
The Active Form is called Maruf (9
e ) "
 - literally known)
in which the subject EE
e  >F is known, e.g. k + 
 He created
or $
_ 
k+ 
 Allah created,  he visited,  7HR )
e%H 
Zaid
visited the patient. In these examples, He, Allah and
Zaid are subjects of the verbs. The subject may be in the
form of e K K .
 )

e  ?
 (hidden pronoun) as he in k + 
 and  ,
or it may be mentioned as an apparent noun as Allah in
$
_ 
k+ 
 and Zaid in %e H 
.

e  
{
 ) literally
The Passive Form is called Majhul (
unknown) in which the subject EE
e  >F is not known. It is
formed on the pattern of E
 " >_ it was done by placing a
Dammeh E(h
?
 F on the first letter and kasrah Exh  .

 F on the
middle letter or on the second last letter in a verb having
more than three letters, as exemplified below:
Active Verb EE
 " > F

<
 K
 he wrote

 R C
 he drank
S D
  ; he translated
E K / he killed
E 
 he entered
I  he descended
I # it/he shook
82

Passive Verb EE
 " >_ F

<
 K
_ It was written/prescribed

 R C

It was drunk
S D
  ;
It was translated
E K /_ he was killed
E 

he was entered
IR 
he/it was descended
IR #
he/it was shaken

The Verb Perfect Tense

3  / he read
t I 
 he removed
n g   he informed

3 R /_ it was read
t IR 

he/it was removed
n g  _ he was informed

The passive of the perfect i.e. Madi Majhul is formed

according to the pattern E
 " >_ and E + " >_ and conjugated in
exactly the same manners as the Active of the perfect Madi

Maruf described in the tables 8 and 9, e.g. E

 K /_ , i
 K /_ , +_ K /_ ,

z
 + K /_ , K + K /_
, T + K /_ , z
 + K /_ , etc.

Negative of Perfect: To render a verb in the madi negative

the particle ) (ma) is used, e.g. ( " )
 {#
j#@R

zg b I went to

the University
( " )

 {#
j#@R
z

g b )
I did not go to the

University, E
RP
 : #
T )


Vi
#  


) the students did not
leave the class,
  

)

G1 , #
%e ) 
E
 Hamid entered but

he did not come out,

 %#<

 K
_
) the lesson was not

written.
All forms E(h   
 F of the perfect can be converted into the

negative form by prefixing ). However, a question is to be

 (la), e.g.
i
 
H

  %#
z
 g K
  O Bilal! did
negated with W

you write the lesson? the answer in negative is;

zg K

)
W

  %# No, I did not write the lesson.

%) 
H
 %#
z  R >

O Hamid! did you understand the lesson? G
K

 R >
)
W No,
I did not understand it?.
The Difference between S "  and j+ : S "  is used in reply to
a positive question, and j+ is used in reply to a negative
question, e.g.
i
 
H
e<# y
z  O Bilal! are you a student?
83

The Verb Perfect Tense

the answer is <

e # y

S"  yes, I am a student. S + .


z.
 # 
are you not a Muslim? the answer is Se + .
 )


j+ Yes/of
course, I am a Muslim.
The Near Perfect E
<H R * # 

?
  # F: The particle %/ (qad) is
prefixed to any sigha of the perfect tense to give it the
meaning of near perfect E<

H R * # ?

 !F, e.g. E " >
%/ (he has
done), i
 " >
% / (these two have done), +_ " >
% / (they
have done), etc.
The particle %/ or %
 * # when prefixed to a sigha of the
perfect tense it also gives an emphasis and denotes
certainty E%


 n K #F to the meaning of the verb, e.g.
E
 
%/
E P
 : # 

%
# the teacher has already entered the class,
%/

x_ i
P
 # ) (
/ the prayer has started/established
1* + 

% * #
S H R * ;
RT.

 
>
. 8
R Indeed, we (Allah) created man in
the best state/mould. [94/4], E

 #<

 b
% / certainly the
man has gone,
  1
) m
#

 + > 
% / successful indeed are
the believers. [23/1]

The Distant Perfect E

% " g # 

?
  # F: The word  is
prefixed to the perfect tense in order to change it into the
distant perfect, e.g. <
 b he went
<
 b  
he had
gone,
e H R )
 I am sick
0
R ) 
7HR )
z

1
_ I was sick
yesterday.
The word
  is also conjugated to correspond with the

sigha (form) concerned. The conjugation of  called
eE" >

=
e /  (incomplete verb) is shown in Table 10 below:
84

The Verb Perfect Tense

Table 10
The Distant Perfect %
 " g # ?

  #
(  he was or had 
 
 he had observed
observed)

3rd Person
Person
())
3rd Person
Person
())
2nd Person
Person
())
2nd Person
Person
())
1st Person
Person
(&
&))

SINGULAR

DUAL

PLURAL


 
 


 



 



he had
observed

O
 
 
z 

they had
observed

 ;
 
K 

they had
observed

she had
observed

they had
observed

they had
observed

 
 
T
_

O
 
 
z1
_

 ;

 
 K
1
_

S ;

 
SK
1
_

you had

you had

you had

observed

observed

observed

O
 
 
z1
_

 ;

 
 K
1
_

T;

 
TK
1
_

you had
observed

you had
observed

you had
observed


 

z1
_


 
1
_

 
 
1
_

I had
observed

we had
observed

we had
observed

85

[
#]#
%#
Lesson 13

(_ A + " : # (_
A+  {

#

THE VERBAL SENTENCE
We have already learnt that according to the construction,
a sentence is of two kinds;
 The Nominal Sentence E(_ 
L
 W
 (_
+  {

# F
F:
The nominal sentence consists of two parts, a subject
and a predicate. The subject is either a noun or a
pronoun, and the predicate is a noun, a verb or a
sentence. The subject of a nominal sentence is called
3
%K g
# and its predicate is called 
g o
 # .
 The Verbal Sentence E(_  + " : # (_
+
{

# F
F:
The verbal sentence commences with a verb. The
subject of a verbal sentence is called fail EE

 :# F, e.g.

%e H
E 
 ( Zaid entered). It is a simple verbal sentence
wherein E

 is a verb and %e H is the subject EE
 :#F of
the verb. The fail is always in the nominative case
(marfu e  >_  )
 ). The fail can be a pronoun also, e.g.

+_ 
 they entered. The fail, in this case, is waw, z
 + 
 
you entered, the fail is ta and in 1+ 
 we entered,
the fail is na and so on.

Note that in 

Vi
#
E
 the students entered, the verb
87

The Verbal Sentence

E 
 has no waw at the end because +_ 
 means they
entered; and if we say 

Vi
#
+_ 
 it means they the
students entered. This is not correct because there

#
cannot be two fails for a verb. But we can say

Vi

+_ 
 which becomes a nominal sentence. Here 

i#
is the mubtada and the sentence +_  is the khabar.
The same rule applies to the third person feminine, e.g.

1g #
z
 + 
 the girls entered or T + 

O

1g # . So
remember this rule.

The nominal sentence:

The verbal sentence:



%Kg)




%Kg)

%Kg)

%Kg)

+_ 
 


i#
T + 

O

g##

E>

E> E">

E"> E>

E> E">

E">


i#
E 
 O

g## z
 + 
 

The Object EG 

 "
:  # F
F:
A verbal sentence may be complete only with a verb and a
subject EE

 :# HE
" : # F when the verb is intransitive E e R WF

which does not require a direct object, e.g.

ei
 
<b Bilal

went, 3
.1 #
z
 g b the women went, E
:
Y #
f

 ?
 the

child laughed, 

Vi
#
0
 + D
 the students sat down. But if

the verb pertains to the category of transitive form then the

verb requires an object to convey complete sense of the
verbal sentence. So in this case, the normal sequence of a
verbal sentence is, verb + subject + object
H
E
e  >
HEe " > F

Ee  "
: ) .
88

The Verbal Sentence

Examples:

":)
(object)

E>

E">

(subject) (verb)
(verb)

 . 8
R
$
_
Allah sets forth the parable.
i
] )

$
_

And David slew Goliath.
O
  #_ D





They (both) found there a wall %D


 >
E b
F

They (both) met a young man.  )i
_

E b
F

They bewitched the eyes of the
R 1#
T
 
ES b
F

Allah created the human being.

k + 



  ?


E K /

%D


* #



 L


people.

 . 8
R

E b
F

k + 


Indeed lost are those who have S b

W
+_ K /
TH \ #V 
.


 % /

He (Allah) created man.
killed their children.
And Soleman inherited


 

 
+ L

 R
 

S + * #

G
) _

E
:
Y #

%
#  #

 .



n L


David.
The child broke the pen.
The boy asked his mother.

Note that the fail (subject) is in nominative case Ee  >_  )

F
and the maful (object) is in accusative case E
e  P

1 ) F. Also
note that in the last example the maful bihi EG 

e  "
: ) F is
umm EA)_F, and so it takes the a-ending, and the pronoun hu
GA is not part of it (umma-hu). Here are some more
examples of this kind:
f
 L
  >
z

H  I saw your horse EU

 H
  > F. Here z

H  is
verb+ subject I saw and
  > is the object E":)F and
U
 is a possessive pronoun Ee   ?
 F your horse which is
a relative phrase EG  # @R
e97 )

L9
e 7)
F.
89

The Verbal Sentence

G
 K

<

# V#
3 / the student read his book E^

H
 K
 F.
Also remember that the maful bihi EG 
e
" : )
 F can be a
pronoun, e.g. G
K
# n L

%)

z * # I met Hamid and asked
him, here z

 * # is verb+ subject and %) is the

object, and in the second sentence z

# n L
 is verb+
subject and the pronoun G
A is the object.
The nun E
e  
F of tanwin is followed by a kasra Exh  .

 F if the
next word commences with hamzat al-wasl EE #
x_ I
 b F,
e.g. 3  #
%
e ) 

 R C
 is read as 3  #
R %
)


 R C
 (shariba
Hamid-u-nil-maa). Here if kasra is not added it becomes
difficult to pronounce the letter combinational. This is
called T
R  1
 .#
3
*K # ( combination of two vowelless
letters). Whenever such a combination occurs, it is
removed by inserting kasrah between them. Here are some
more examples;
G
1 
ei
 
n L
 is read as, saala Bilal-u-n-i-bna-hu

i
 
n L

G
1  .

 5

%e H  
L
 is read as, sami-a Zaid-u-n-i-ladhan
  L

 5

%e H .
The T
e
 L (vowelless) word is also changed by a kasra if
the next word commences with al EF, e.g. O_1 g # 
zg b
 the
girls went becomes O

1g # 
zg b .
As stated earlier, the usual sequence of a verbal sentence is
E"> (verb) + E> (subject) + ":) (object), e.g.
$
_ 
P
 
% g " # Allah has helped the slave. Similarly G
AK
H  I saw
him.
90

The Verbal Sentence

The subject EE
e  >F in its original form is always in the
nominative case E
e >  F and the object Ee  "
: ) F is in the
accusative case E<
eP
  F. However, this sequence is altered
when the subject or the object needs emphasis or it is to be
focused. Such changes can be as follows:
Sometimes the object follows the verb in the form of a
pronoun and the subject comes after the object, e.g.
<

6 \#

G+
 
Tl #
#_ / they said: if a wolf devours him
(Yaqub ) [12/14]. In this verse, E

  is a verb EE
" : #F,
G
A is the object E
": ! F which followed the verb in the
form of an attached pronoun and <

6 \# is the subject

EE
 :#F which has followed the object EG 
e  "
: ) F. So,
here the sequence is: verb+object+subject and the
stress is on the object GA (referring to Yaqub ).
Another example: O

  # 

  *_ " H
 7
 

@ R When death
approached Yaqub () [2/133]. The sequence in this
verse is: verb EE">F + object E":)F + subject EE>F.
In this verse the object followed the verb in the form of
a proper noun S
+ " #, and the subject came afterwards.
Here again the stress is on the object i.e. Yaqub ().
Sometimes the object precedes both the verb and the
subject, e.g.
%

g
" 
U
 H@R You (alone) we worship [the
Quran] (U
 H @R is the object and %
g
"  is verb + subject). In
this verse also the stress and focus is on the object that
we worship no other but Thee (Allah) and Thee alone.
Similarly, T

 " K .
 
U
 H@R and You (Allah alone) we ask
for help (for each and everything). [the Quran].
91

The Verbal Sentence

Ordinarily, the usual sentence would be U

 %
g
"  we
worship Thee (Allah) and f
 1
 " K .
  and we ask for
Thy (Allahs) help.
The difference between the verbal and the nominal
sentences is that the verbal sentence relates to an act or
event whereas the nominal sentence gives a description of
a person or a thing, and it brings the subject E%Kg!F into
focus, and often lays emphasis on the subject. A verbal
sentence can be changed into a nominal one, e.g.

 , #
$
_
k + 
 Allah created the universe. This is a verbal
sentence narrating a simple fact. However, if the emphasis
is to be laid on the subject that no one else but Allah alone
has created the universe, then a nominal sentence is used,
e.g.

 , #
k + 

$
_ literally, Allah, He created the Universe.
More examples of the verbal sentence and nominal
sentence are given below for comparison.
SR +Y " !_ ) 

 
R % #  #
0
 + D
 the two boys sat before the teacher

SR +Y "
# 
 ) 
.
 + D

R % #  #

S 
  
 @R

 + .

# 
P
  the Muslims helped their brothers

S 
  
 @R

 P
 

 + .

#

T
 g +V #

W
 5
 

 R C
 the boys drank the milk

T g +V #
 
R C


W
 5


" 
V # >
  
.

#
E
  the travelers ate the food

" 
V # 
+_
 
 >
  .

#

92

The Verbal Sentence

( L
  % !
T )
R K 1 g#
z
 " D
  the two girls returned from the school

( L
  %  #
T )
K " D
 
R K 1 g#



 Vi
#

H %
# <

 + y



 Vi
#<

 + y


H %
# the Principal called the students



 
j# @R
( # L
 R
z

g K


 
 
j# @R
( # L
 R
z

g K

  I wrote a letter to my brother

%)
 

z
   ?

E b

%) 

z
   ?

z
  
E b Did you beat Hamid

O
i

 "
#
% " 
( L
  %  #
j# @R


Vi
# 
D
 

O
i

 "
#
% " 
( L
  %  #
j# @R

" D
 


Vi
# the students

returned to the school after the vacation

<
 o
 # 
i



1 #  
L


<
 o
 # 
i



" L


1 # the people listened to the

speakers address

93

[
#
%#
Lesson 14


R A7

#

EA" : #

THE IMPERFECT TENSE
The Arabic verb has only three forms. These are:

The Past Tense which is called the madi E? # F.
 The Present-Future Tense, which is called the mudare
ER7
# F.
 The Imperative, which is called the amr E)5
 F.
We have already learnt about the madi. In this lesson we
shall learn the mudare ER7

# F, and the amr E)5

 F will be
learnt later.
The mudare is an imperfect verb which denotes an action
which is still incomplete or was incomplete at the stated or
implied time. It includes both the present and the future
tenses, e.g. <

K
, H may mean any of the following; he writes,
he is writing or he will write. The mudare also has Active

E9

! "
 R7
# F and Passive forms E{

  # 

R 7
# F.
9
!"7! is derived from the trilateral verb
 ?
  # F
E{  
 )


9  "
 # by the following methods:

For the mudare one of the four indicative letters, called
R R 7
#

O)i , is prefixed with fathah to the simple verb
 ?
  # . These indicators are KKOKB EKHF.
95

The Imperfect Tense

 The first letter (radical fa) of all the forms E(h   

 F is made

sakin, e.g. the madi <

 K
 means he wrote and the
radical fa in this verb is U
 which is to become U
(sakin).

 The last radical i.e. radical lam is to be given a

dammah. In this example, the radical lam is 

 , which is

.
to become 

 As for the middle radical E(

 + , #

T  F the vowel can be

fath E
e K > F, kasrah Exh  .

 F or dammah E(h  ?
 F. As a
general rule if the middle radical of the madi has
kasrah, its corresponding middle letter (
 + , #
T
  of
mudare is with fath E
e K > F, e.g.

The mudare of 
 R C
 he drank is 

 [
 H he drinks, he
is drinking or he will drink, S + 

S
+ " H , and   L


 .
 H , and t R >
t
 : H . However, <
 .

 is an
exception; its mudare is <

.

 H . This exceptional
pattern is rarely used.
If the middle letter in the madi has dammah on it, the
corresponding middle radical in the mudare is also with

dammah, e.g. M
 "
?

M

"
7
 H he becomes weak/old or

he will become weak/old,

 



, H and % "

%
"
g H
and T
.



T
.

 H . But if the second radical in the madi

has fath then the corresponding ( +,# 
in the mudare

may be fatha, kasrah or dammah. There is no definite
pattern to determine this vowel. It comes through
practice or with consultation of dictionary, e.g.
 K >

 K : H and 
  ?



R 7
 H and  P
 

P

1 H .
96

The Imperfect Tense

To sum up; if the middle letter of the perfect has

dammah the middle letter of the imperfect is likewise. If

the middle letter of the perfect has a kasrah then the
middle radical of the imperfect is fathah. However,

<
 .

 is an exception; its imperfect is <

.

 H . But if the
middle letter of the perfect has a fathah then vowel of
the middle radical of the imperfect can only be
determined

through

practice

or

by

consulting

dictionary.
As for the indicatives of imperfect ER7

#

O)i
  F KKOKB
these are prefixed as follows:

B
 is prefixed to the third person form of imperfect
tense E<6
R7)

F, e.g. <

K
, H he writes, he is writing or
he will write.
 O
 precedes the second person form of imperfect tense

E?
R7)
F, e.g. <

K
, ; you write, you are writing or
you will write.

 precedes the first person singular form of the

imperfect tense ES+,K)
%
R7)

F, e.g. <

K

 I write, I
am writing or I shall write.


 precedes the first person plural form of the

imperfect tense ES+,K)

7)F, e.g. <

K
,  we write,
we are writing or we shall write.

The pattern of dual and plural form of imperfect is as

follows:
97

The Imperfect Tense

For the dual

R is added to the imperfect singular
7)
F
E%, e.g. the dual of <

K
, H is R gK
, H the two write/are
writing/will write). The at the end is called


@ R.
 For the plural,
 is added to imperfect singular , e.g.
the plural of <

K
, H is  g
K
, H they write/are writing/will
write. The
 at the end is called @ R

.
 For the second person feminine singular T
 H is added to
the second person imperfect masculine singular, e.g.
<

K
, ; you write/are writing/will write to T  gK
, ; you
singular write/are writing/will write. The
 at the
end is called 
@.
 For the second and third person feminine plural
 is
added at the end, e.g. T
 g K
, H they write/are writing/
will write, and T
 g K
, ; you plural write/are writing/
will write. The
 in both the cases is called xd  .
 

 
(feminine noon) or  
?


(
 pronoun noon).
For the method of conjugating mudare maruf, see Tables
11 and 12 below:

Table 11
Basic form of Conjugating Mudare Ma
Marruf E9
)"7)F
SINGULAR

DUAL

PLURAL

3 Pers
Person
on
())

K

R K9
 KB


R K K

R K9
 KB


 K
K

R K9
 KB


3rd Person
Person
())

K

R K9
 KO


R K K

R K9
 KO


K K

R K9
 KB


rd

98

The Imperfect Tense

2nd Person
Person
())

K

R K9
 KO


R K K

R K9
 KO


 K
K

R K9
 KO


2nd Person
Person
())

T H KR K

R K9
 KO


R K K

R K9
 KO


K K

R K9
 KO


1st Person
Person
(&
&))

K

R K9
 K

K

R K9
 K

K

R K9
 K

Note:
* they are identical.

#
they are identical.
the seven underlined noon are @ R

.
the two double underlined noon are xd  .
 


 or

 
   ?
 . (In certain conditions  
@is dropped while
x.
always stays. This you will learn later).

Table 12
Conjugation of Mudare Maruf 9
)"7)
(to help 
P

1 H
P
  )

rd

3 Pers
Person
on
())
3rd Person
Person
())
2nd Person
Person
())
nd

2 Pers
Person
on
())
st

1 Pers
Person
on
(&
&))

SINGULAR

DUAL

PLURAL


P

1 H

R P

1 H

  P

1 H

He helps

they help

they help


P

1 ;

R P

1 ;

 P

1 H

She helps

they help

they help


P

1 ;

R P

1 ;

  P

1 ;

you help

you help

you help

T H R P

1 ;

R P

1 ;

 P

1 ;

you help

you help

you help


P

 


P

1 


P

1 

I help

we help

We help
99

The Imperfect Tense

Note:
Remember that the middle radical ( +,# 
maintains
it vowel mark in all the forms, e.g. in P

1H the

E( +,#
F has dammah and it stays as such in all the
form (sighas). In
  L


 .
 H the middle radical is
with
 K > which holds its mark in all the forms. And in

  ?



R 7
 H the middle radical is R which maintains
its jarr mark in all the forms of conjugation.
Exercise:
Conjugate the following verbs:
<
 K

<

K
, H root meaning: to write
<
 b <


b \ H to go

  ?



R 7
 H to strike

 K >

K : H to open

100

The Imperfect Tense


i]#
E":#

SIX GROUPS OF TRILITERAL VERBS
According to the vowel of the second radical, verbs are
classified in six groups. Each of these groups is called bab
(gateway) in Arabic, and its plural is abwab 

5

(gateways). These groups are as follows:
 a-a group:
 K >

K : H referred to in Arabic dictionary as

9 or _ fathah E(h
 K > F. Any verb indicating 9 or _
in front of it indicates that the verb belongs to the
category of
 K >

K : H or its second radical is with fath

_ , e.g. E_ FE9F
<b means that its mudare is <

b \ H , i.e.
the second radical is t
e  K
: ) .
 a-i group: 
  ?



R 7
 H , referred to as or  , e.g.
or  0
 + D
 means 0
 + D

0

+ {
 H .
 i-a group:
  L


 .
 H , referred to as or _ , e.g.
or _ S R > means the mudare of S R > is from bab
EF   L


 .
 H , i.e. S R >
S
 : H .
 a-u group:  P
 

P

1 H , referred to as or _
, e.g.
% {
 L
 with or _
in front of it in a dictionary means
that the mudare of %
{
 L
 is %
{

.
 H .

u-u group:
 


, H , referred to as U or _
, e.g.

 
/ to approach, come near with U or _
indicates
that the mudare of 
 
/ is 


* H .
101

The Imperfect Tense

 i-i group: <

 .


<

.

 H is referred to as t or  , e.g.

 R with t or  indicates that the mudare of

 R is

R H to inherit.
Note: That the verbs related to the first four groups are
commonly used, the fifth group
 



, H is less
common, and the sixth group <
 .


<

.

 H is rarely
used.
Imperfect Passive E{

 )
R7)
F: It is made on the pattern
of E

" : H
yufalu, e.g.
Active Verb
Verb

erb

 .
 H he hears
E
K
* H he kills

K : H he/it opens
_ * H he reads


E
g * H he accepts

I
H he visits

Passive Verb

Verb

 .
 H
he is heard
E
K * H
he is killed

K : H
it is opened
_ * H
it is read
E
g * H
he/it is accepted

IH
it is visited

Negative of the Imperfect: The negative particle used with

the mudare is W, e.g.

  %#

S > 
W I dont understand the lesson.
x   * # [ 


 H
W he doesnt drink coffee.
R  .
 #
j#@R
 g
b \ H
W they dont go to the market.

Mudarethe Present/F
resent/Future Tense: As explained earlier that
the imperfect 7! denotes both the present and the future
tenses, e.g. <

b \ H can mean he goes or he will go.

However, if the meaning is required to be confined to the
102

The Imperfect Tense

present or the future tense only then the following change

is effected:
For confining the meaning of mudare to the present
tense only
 is prefixed to it, e.g. <

b \  # means he
goes, E

" :  # means he does, 3 )


 [
  # means he
drinks water.
For confining the meaning of mudare to the future tense
only
 or 9
  L
 is prefixed to mudare. is
prefixed for near future and 9
 L is prefixed for distant
future. However, the term near or distant future is not
added in translation for both the terms pertain to the
future tense, e.g. S
+ " H he knows or will know S
+ "  L
 or
S
+ " H
9
  L
 means he will know, <

K
, H he writes or will
write
<

K
,  L
 or <

K
, H
9
  L
 means he will write,
 _* 
L
 means he will say and
 + " ;
9
  L
 means you
(plural) will know.

103

The Imperfect Tense

EA" : # (_
A# 

MOODS OF VERB
It has been mentioned earlier that Arabic verbs have three
forms i.e. the madi, the mudare and the amr. The madi and
the amr are mabni E1g )
 F, hence they do not undergo any
change. But the mudare is murab E
e  " )
F, and it undergoes
changes to indicate its functions in the sentences. Just as
the noun has three cases i.e. marfu (nominative), mansub
(accusative) and majrur (genitive), the mudare also has
three case endings, which are called moods in English.
These are marfu, mansub and majzum jussive (vowelless
or sakun). However, the mudare is mabni to the pronoun
of second and third person feminine plural. Remember that
the noun never has ID

_ and the verb never has Q D

J
as its case-ending.
The following particles are some of the important
(_ g 
 

R 7
# ( nasibatul mudare), which change the mood and
application of a mudare:

Mudare with T
 A# (lan): When lan ET# F is prefixed to a
mudare it brings about the following four changes in
the meaning and structure of the R7)

:
1 It changes its meaning into the negative form with
emphasis, i.e. instead of no/not, it becomes never.
104

The Imperfect Tense

2 The meaning of the 7) changes into futuristic

tense, e.g. 
 R 7
 H
T # he will never strike,

  C
 
T #
  o
 # I shall never drink wine, T ) m ;

T # you will
never believe,
%
d
 "
y

j+

 P
 
T # we shall
never endure one kind of food. [2/61]
3 It brings fathah _
 on the last consonant of 7),
i.e. makes it mansub E
e  P

1 ) F, e.g. 

R 7
 H

 R 7
 H
T#
and T

) m ;

T ) m ;

T # and 

 C
  
  C
 
T # . Lan is
called 
R 7

# _(
g 
 . All particles of 7!(
g
change the imperfect into accusative case.
4 The nun of Irab is removed/elided in all the cases of

R 7
# _(
g 
 , e.g.  1
) m H

1
) m H

T # and  g
b \ H

g
b \ H
T# and  

P
 ;


P
 ;
T# .
For the noon irabi E
 @R

F refer back to the note at the
end of Table 11.
For conjugation of 7) with T
 # see Table 13 below. The
mudare with other particles of (h g 
  also follow the same
pattern.

Table 13
Conjugation of Mudare with T
 A#
SINGULAR

DUAL

PLURAL

3rd Person
Person
())

 P

1 H
T #

*P

1 H
T#

*
P

1 H
T#

3rd Person
Person
())

 P

1 ;
T#

*P

1 ;
T#

 P

1 H
T#
105

The Imperfect Tense

2nd Person
Person
())

 P

1 ;
T#

*P

1 ;
T#

*
P

1 ;
T#

2nd Person
Person
())

*B
 R P

1 ;
T#

P

1 ;
T#

 P

1 ;
T#

1st Person
Person
(&
&))

 P

 
T#

 P

1 
T#

 P

1 
T#

Note:
* In these forms the sign of the verb being marfu is
the presence of the nun and that of being mansub is
the omission of this nun.

 Mudare with ( an): It means that, e.g.
%g

 


O ) _

$
 I have been ordered that I worship Allah.
[13/36], 
  [
 ;


%H R ;

)what do you want to drink?,
1b

0+ {
 


%H R 
we want to sit here literally, we want
that we sit here.

 Mudare with VW (alla): VW, (made up of W

 H). It means
may not/shall not/lest/etc., e.g.
>

_ .
 * ;

VW
S K
: 

@ R 

R>
  


i


j1 ] )
3 .
 1 #
T )
S ,_ #

 y

)


,  >
j) K  #

#_  "
;
VW
j
 f
 #
S ,_ 
  H 
z
 , + )
)

 x % 
 
> #_ % " ;
VW
S K
: 

And if you fear that you shall not be able to deal justly
with the orphan girls then marry (other). Women of
your choice, two or three or four; but if you fear that
you shall not be able to deal justly (with them), then
only one or (slaves) that your right hands possess. That
will be more suitable to prevent you from doing
injustice. [4/3], k
 #
VW@R
$

j+
 /_ 
W


 j+
ke  * 

106

The Imperfect Tense

proper it is for me that I say nothing concerning Allah

but the truth. [7/105].
 Mudare with R: E

 + " K #

W
 . It means so that, in order
to/ that, e.g. S
 > 
S  > 
W -
 *_ #
S  > n #
(  " #  (
+ # 


I study Arabic in order to understand Quran,
_$
1* + 



^
% g
" 1 #
j#"; Allah has created us so that we may
worship Him.

Mudare with 
 A
 : It has the same meaning as R i.e.

so that, in order to, e.g. $

 
%g
 


%{
 .
  #
j#@R

zg b I
went to the mosque in order to worship Allah.

 Mudare with @: It means then, e.g.

{
 1 ;
R@
% R K D
 
work hard then you will succeed.
 Mudare with jK
 : It means until, e.g.
jK

1b

0
 + D
 


 D
   you sit here till I return, another example;
jK
<
Y #
T )

  go
 #
I   H until He distinguishes the
wicked from the good [3/179], another example from
the Quran
 o
 # 
SL

 >
E
 {
 # 
+ H
jK
 until the
camel goes through the eye of the needle (which is
impossible) [7/40].

The Jussive
  #
R7
# F
Jussive Mood of the Mud
Mudare E 
I
{
F: There
are certain particles, called 
R 7

# ) _(
R D which when

prefixed to a mudare they change the final radical of

mudare from dammah to Sukun, i.e. make the mudare

vowelless; otherwise, the pattern of conjugation remains
the same as for 
R 7

# (_
g 
 . Some of the important
_() R D


R 7
# are:

107

The Imperfect Tense

 S A# (lam): When lam is prefixed to a mudare it brings the

following changes:
1 The meaning of mudare is changed into a negative
past tense form with emphasis. S A# and W
 are the
most common particles of the negative command.
2 The mudare marfu Ee  >_  )

R7)
F becomes mudare
majzum Ee I
{
 )
R7)
F, i.e. the dammah at the end
of mudare is replaced by a jazm Ee I D
 F which makes
it sakin.
3 The nun Irabi E
 @ R

F is removed or elided from
the 7), examples:
<

b \ H
W
 he does not go
<
 b \ H
S # he did not
go or he never went.


%H 
H
x  g
.
 #
j+
zg K

Eb Did you write on the
board, O Zaid? <
 K


S # I did not write. A
simple answer to this question may be z

g K

) I
did not write but <
 K


S # is an emphatic
answer.

  1
) m H

W they do not believe
1
) m H

S # they
did not believe.
x   * # [ 
 

 H
W they do not/will not drink coffee

x   * # [ 


 H
S# they did not drink coffee.
`
L

E
g /
T )
G
#
E " {
 
S # We have given that
name to none before (him). [19/7]
For conjugation of R7)

with S # see Table 14.

108

The Imperfect Tense

Table 14
Mudare with S A#
SINGULAR

DUAL

PLURAL

3 Pers
Person
on
())


 R 7
 H
S#

R 7
 H
S#


R 7
 H
S#

3rd Person
Person
())

*
 R 7
 ;
S#

R 7
 ;
S#

2nd Person
Person
())

*
 R 7
 ;
S#

R 7
 ;
S#


R 7
 ;
S#

2nd Person
Person
())

 R 7
 ;
S#

R 7
 ;
S#

1st Person
Person
(&
&))


 R ?
 
S#

rd


 R 7
 
S#

T  R 7
 H
S#

T  R 7
 ;
S#


 R 7
 
S#

Note:
* They are always the same.
o

These are always the same.

x  .
 1 #
 

or   ?


stays without change in all the

conditions and all the seven nun Irabi are elided.

 V # Not yet:, e.g. ( " )
 {#
j#@R
<
 b \ H
 # he has not yet
gone to the university, S ,_  +_ /_

 >

H R #
E 

% H
 # 
and faith has not yet entered your hearts. [49/14],
 #


* #
E P
 H the train has not yet arrived.

Note: A sakin (vowelless) letter is changed to kasra

when followed by a definite article , as in
E
 

% H
 #


H R# and 
* #
E P
 H
V #.

109

The Imperfect Tense

 W
 do not: W means do not i.e. with prohibition, e.g.
W

1b

0+ {
 ; do not sit here, %
\ , ;
W do not ever tell
lie, 
o
 # [ 


 ;
W do not drink wine,
d
T)
+_ 

% ;
W
%d 
 do not enter by one gate. [the Quran]

R ) 5


W
 : Lam of command means should/ought to,


e.g.  K L
E
RP
 : # <
> 

d # y
E
_
0
 + {
  # every student

 ) %/
)
0
e : 

_ 1 K # 
should sit in the class quietly),
z

%d  # and let every person look to what he has sent

forth for the morrow. [59/18]
Note: )5
W becomes sakin when joined with an other

e : 

_ 1 K #
0
e : 

_ 1 K # 
consonant as in the case 0
another examples:
 
o
  #
( >  
# 
T)
d%
 
E
_

o
  + > so

let everyone leave the room, or everyone should leave

the room.

In addition there are a number of conditional particles

E
 [
 
 #
9


 

F which make the mudare majzum. In a

conditional sentence, both the
  [
 #
9

 
 and
3
ID


  [
 # or
  [
 #

D
 (answer of the condition) are
majzum. Some of the conditional particles are
mentioned below:

1

 @R (if), e.g. <
 b <
 b \ ;
@R if you go I will go,
 [
 ;
@R


  C
 
P
  if you drink juice I will drink. For
emphasis, is also prefixed to @, e.g.
S ;
 , C

T l #
S ,_  % H R 5
 If you give thanks (by accepting Faith and
worshiping none but Allah) I will give you more (of
my blessing). [14/7]

110

The Imperfect Tense

2
T
 ) (who, whom, whoever), e.g.
{
 1 H
% R K {
 H
T )
whoever works hard/struggles succeeds,
E
 " H
T)
G 
I {
 H

3L

whosoever works evil, will have the

 1 H
E.
 , H
T) he who
recompense thereof. [4/123], %
turns lazy will regret.
3 ) (whatever), e.g. E
 " > 
E " : ;
) whatever you do I
will do.
4 T
 H  or  1 H  (where, wherever), e.g. <
 b <
 
 b \ ;
T H 
where you go I go, O

  #
S
,_
R % H


,_ ;
 1 H 
wherever you maybe, death will overtake you.
[4/78]
The Energetic Mood of 7! with 
 and  at the End:
End:
The energetic nun, called % 
  K #(
 

the nun of emphasis)
is of two kinds:

One with a single nun, e.g. T
 g K

 I will write. This is
called (_ :  : o
 # 
%
  K #(
 

light nun of emphasis). This
is less frequently used than nun thaqilah EF.
 One with a double nun, e.g. Tg K

 I will definitely
write. This is called (_ +  * ] #
%
  K #(
 

weighty nun of
emphasis). This nun signifies emphasis and convert the
mudare into the future tense only. It is used only with
the mudare and the amr, not with the madi. This nun is
suffixed to the mudare marfu as follows:
1 In the four forms <

K
, H , <

K
, ; , <

K

, <

K
,  the final
dammah is replaced with a fathah. So <

K
, H becomes
Tg K
, H (yaktub-a-nna). The same pattern is formed
with the other three forms.
111

The Imperfect Tense

2 In the following three forms,

  g
K
, H ,  g
K
, ; , T  gK
, ;
the final nun along with the waw EF or ya EBF are
dropped. After omitting
 from  g
K
, H and adding Q,
we get Tg
K
, H . In the same way
  g
K
, ; becomes Tg
K
, ; .
As a rule, long vowel is not followed by a vowelless
letter in Arabic, the long u is therefore shortened.
So
  g
K
, ; and  g
K
, H  become QTg
K
, ; and Tg
K
, H . Note
that the difference between the singular Tg K
, H and
plural Tg
K
, H is the a in the first case and the u
in the second. The second person feminine singular
T  gK
, ; becomes K
, ; . Here also the long vowel T  
is followed by a vowelless letter, which is
shortened. The result is K
, ; .
3 The two dual forms
R gK
, H , R gK
, ; become gK
, H ,
gK
, ; . Note that the nun in dual form takes kasra
instead of fatha.
4 The two feminine plural forms T
 g K
, H , T g K
, ; become
1g K
, H , 1g K
, ; . Note that an alif is added between
the nun of the pronoun and the nun of emphasis.
For mudare majzum and the amr, the process is the same
as in mudare marfu except that the nun in the five forms is
already omitted in these forms, e.g.
1.
3.
5.
7.

0
 + {
 ;
W
T.
 + {
 ;
W
<
 K


_Tg K

_
g
K

_
Tg
K

_
T g K


_1g K

_

112

2.
.

+ {
 ;
W

T.

+ {
 ;
W
4. gK


_gK

_
6.
 K


_K

_

The Imperfect Tense

When %
 
  K #( 
lam of emphasis) is prefixed and

 

% 
  K # is suffixed to a mudare, it strengthens the emphasis
in the meaning of the mudare and confines the meaning to
future tense only, e.g. Tg b
 \  # indeed he will definitely go.
The use of lam is compulsory in the mudare if it is a Jawab
 * # 

D
 F, e.g.
  %#
T
 : 
 5

$
 By Allah! I
al Qasam ESR .
will memorize the lesson. Here the mudare
_ : 
 is jawab
 F. There are,
al-qasam as it is preceded by the qasam E$
however, three conditions for its use in the jawab al-qasam,
these are:
 The verb should be affirmative as in the above example.
Neither the ( lam) nor the ( nun) is used with a
negative verb, e.g. <

b
 W
$ By Allah! I will not go.

 The verb should be in future tense. If it is a present
tense then only lam is used, not the nun, e.g.
$
 
 /
f1 }
_ n_ # By Allah! I consider you truthful.
Note that f
  %  L5
_
$
 means By Allah! I will help
you and U
 %
 L5
_
$ means I am helping you.
 The lam should be attached to the verb. If it is attached
to a word other than the verb, the nun cannot be used,
e.g. <

b 
 %{
 .
  #
j#8
R
$ By Allah! to the mosque I will
go. Here the lam is attached to j#@R. But if it is attached
to the verb, then the nun has to be used, e.g.
Tg b
 5

$
 
% {
 .
  #
j#@R. Here is another example, U
 


9 .
 #
$
 By
Allah! I will visit you.
For conjugation of the mudare with suffixed and
prefixed, see Table 15.
113

The Imperfect Tense

Table 15
Mudare with QH
SINGULAR

DUAL

PLURAL

3 Pers
Person
on
())

T+ " :  #

i
 " :  #

T+_ " :  #

3rd Person
Person
())

*T+ " : K #

i
 " : K #

1+ " :  #

2nd Person
Person
())

*
T+ " : K #

i
 " : K #

T+_ " : K #

2nd Person
Person
())

T+ " : K #

i
 " : K #

1+ " : K #

1st Person
Person
(&
&))

T+ " > 5



T+ " : 1 #

T+ " : 1 #

rd

Note:
The verbs marked * are identical and the verbs marked
#
are identical.

Mudare with  : When  is prefixed to a mudare it

converts its meaning into the past continuous, e.g.

 
<

K
, H he used to write, R gK
, H
 two used to write,
 g
K
, H

they used to write, <

K
, ;
z  she used to
write,
R gK
, ;
K  two used to write, T g K
, H
T
_ they
used to write, <

K
, ;
z1
_ you used to write, T  gK
, ;
z
 1
_
you used to write, <

K



z1
_ I used to write, <

K
, 
1
_
we used to write.

114

[
0)
%#
Lesson 15

R A) 5


EA" >
THE IMPERATIVE TENSE
The imperative E
)
5
 F is the third form of the verb which
signifies a command, request or supplication like do, sit,
write, go, get up, get out, etc.. The amr is formed from the

mudare as explained below:

In some cases the amr is formed simply by omitting the

pronominal prefix ER R 7

# )(_
i
  F and the final -u, e.g.
the mudare %

b {H
is changed to the amr by dropping
the ya EBF which is the pronominal prefix E7!)(
iF,
and changing the final dammah on dal to sukun i.e.

b {H
the amr is % b D
making it vowelless. So from %
jahid means struggle hard. Similarly, the amr from

+Y g H
is  +Y  convey, E
; *H

E ; / fight, %
" H he
promises
%
 A promise, and the imperative from
 gH
he sells is
 A sell (the weak ya as the middle radical is
dropped in this case).

 In some cases, after dropping the 7!)(
i, the verb

commences with a sakin letter i.e. vowelless, which
cannot be pronounced in Arabic. To overcome this
limitation, a E #
x_ I
 b is prefixed to the verb. This

hamzah takes dammah if the second radical of the

115

The Imperative Tense

mudare has a dammah, otherwise it takes a kasrah, e.g.

in <

K
, H the first radical U
becomes sakin after
dropping ya. Therefore, in this case hamzat ul wasl is
prefixed to amr with dammah as the middle radical ta
of the imperfect has a dammah. So the amr from <

K
, H is

<
 K

_ write , 
P

1 H
 P

 _ help, %
{

.
 H
% {

L
 _
prostrate in prayer,


o
 H

 
 _ get out, E


% H
E 

_ 

K
* H
E K
/ _kill, E

_ n H
E
_ eat, \


n H
enter/get in, E

\


hold/ take. In the last two examples, the hamzah

sakin, which is the first radical of the imperfect verb, is

also dropped.

R 7
 H is 
 R ?
 beat,
The amr from the imperfect verb 
0

+ {
 H
0
 + D
 sit, E
.
  H
E .
 wash, E
" : H
E " > 
do,

 .
 H
  L
 listen,

K : H

 K > open, 

 [
 H


  C
 drink, S
 : H
S  >
understand, E
 " H
E   
work/ perform, <

  H
<

  ride,
_ :
 H

: 
 
re-member/retain.
In case of the weak verb EE
e K " ) F no alif is prefixed to the
imperative, e.g. the imperfect from
 / (for  / ) he said, is
_* 
H and the imperative is E /_ (say). The weak letter waw is
dropped because of the last two letters being sakin

3*K # F
ETR  1
 .#. Similarly, the imperfect from (  for    ) he
sold is

 gH he sells, and its imperative is  A sell. Here

again the two sakin letters have come together; so the weak
letter ya is dropped. j
 +Y P
 ;
is a mudare which means you
offer your salah E
 is the amr offer your salah or j
 +Y 

you offer you salah.
116

The Imperative Tense

As for the conjugation of imperative verb, it has only six

forms as shown in Table 16 below:

Table 16
The Imperative 9
e
 A")
e?
 
eA)

2nd Person

2nd Person

.
 + D
 

0
 + D
 

%e 



Sit (to one )

Sit (to one )

Singular

.+ D
 

.
 + D
 

(1];

(1];

Sit (two of you )

Sit (two of you )

Dual

T .
 + D
 

.

+ D
 

e  D


Sit (all of you )

Sit (all of you )

Plural

 K

_

<
 K

_

%e 



Write (to one )

Singular

Write (2 of you )

Dual

Write (all of you )
Write (all of you )

Plural

Write (to one )

gK

_

Write (2 of you )

T g K

_
 #  /_

gK

_

g
K

_
E /_

(1];

(1];

e  D


%e 



Say (to one )

Say (to one )

Singular

Say (two of you )

Say (two of you )

Dual

Say (all of you )

Say (all of you )

Plural

W
  /_
T + /_

W
  /_

#_  /_

(1];

(1];

e  D


Although in a classic sense of the term a command or an

order is given to the second person, however, an order or a
command for the third person and first person is also
117

The Imperative Tense

termed as Se +V , K )

e<6 
e)  (Imperative 3rd and 1st person). For

this,
R (li) is prefixed to the active or passive form of
mudare, e.g.
<

b \ H he goes/will go
<
 b \  # he should go
<

K
, H he writes/will write
<
 K
,  # he should write
<

K

I write/will write
<
>
 K

5
 I should write
immediately

P
 1 H
he is helped
 P
 1 
# he should be helped
This lam E
R F is called )5


W
 (lam ul amr), which becomes
sakin when prefixed to a letter, e.g. <
 K
,  # he should write

<
 K
,  # and he should write, %d  #
z) %/
)
e0: 

_ 1 K # 
and let every person look to what he has sent forth for the
morrow. [59/18]
The negative imperative E1#

E" > F is formed by the second
person, preceded by W, e.g. <
 b  go
<
 b \ ;
W
 dont
go, 0
 + D
 sit
1b

0+ {
 ;
W dont sit here, 
 
 _get out

E
RP
 : # 
T)

o
 ;
W dont go out of the class. This la EWF is
called (_  b
 1#
W (the prohibitive W), which should not be
confused with (_  > 1#
W (the negative W). Note the
differences mentioned below:
<

K
, ; you write, you are writing, you will write
<

K
, ;
W
 you are not writing, you will not be writing.
This W is (>1#( negative).
x   g .
 #
j+
<K
, ;
W dont write on the board. This W is
(b1#( prohibitive).
k
R H R
V #
j+
.

+ {
 ;
W dont sit on the way (prohibitive).
118

The Imperative Tense

  [
 #
% g
" ;
W
 dont worship the Satin (prohibitive).
Note that in this example the 3rd radical has kasrah due
to 1 .#
3*K#.
The conjugation of (b1#
W to the other pronouns of the
second person are given below:
%

) 
H
1b

0+ {
 ;
W O Hamid! Dont sit here.

(_ [
 6 
%
 
 
H
1b

.+ {
 ;
W
 O Ahmad and Aisha! Dont
sit here.


Viy
_
H
1b

.

+ {
 ;
W O students! Dont sit here.
(_ 1 )
 
H
1b

.
 + {
 ;
W O Amina! Dont sit here.
O

1
H
1b

T.
 + {
 ;
W O girls! Dont sit here.
Examples from the Quran:
{

 # 
UP" 
R ?
 
1+ *_ > so, We said: strike the stone
with your stick. [2/60]


 
+_ " > 
S,_  
%
g
 
%
{

L

"

  
1
) 
TH \ #V 
H 
H
 

+ : ;

S,_ +V " # O you who have believed! Bow down,
and prostrate yourselves, and worship your Lord and do
good that you may be successful. [22/77]
T "
 # " 
) 

 
B
 % {

L

f
 #
 K 1
/
S
H  )
H O
Mary! Submit yourself with obedience to your Lord
(Allah, by worshiping none but Him Alone) and
prostrate yourself, and bow down along with Ar-Rakiun
(those who bow down). [3/43]
[ 
 #
% g
" ;
W

z
  n H O my father! Worship not
Satan. [19/44]
119

The Imperative Tense

T \"

# 
T)
 ,_ K >


 
R@
$

)
% ;
i> So invoke not
with Allah another ilah (god) lest you should be among
those who receive punishment. [26/213]
eO)
 
$

ER  gL
 >
E
K * H

T  #
#_  *_ ;
W
 And say not of
those who are killed in the way of Allah, they are
dead. [2/154]
^R g /
j+

S *_ ;
W

%
O
 )
S 
1 )
%d 
 
j+
EP
 ;

W
 And
never (O Muhammad ) pray (funeral prayer) for any of
them (hypocrites) who dies, nor stand at his grave.
[9/84]

120

[
.#
%#
Lesson 16

G A >
e%AH IR )
EA" >

THE DERIVED VERBAL FORMFORM-I
We have learnt in lesson 12 that most of the Arabic verbs
are made up of three letters which are called radicals, e.g.
  L

 ?

P
  . These are termed as thulathi verbs
E
" : #F
E  i
 ] #, and form the roots of most of the other verbs.
However, there are certain verbs of four radicals, called

rubai verbs E
   #

E" : #F, e.g. I # he shook (it) violently

E  .
  he said: SR  
  #
TR  
  #
$

SR .
 , S D
  ; he translated
which are less common. As for the mujarrad verbs (thalathi
and rubai) no extra letters can be added to them to modify
the meanings of these verbs. So the thalathi mujarrad,
found on KK9 and rubai mujarrad based on KKK9, are
the original forms of verb. Apart from the original form,
there is a Derived Verbal Form which is called G  >
e%H IR )

eE" >
(mazid fihi). In this lesson we will learn about the Derived
Forms of the Verbs.
The derived verbs are made up from the triliteral and
quadrilateral verbal form by the addition of prefixes,
suffixes and infixes. Through these modifications the variation in the shade of meaning is determined. Each of these
modified forms is called a bab (

g# the plural of bab is

121

The Derived Verbal Form-I

abwab). In all, there are about fifteen abwab of mazid

verbs, of which we will learn here some of the important
ones used in the Quran. And the first bab of the mazid verb
that we are going to learn in some detail is, fala EE
 " >

F,
which is referred to as Form I of the mazid verbs.
Derived Verbal Form I E
 " >


 (bab fala): In this bab the

second radical of the thalathi mujarrad verb E

 " > is doubled,

e.g. from
  he studied to
  he taught, 
  ?
 he beat


  ?
 he beat violently. It is conjugated the same way as

a simple four-letter verb i.e.

  , L , L

 , z
 L
  , KL
  ,

T L
  .

As for the meaning and application of the Form-I E

 " > , it
often indicates the act being intensive or extensive, e.g. the
simple form E
 K / means he killed, but E K / means he

massacred, and the simple verbal sentence  

_
 .



_
 .

 means he
means he broke a glass, but  

smashed a glass, and 9

 y means he went round, but

9
  y
 means he went round often or many times.

Another meaning and application of the Form I is doing

something to another, i.e. the intransitive verb Ee R W

eE" > F is

changed to the transitive EB

 %" K )

Ee " > F, e.g.  +  means he

reached it is an intransitive verb; f

 ) i


1 )
+  your talk
reached me i.e. I am impressed by your talk. But
 +V  means

he delivered/conveyed, e.g.
deliver my message.
122

 K # L
z
  +V 
E b did you

The Derived Verbal Form-I

This particular form of verb is also often used in an action

requiring/involving special arrangements, emphasis and
graduality, e.g. from a simple trilateral verb S + 
 he knew
to S +V 
 he taught i.e. teaching is a gradual process over a
period of time, involving a teacher and class management.
Similarly,
 I  he descended (himself) is an intransitive
verb involving ones own self, i.e., it does not have a direct
object. But
 I  he made it/him to descend, has a direct
object, 3  .
 #
T)
_
)$
I  Allah descended rain (water)
from the sky. Since descending of rain entails an elaborate
process, hence the verb used for it is E
 " > which
encompasses all the process involved in falling of rain.
Similarly
 *_ # _
$
I  Allah descended the Quran.
It may be born in mind that it is just not possible to
translate many such forms of Arabic words in one word in
any other language. This is the reason that understanding of
Arabic language is inevitable for understanding the Quran
and the Hadith, for such like fine variations in the
meanings and application of Arabic words do not exist in
any of the other living languages. Hence, reading of
translation of the Quran in any other language can never
convey the true spirit, meaning and connotations of the
Quranic verses.
 The Mudare E
R 7

# F:
Unlike the thalathi verbs where the pattern of the

mudare varies in six different groups i.e.

K : H

 K >

%
{

.
 H
%{
 L
 

R 7
 H
 ?
 S
 : H
SR >

, H




R H
R ,
123

The Derived Verbal Form-I

the pattern of mudare in mazid verbs is specific to each

bab, e.g. the mudare of

  is

 % H
and 
  ?



 7
 H

S  >
S
 : H
S +V 
S
+Y " H
E {
 L

E
{
 .
 H
recording,
 g


, H
to say 
g

_$ Allah (SWT) is the Greatest.
As a rule the R R 7

#
9

 
 takes dammah if the verb is
composed of four letters, and if it has three, five or six
letters, the 7!
9 has fathah. As the verb in this
particular case is made up of four letters, the 7!
9
takes dammah. The first radical takes fathah, the second
takes sukun, the third takes kasrah and the fourth takes
the case-ending, i.e. _

u. So from  g


, H
,

, ;
,

 _,

, 
. Remember that the mudare of this bab is
fixed on the pattern of E

" : H
(yufailu).
 The Amr E
A)
5
 F:
The amr (imperative) from this bab is formed by
dropping the 
R 7!_

9 
 and the case-ending, e.g. from

, ;



 E
{
 .
 ;

E {
 L
 S
+Y " ;

S +Y  

 7
 ;


  ?

Y \ ;


Y . la EWF is prefixed for abstention, e.g.
W




\, ;
dont lie, 

 7
 ;

W dont beat violently.
 The Verbal Noun E
%
P
  # F:

We have learnt earlier that the {  

 )

  i

(thalathi
mujarrad) verbs do not have any one particular pattern
for the masdar. It comes on different patterns, e.g.
 ?



R 7
 H

e  ?
 beating,

o
 H
  

e 
 

exit,
<
 K

<

K
, H
(h  K
 writing, <

  H


e  to be absent,


 [
 H

 R C


e  C

drinking, <

b \ H
<
 b 

e b going,
124

The Derived Verbal Form-I

etc. But in case of mazid verbs, each bab has its own
specific pattern for masdar. The masdar pattern of bab
E " > is Ee  " : ; (taf-il-un), e.g.

 ?
 !

  ?


 


E g /


  /

S +V L



V

E {
 L



R 7!_


 7
 H


, H

E
g* H

 * H


S
+Y .
 H




Y \ H


E
{
 .
 H


% P
 !
<
e H R 7
 ;
Se H R , ;
Ee  g* ;
<
e H R * ;

Se  + .
 ;

e 
 \ ;

Ee  {
 .
 ;

Meaning
to beat violently
to extend respect
kissing
to be near
acceptance
reminding
recording

The masdar of a naqis verb, and that of a verb wherein

the third radical is hamza Exh I
 b F, is on the pattern of
(h + " : ; (taf ila-tun), e.g.

 ?
 !
j L




n A1 b

jV+



R 7!_
j
  .
 H

  H

n_ A1  H

j
 +Y P
 H


% P
 !
(h   .
 ;
(h   ;
(h l 1  ;
x i



Meaning
to name
to bring up, to educate
to congratulate
to offer prayer

 The Ismul
Ismul--fail E
E
 :#

SL
 F:
We have learnt the formation of E

 :#
S
L
 from the
e  {
 )

 i
which is on the pattern of Ee  >, e.g.

 ?
 !
S + }


E K /

<
 b



R 7!_
S
+
H
E
K
* H
<

b \ H

E
 :#

SL

Meaning
Se # }
wrong doer
Ee ; /
murderer
<
e b 
one who goes
125

The Derived Verbal Form-I

<
 K


3 /

 P
 

<

K
, H

_ * H


P

1 H

<
e ; 

e R /

e 
 

writer
one who recites
helper

The formation of ismul-fail EE

 :#

SL
 F from bab E " > is

on the pattern of E
e " : )
(mu fail-un). It is formed by

replacing the 
R 7!_
9

 
 with A)
(mu). As the
SL

E:# is a noun, it takes the tanwin, e.g.

 ?
 !

 

E {
 L



V

 

E )

S +V 

Eg/


R 7!_

 % H

E
{
 .
 H



Y \ H


 % H


Ee ) I H


S
+Y " H


E
g* H

E
 :#

SL
 

e  % )

Ee {
Q .
 )

e
Y \ )

e  % )


Ee ) I )


Se +Y " )


Ee g* )

Meaning
teacher
a tape recorder
an admonisher
one who is wraps up
one who folds in garments

a teacher
one who kisses

The IsmulIsmul-maful E

" :
 #

SL
 F:
In all the abwab of the mazid verbs the ism-al-maful is
just like the ismal-fail except that the second radical
takes fathah instead of kasrah, e.g.

 ?
 !
S +V 

E g /


% +V D


%  



R 7!_
S
+Y " H

E
g* H

%
+Y {
 H

%

 H

E
 :#

SL
 
Se +Y " )




eEg* )




e%+Y {
 )




e% 
 )

" 
:  #

SL


Meaning
Se +V " )

on who is taught
Ee g * )

one who is kissed
%e +V {
 )

bound
%e 
 )


one who has been-praised much

126

The Derived Verbal Form-I

 The Noun of Place and Time ER)I #
R,

 #

SL
 F:
In all the abwab of the mazid verbs, where applicable,
the noun of place and time is the same as the ism-ul +Y P
 H
he prays
jV+P
 )
place of prayer,
maful, e.g. 

\ H
he slaughters

e  \ )
place of slaughter.
Some examples of bab faala EE
 " > F from the Holy Quran:
 _*# 
S+V 

K
T  
  # The Most Gracious (Allah), He has
taught (you mankind) the Quran (by His mercy).
[55/1-2]
GH %
 H
T  
 #
/%P
 )

k
 # 

 K, #
f
  + 
I  it is He
Who sent down the Book (the Quran) to you
(Muhammad ) with truth, confirming what came
before it. [3/3]

 %)

T )
E  >
R
\+#
_* # 
.
 H
% * # And we have
indeed made the Quran easy to understand and
remember; then is there anyone that will receive
admonition/ remember. [54/17]
R  #
>

" 
j+
S ,_ 7
 " 
E 7
 >
$
_ And Allah has
bestowed His gifts of sustenance more freely on some
of you than on others. [16/71]
R 5
 
)
>
O .
 #
)
>
G+V #
g L
 whatever is in the
heavens and whatever is on the earth glorifies Allah.
[59/1]

127

[
.#
%#
Lesson 17

E A" > 

A

THE DERIVED VERBAL FORMFORM-II
This is another form of the mazid verbs. In this bab hamza

 with fathah is prefixed to the first radical E " > which

loses its vowel, e.g. from
  
 he went out to   
  he
 I  he came down to I   he brought
brought out, from
 b he went
<
 b  he took it/him. The meaning
down, <
of thalathai verb in this bab changes from intransitive Ee R W
F
 %" K )
F. If the thalathi verb is already
to transitive verb EB
transitive in form then this bab adds emphasis to the
meaning, e.g. 
  ?
 he beat is a transitive thalathai verb,

but when changed to 

  ?
  it would mean he beat
extensively.

# F

The Mudare E
R 7
F :
The mudare is on the pattern of E

" : H
. In this case, the
EF

xI b along with its vowel is omitted, e.g. from I  

IR 1 H
 

 

R o
 H
<
 b <
 

b \ H
.
 The Amr/Nahi ER 1 #)


5
 F:

The amr is on the pattern of E

 " > , e.g. from
IR 1 ;

IR  

bring down and nahi is

 IR 1 ;

W
 do not bring down,
129

The Derived Verbal Form-II

from

R o
 ;

 R 
  bring out and nahi is  R o
 ;

W do not
bring out.

P
  # F:
 The Masdar E
%
The masdar of this bab is on the pattern of
e "> @R (if al-

lun), e.g.  

 , 
R o
 H

e 
 @R S + L
 , S
+ .
 H

e i
L
 @R

 I  ,
IR 1 H

e I @R.
religion, faith, belief,

 The Ismul :#

SL
 F:
Ismul-fail E
E
It is on the pattern of E
e " : )
, e.g. T , ) , T
,  H

Te ,  )
it is

 , S
+ .
 H

Se + .
 )
Muslim.
possible, S + L

The Ismul #

SL
 F:
Ismul-maful E

" :

It is on the pattern of E
e " : )
, e.g. from E L
  , E
L
  H
to

send
E
eL
  )
one who has been sent. It is just like ism

al-fail except that the second radical has fathah i.e.

Ee L
  )

Ee L
  )
.

The Noun of Place & Time E

R )I #
R,  #


 F

SL
F:
It is based on the same pattern as ism al-maful, i.e.

Ee " : )
, e.g. 0
 + D
 , 0

+ {
 H

0
e + {
 )
place of sitting/
session, M

 ; , M

 K H

M
e
 K )
museum.
 The Weak Verbs:

The conjugation of some of the weak verbs transferred
to this bab is in Table 17 below:
130

The Derived Verbal Form-II

Table 17

 ?
 !
 /
(for  / )
T ) 
(for T
 )  )
<
 D

 


R 7!_


% P
 !


" 

: !

SL
 

) 5
 E
 :#

SL

S
 * H

(h ) /@R

S / 

e  H @R
T ) 

(for
e  6 @R)

e {H @R

<

D
  H


<
 D
 

(for E
e D@ R

T
) m H

Se  * )

e *)

Te ) m )

Te ) m )

<
eD
  )

<
eD
  )

S; 
`SK H


e  ; @R

S  ;

~SK )


~SK )


(for S
 ; )
j*# 
 * + H

3e *# @R
k + )

j*+ )

kR # 

(for 
 * # ) (for 
* + H
) (for B
e *# @R)
(for
 * +
# ( )forj*+
# )
j 

 " H


3e  @R

  

d " )


j" )


to give

Examples from the Holy Quran:

T
R H %#
j+
^
 R

#
k
 #
TR H
 c%
# 
G
#  L


E L
  
B
 \ #V 
b

G +Y
_ It is He who has sent His Messenger
(Muhammad ) with guidance and the religion of truth
(Islam), to make it superior over all religions. [9/33]

S
,_ #
z

 ?
  
K  " 
S ,_  + 
z

  ; 
S ,_ 1 H
S ,_ #
z

+ 

  # 
1H 
i
L
 8
R This day, I have perfected your religion for
you, completed My favour upon you, and have chosen
for you Islam as your religion. [5/3]
Gg
cn  

 
R. 8
R
j+
1  "  
@R And when We
bestow Our Grace on man (the disbeliever), he turns
131

The Derived Verbal Form-II

away and becomes arrogant (far away from the right

Path). [17/83]
R%
 * # (
+  #
 >
^
A1# I  
@R Verily, We have sent it (this
Quran) down in the Night of Al-Qadr (Decree). [97/1]

OW
 LR
S,_ K
 +  
%* # I (Shoaib said) have indeed
conveyed my Lords Message unto you. [7/93]
 1
)
 m
# 
+ > 
%/ Successful indeed are the believers.
[23/1]

132

[
T)]#
%#
Lesson 18

E A >

A

THE DERIVED VERBAL FORMFORM-III
III
In this bab an alif is added after the first radical of E
 " > , e.g.

from E
 K /
E ; / he fought, %  D

% b D he struggled, E L
 

E
L
 he corresponded, % " L

%  L he helped. This

bab denotes reciprocity or interaction with some one else

E(_
 R [!_ F, e.g. E K / he killed
E ; / he fought (with
someone), <
 K
 he wrote
<
 ;  he wrote to/ corresponded with, T
.


 he was good
T L
  he treated
kindly.
 The Mudare E
R 7

# F:
The R R 7!_

9 
 takes dammah as the verb is made up of

four letters, e.g. E

 ; /
E
; *H
%  L
%
 .H
<
 ; 

<

; ,H
E L

E
L
 H
j/W
 he met
 / i
 H
he
meets/he will meet. It is on the pattern of E

 :H
. The
active/ passive participles from E
 K / are:
Perfect Active E
 ; / he foughton the pattern of E  >
Perfect Passive

E ;  /_ on the pattern of E   >_

Imperfect Active E

; *H
on the pattern of E
 : H

Imperfect Passive E

; *H
on the pattern of E
 : H

133

The Derived Verbal Form-III

 The Amr E
)
5
 F:
The amr is formed simply by omitting the  R 7!_
9

 


; *H

E ; / %
b {H

% b D
and the case-ending, e.g. E

R H
to try
R   / i
 H

R W
 (the c at the end is
omitted from the naqis verbs).
 The Masdar E
%
P
  # F:
This bab has two patterns of masdar:
1 (h + 
 :)
, e.g. %  L to help, %
 .H

xh %  .)
  to

try,

R H

(h #
) E  / to meet, E
 *H

(h +  *)

j/W
 ,  / i
 H

xh /i
 )
(in naqis verbs c at the end is

changed to alif).
2
e "> , e.g. E ; /, E
; *H

e K/ L(h + ; *)
k > , k
> 1H

e : L(h * > 1)

hypocrisy, % b D, %
b {H

e D
 Lxh % b {)

striving, c, B
  1H

3e % calling.

 The Ism al
al--fail & Ism al
al--maful:

 ?
 !
E L
 
to correspond

% b C
to


R 7!_
E
L
 H

%
b [H

watch/view

j/W

to meet
134

 / i
 H

E
 :#

SL


Ee L

)
correspondent

" 
: !

SL
 
Ee L

)
corresponded
to/with

%e b [)

%e b [)

viewer

viewed

i
 )

one who meets

i
 )

one who is
met

The Derived Verbal Form-III

<
 y
 
to address

<

y
 oH

c

B
  1H

to call

<
 / 

<

/ H

to observe

U
  

U
_ R gH

to bless

<
ey
 o)

<
ey
 o)

one who

one who is

addresses

addressed

d 1)

caller

<
e /
)
observer

U
h R g)


one who offers
blessing

c1)

one who is
called

<
e /
)
one who is
observed

U
h  g)


blessed

The Noun of Place & Time E

R )I #
R,  #


 F

SL
F:
Its pattern

is the same as for ism al-maful, where

applicable, e.g.  D
 b to migrate, 
D
 H

e D
 )
place
of migration.
Examples of bab E
  > from the Holy Quran:
G.
 : 1 #
%
b {H

  R>
% b D
T ) And whosoever strives,
he strives only for himself. [29/6]
%H%
C

.

b1g L
 > and we called it (the
population) to a severe account. [65/8]

3[H
T
  #
M

 7H

$
_ And Allah gives manifold
increase to whom He will. [2/261]
135

The Derived Verbal Form-III

 +_ K * H


  +_ K
*  >
$

ER  g L

 >
 +_ ; *H
They fight in
Allahs cause, so they kill (others) and are killed.
[9/111]

136

[
LK#
%#
Lesson 19

E A" : ;

A

THE DERIVED VERBAL FORMFORM-IV
E " : ;


 is formed by prefixing A; (ta) to bab E " > . It

expresses, apart from specific measures, the passive state of

bab E
 " > , i.e. intransitive, e.g. from S +V  he taught
S +V " ;
he learned/taught himself. Other examples from this bab
are; S +V , ; he spoke, 9
  o
 ; he became afraid, 9
  [
 ; he has

the honour, ;  he hesitated, jV*+ ; he received, c% ; he

had lunch.
The mudare of bab E
 " : ; is on the pattern of E
" : K H . The

9 



R 7!_ , in this case, takes fatha as the verb is made up of
five letters, e.g. S
+V , K H , jV*+ K H , S
+V " K H , 9

 o
 K H , 9

 [
 K H , c% K H ,

K H . It is important to note that when 7!
9 is A; (ta),
e.g. S
+V , K ; then in literally writings one of the tas may be
omitted to simplify pronunciation of the verb, e.g.

I 1 ;
 >
t
 # _(
, 6 i
  # [ 97/4]. Here
I 1 ; is for
I 1 K ; . Similarly
.

.
{
 ;
W[ 49/12], here .

.
{
 ; is for .

.
{
 K ; .
The amr from this bab is formed by omitting the
9

 


(  R 7
# and the case-ending, e.g. from S
+V " K ;
S +V " ; , S
+V , K ;

S +V , ; , 9

 o
 K ;
9
  o
 ; be afraid, and the negative/ denial
is 9
  o
 ;
W dont be afraid.
137

The Derived Verbal Form-IV

The naqis verb drops the final alif (which is written c),
e.g. c% K ;
% ; have lunch, % ;
W (dont have lunch).
The masdar from this bab is on the pattern of E
e " : ; , e.g.

 ?
 !
S +V , ;


R 7!_
S
+V , K H


% P
 !
Se + , ;

Meaning
talking

I 1 ;

I 1 K H

e I 1 ;

descending


V \ ;



V \ K H

e
\ ;

remembering

 %
 ;

%
 K H

e %
 ;

speaking

jV*+ ;

jV*+ K H

k+ ; (fore * + ; ) receiving

I # I ;

I # I K H

e I
# I ;

shaking

The Ism al-fail from this bab is formed by replacing the

(  R 7!_

9 
 with (
mu). The second radical has kasra in
the ism al-fail and fathah in Ism al-maful, e.g. from S
+V , K H the
ism al-fail is Se +Y , K )
one who speaks and the ism al-maful is
Se +V , K )
one who is spoken to.
The noun of place and time E9
 
 #

SL
 F is the same as Ism

 :V 1 ; to breath
0
e :V 1 K )
breathing place,
al-maful, e.g. 0
n ?
  ; to do wadu/ablution
nh?
  K )
place of wadu.
 " : ; from the Holy Quran:
Some examples of bab E

< 1 H

T
 )
VW@R


V \ K H
) And none remembers but
those who turn (to Allah in obedience and) in
repentance (by begging His pardon and by worshipping
and obeying Him Alone). [40/13]
138

The Derived Verbal Form-IV

 /
R 
 #
T )
E g * K H
S # 
b % 

T )
E g *_ K
>
 /_
 /
@ R
T * K !_ 
T)
_$

Eg * K H
  @R
/
f1 + K
/ 5
 When both (Habil
and Qabil) offered a sacrifice (to Allah), it was accepted
from the one but not from the other. The latter said to
the former: I will surely kill you. The former said:
Verily, Allah accepts only from those who are AlMuttaqin (the pious believers of Islamic Monotheism
who fear Allah much, i.e. abstain from all kinds of sins
and evil deeds which He has forbidden, and love Allah
much, i.e. perform all kinds of good deeds which He
has ordained). [5/27]
#_ :/ 
d +_ /_
j+

 _*
# 
 
% K H
i>  Do they not then
think deeply in the Quran, or are their hearts locked up
(from understanding it). [47/24]

S + " #

  .
 #
z
  
f
  @R
1)
E g * ;
1  Our Lord! Accept
(this service) from us, verily you are the All-Hearer, the
All-knower. [2/127]

gL
 5

S
R 
z
 "
V * ; Then all their relations will be
cut off from them. [2/166]
EE
G
 +V  _* 
#
S +V " ;
T )
S
_ 
 
 FF The best amongst you is
he who learns Quran and teaches it. [Al-Hadith]

139

"[#
%#
Lesson 20

E A :;

A

THE DERIVED VERBAL FORMFORM-V
This bab is formed by prefixing A; (ta) to bab E
  >. Bab

E  :; mainly denotes the following three aspects:

  [
# F, e.g. ;"  to help one
 Reciprocal action E(_
another, 9
  "; to introduce/know one another, E ; *;

 > ;to agree together, E 6 .; to

to fight each other, k

ask one another, E

  *; to confront each other, j/i
 ; to
meet each other.

 Pretended action ET
Ry
 g# 
>
0 #
)

}
@RF, e.g.
   ; he
pretended to be sick, j)"; he pretended to be blind,

  1; he pretended to be asleep, j g; he pretended

to cry.
 Reflexive signification, i.e. indicating that the action
turns back upon the subject, e.g. U
  g; He (Allah) made
Himself Blessed above all, j#"; He (Allah) made

Himself Exalted above all.

In the mudare ( 
 R 7
#
9

 
 takes fathah as the verb is

made up of five letters, e.g. E

 > ;
E
> K H " 

;"  K H

   ;

  K H j)";
j)"K H   1;
 

1K H U
  g;

U
_  gK H j#";
j#"K H .

141

The Derived Verbal Form-V

The amr from this bab is formed by omitting the R  7!_

9 

and the case-ending, e.g.

" K H
;"  E

 *K H
E  *;
E
6 .K ;
E 6 .;  
1K ;
  1; . In the naqis verb the final
alif (written c yaF is omitted, e.g. j gK ;
U
 g; pretend
to cry.
The masdar of this bab is on the pattern of E
e 
:; , e.g. E 6 .;

E
e 6
.; asking,
;"  e ;"
cooperation, 9
  ";
9
e 
";
introduction,
  1;
e 
1; taking,
   ;

e 
 ;
pretending sick, U
  g;
U
h 
g; blessing, 3 [; ,
3 [K H

e
[; to be pessimistic. In the naqis verb the dammah of
the second radical changes to kasrah and final alif (written
ya) is omitted, e.g. j g;
U
d g; (for e
_ g; ).
The pattern of Ism al-fail is the same as for other mazid
verbs i.e. from

 1; ism al-fail is e R 1K )

one who takes,
and Ism al-maful is
e  1K )
that which is taken, and the
noun of place and time E9


V #F is also e  1K )
place of
taking or place within reach, e.g.

R  1K )

 >
( H R 5

U
 R K ;
W

R :y
5

B%H  do not leave the medicines within the reach of
childrens hands.
Some examples of bab E:; from the Holy Quran:
 #_ 3 .K H
S
 What are they asking (one another)
about?. [78/1]
R%
 "
#
SR  8
R
j+

;" 
W

c* K #
#
j+
 ;" 

And help you one another in Al-Birr and At-taqwa
(virtue, righteousness and piety); but do not help one
142

The Derived Verbal Form-V

another in sin and transgression. [5/2]. Here, in this

verse,
; " 
 W
 is for " 
 K ;
W
 ; one ta has been omitted.
"  _>K #
E
 6 g/
"
C

S
_ 1+ " D
 And We have made
you into nations and tribes, that you may know one
another. [49/13]. Here "  _> K # is for "  _> K K # ; one ta is
omitted.
eH %
 /
3d  C

E
_
j+
 b

f
_ +
# ^
%  
B
 \ #V
U
  g; Blessed
be He in whose Hand is the dominion, and He is Able
to do all things. [67/1]
Rg P
 #

 
 ;k
 # 

  ;And (join together) in
the mutual teaching of Truth, and of patience and
constancy. [103/3]

143

"[#
B
&%#
Lesson 21

E A" :  

A

THE DERIVED VERBAL FORMFORM-VI
This bab is formed by prefixing
 ( in) to E " > , e.g.  .


he broke it
 .
 ,  it broke, <
 + / he turned over
<
 + *  

he/ it became overturned, k[

  it was split, 
 *  it was

cut off, it ended. The hamza ExI

 b F of @ R is hamzat al-wasl

EE # _
xI  b F i.e. it becomes vowelless when prefixed to

or 9, e.g.  .
 ,  becomes  .
 ,  or  .
 ,  >.

The verbs of this bab are mostly intransitive. Besides, this

bab denotes (_ 
 ( _! mutawah) which means that the
object of a verb becomes the subject, e.g.
 {1 : #

O .

 I

broke the teacup,

{1 : # 
.
 ,  the tea cup broke. Note
that
 {1 : # in the first sentence is the object of the verb

EG
":)F and in the second it is the subject EE>F.

Here are some more examples: 

 g#
z

 K > I opened the

door, 

g#
K :  the door opened,  V:,_ #


+ .

# 
I b the

Muslims defeated the unbelievers, 

V:,_ # 
I   the
unbelievers got defeated.

Remember that E
 " :  is the e R )
of E " > , and E " : ; is the

e R )
of E " > , e.g. 
  ,_ #

O .

 I broke the tumbler,
.
 ,  

145

The Derived Verbal Form-VI

 ,_ # the tumbler broke. And 

  ,_ #

O .

 I smashed the
tumbler, 

 ,_ # 
.
 , ; the glass broke to pieces.

#

9 
 in this bab takes fathah, e.g. E " : 
E
" : 1 H
The 
R 7

 .
 , 

.
 , 1 H I  

IR  1 H <
 + *  <


+ * 1 H k[
 


k[
 1 H 
 * 


 * 1 H
 K : 


K : 1 H .

The amr from this bab is formed by replacing the
9

 



R 7
# with hamzat al-wasl EE #
x_ I  b F because, after
omitted the 7!
9 the verb commences with a sakin
letter which cannot be pronounced, e.g. 
.
 , 1 ;
 .
 ,  
break, <

+ * 1 ;
<
 + *  turn over,

 * 1 ;

 *  cut it,

 K  wait. To negate W is prefixed to the second person
form of verb, e.g. 
 K 1 ;
W
 do not wait,  .
 , 1 ;
W
 dont
break,

 * 1 ;
W do not cut/break.
The masdar from this bab is on the pattern of
e ":  , e.g.

<
 + *  : <

+ * 1 H

ei
 *  {  
 :  : 
{
 : 1 H
e {:  blast,  .
 ,  :

.
 , 1 H
e .,  M
 + K 
 : M

+ K o
 H
9
e i
 K 
 to differ, k[
  :
k[
 1 H
e *[
  splitting (the assimilated letters get
separated in the masdar.)
In the naqis verb the final ya changes to hamza, e.g. j+{
  
to be exposed, 
 + {
 1 H
3e i
{
  for B
ei
{
  exposure.

The Ism al-fail is formed as in other cases of the derived

verbs, e.g. 
.
 , 1 H
e .
 , 1 )
<

+ * 1 H
<
e + * 1 )
. The Ism al-

maful is not formed from this bab as it is an intransitive

verb.
146

The Derived Verbal Form-VI

Some examples of bab E

 " :  from the Holy Quran:
O
 : 

3 .
 #@
R When the heaven is left asunder.
[82/1]
O ] K  <

 , # @
R And when the stars have fallen
and scattered. [82/2]
z*V [
 

3 .
 #@
R When the heaven is split asunder.
[84/1]
\
 , ;

G 
S K
1
_
)
j#@R
_*+
  depart you to that
which you used to deny. [77/29]
T R , >
g
+ * 
S
R + b
 
j#@R
g
+ *  @
R And when they
return to their own people, they would return jesting.
[83/31]
1 

x [
 
K1 

G1 )
z.
{
 g  > and then gushed forth out
of it twelve springs. [7/160]
e .


b

lL

P
 g # 
f # @R
<+ * 1 H
RT ; 

P
 g #
RD
  
S

Then look again and yet again, your sight will return to
you in a state of humiliation and worn out. [67/4]

147

"[#]
#
%#
Lesson 22

E A" K > 

A
THE DERIVED VERBAL FORMFORM-VII
This bab is formed by adding alif with kasra before the
first radical of E " > , and A; (ta) after it, e.g.   D
 he collected
(something)
  K D
 it collected or gathered together,
assembled, <
 .

 to acquire
<
.
 K
to gain,   L
 to
hear
  K L
 to listen, E  C
 to occupy or keep busy

E  K C
 to be busy or to work.

The bab E " K > is reflexive of E " > but has a reciprocal
signification like bab E 
 :; . As in bab E " :  the E 
  # _
xI  b is
omitted in this bab also when 
: K L
 8
x_ I  b (hamzat al 1 ; 
 K  you wait for
istifham) is prefixed to the verb, e.g. 
me, and to say did you wait for me? it is 1 ; 
 K  for
1 ; 
 K  . In the Holy Quran T  1 g #
j+
O1g #
j:
 
  Has
He (then) chosen daughters, rather than sons?. [37/153].
Here j:
 
  is for j:
 
 .
The extra O (ta) in this bab undergoes certain changes as
mentioned below:
 If the first radical is LL the extra O changes to

(dal), e.g.  to call
j he claimed/alleged for

j"; @ R, from 
 to mention

 @  R E
 @RF he remem149

The Derived Verbal Form-VII

bered for  , ; @ R. With the assimilation of to the

form 
 @  R becomes 
 @R, and from  to add
@  R
to increase for @ ; R.

 If the first radical is }LLL the extra O changes to

, e.g.  g 

 g
 
 to have patience, for  g K 
 , and
from j: 

j:
 
 for j: K 
 to chose.  ?
 to
harm/hurt

 ?
 for  K ?
 .  + y
 to know/come into
view
 + y
V for j" + K y
and S + }
 to oppress
S +
 }
for
S + K }
.
 If the first radical is ( waw), it gets assimilated to the
extra O, e.g. E 
 to arrive
E P
 ; to contact for

E P
 ;  and  / to fear
j*; he feared, he protected
himself for j*;  .
The mudare from this bab is on the pattern of E
" K : H , e.g.

  K L
 

K .
 H he listens/will listen, E  K 

E
 K
 H to
 

K {
 H  + y
V

+
V H S .
 K 
S
.
 K g H  K


bear,   K D

Ko
 H (for 
 K o
 H ) to select.
The amr from bab E " K > is formed by prefixing xI b with

x. because after omitting the 7!
9 the first

radical of the verb cannot be read, being sakin. This caseending becomes vowelless with ID _
 , e.g. 

 K 1 H

 K  
wait

 K 1 ;
W
 dont wait,
 K .
 H
  K L
 listen

W

  K .
 ; dont listen,
 K {
 ;
  K D
 assemble
  K {
 ;
W

dont assemble, S
.
 K g ; to smile
S .
 K  smile
S .
 K g ;
W
dont smile.
150

The Derived Verbal Form-VII

The masdar from this bab is on the patter of

e "K > , e.g.


 K  , 

 K 1 H
e K  < 
.
 K
, <

.
 K , H

e .K
T
 K ) ,
T

 K  H
e K ) examination,   K D
 ,
 K {
 H
e  K D
 
assembly, I K # ,
IR K + H
e IK # embracing.

The Ism al-fail from this bab is on the pattern of Ee " K : )

and

Ism al-maful Ee " K : )

, e.g. T

 K ) , T

 K  H
Te
 K  )
examiner
and T
e
 K  )
examinee.

The noun of place and time is the same as Ism al-maful,

e.g. e  K {
 )
place of gathering/society,
I K +
# the place of
embracing (It is the name given to the part of kaba that lies

 
e{
 
 Black Stone and its door. It is Sunnah to
between e  L
embrace this part of kaba).
Some examples of bab E " K > @R from the Holy Quran:

*C

 : #
K, # 
>
:_ + K 

T H \ #V 
And verily,
d% " 

those who dispute as regards the Book are far away in
opposition. [2/176]
SR 
\

 _>K 
 
 

  And (there are) others who have
acknowledged their sins. [9/102]

%
E
 .
 #
E  K 
 > but the flood bears away the
foam that mounts up to the surface. [13/17]
/_  : ;
W
  "
D

$

ER g


P
 K  And hold fast, all of
you together, to the Rope of Allah (i.e. this Quran), and
be not divided among yourselves. [3/103]
151

The Derived Verbal Form-VII

g{
 
/_
1"  L

@R
#_ *>
T{
 # 
T)
e: 
  K L


G 
# @R
j
 
_ E/_
Say (O Mohammad ) it has been revealed to me that a
group of Jinn listen (to this Quran). They said: verily, we
have heard a wonderful recitation (this Quran). [72/1]
G;  g" #

 
 ^

% g
 > So worship Him (Alone) and be
constant and patient in His worship. [19/65]
G # @R
S ;
 R
_ ?

)
VW@R except
necessity. [6/119]

under compulsion of


 * # 
k[
    _(
.
 #
z
   K / The Hour has drawn near,
and the moon has been cleft asunder (regarding the
splitting of the moon as a miracle). [54/1]
zg .
 K

)
+  
zg .


)
# He gets reward for that
(good) which he has earned, and he is punished for that
(evil) which he has earned. [2/286]

152

"[#
#]#
%#
Lesson 23

EA" > 

A

THE DERIVED VERBAL FORMFORM-VIII
This bab is formed by prefixing to the first radical of E">

and by doubling the third radical, e.g. 


 it was or

became red/he blushed,  

 it became crooked/bent.

The mudare from this bab is on the pattern of E" : H , e.g.

  
  

 H  " 
  H .

The masdar is on the pattern of

ei
 " > , e.g.  
 H
e   
 ,

 " H
e DR  . The double letter at the end is split in

masdar.
The Ism al-fail from this bab is on the pattern of ~E" : )

, e.g.

~ 
 )
. This bab has no Ism al-maful.

This bab is used only for colors and defects; examples:


: 
 yellow
 : 
 it was or became yellow/ pale.

  white
  it was or became white.


L
 black
 L
 it was or became black.




 red
  
 he blushed/ it became red.


7
 
 green
 7
 
 it was or became green.

    bent/crooked
   it became bent/ crooked.
153

The Derived Verbal Form-VIII

Some examples of this bab from the Holy Quran:

.
 )

G

D
 
E}

j] 5
_ 
S b
%

 
 [
 

@R And when the
news of (the birth of) a female (child) is brought to any
of them, his face becomes dark. [16/58]

S;
 :
 
S
b
 D



O L
 
TH \ #V )
n >
e^ D



.
 ;
e^ D



 g ;
 H

  :_ , ;
S K
1
_



 " \# 
/_
>
\ S ,_    H @R
% "  on the Day
(i.e. the Day of Resurrection) when some faces will
become white and some faces will become black; as for
those faces will become black (to them will be said):
Did you reject faith after accepting it? Then taste the
torment (in Hell) for rejecting faith. [3/106]
 %

# 
 >
S b

$
   (

 
 : >
S 
b
 D

z
 7
  
T H \ #V )

And for those whose faces will become white, they
will be in Allahs Mercy (paradise), there in they shall
dwell forever. [3/107]
eS



>
RI

# 
T)

^1 
z7
   And he lost his sight
because of the sorrow that he was suppressing [12/84]
x 7
 o
 )


5


gPK
>
3)
3 .
 #
T)
I  
$
;

S# see
you not that Allah sends down water (rain) from the sky
and the earth becomes green. [22/63]

154

"[#
#
%#
Lesson 24

E " : K L
 

A
THE DERIVED VERBAL FORMFORM-IX
Bab E
 " : K L
 is formed by prefixing z
 L
 ( Ista) to the first

radical of E">, e.g.  P

 1 K L
 he sought help,   K L
 he
asked for rizq (gifts of sustenance), S "
K L
 he asked for
food,  :  K L
 he asked forgiveness, %" K L
 he got ready,

 *  K L
 he woke up.

" : K .
 H , e.g.
The mudare from this bab is on the pattern of E

 P
 1 K L


P
 1 K .
 H   K L


R  K .
 H  :  K L


:  K .
 H .

The amr is on the pattern of E

 " : K L
 , e.g.  :  K L
 and the

negation EF is  :  K .
 ;
W
  P
 1 K L
 
P
 1 K .
 ;
W
 S "
K L
 

S "
K .
 ;
W
.

The masdar is on the pattern of

e ": K L
 , e.g. e : K L
 ,

e P1 K L
 and e K L
 .

The ism al-fail and ism al-maful are formed on the standard
given pattern, e.g. e :  K .
 )
one who seeks forgiveness and
e :  K .
 )
one whose forgiveness is sought.
The noun of place and time is the same as for the ism

g* K .
 H to receive
Ee g * K .
 )
future,  : [
 K .
 H
al-maful, e.g. E
to seek treatment
j:[
 K .
 )
hospital.
155

The Derived Verbal Form-IX

This bab essentially signifies the meaning of seeking, as is

also evident from the above examples, e.g. S " y
 he ate

S "
K L
 he asked for food,  P
  he helped
 P
 1 K L
 he
 he forgave
 :  K L
 he sought
asked for help,  :
forgiveness, E
 g/ he came
E g * K L
 he sought reception,
c%b he guided
c% K L
 he sought guidance,  g 
 to
inform
 g o
 K L
 made known, S + L
 to give up or to
 K L
 to give oneself up/to surrender,   to
deliver
S + .
permit

 n K L
 to ask permission, M
 + 
 to succeed

M
 + o
 K L
 to appoint one as successor or Caliph E(h :  + 
 F.
 " : K L
 from the Holy Quran:
Some examples of the bab E
+ b
 
 "
K L
 (
d H  /
E b @
 ;
R
jK

*+
  > then they
both proceeded, till, when they came to the people of a
town, they asked them for food. [18/77]
G)
  * #
jL )

j*.
 K L
 @
R And (remember) when Musa
(Moses) asked for water for his people. [2/60]
e 

 b

B
 \ #V 
j 
 b

B
 \ #V  
#_ % g K .
 ; 
 / He (Moses)
said: would you exchange that which is better for that
which is lower?. [2/61]
S,_ # DR
T
 )
TR H %  R C

%
R [
 K L
 And get two witnesses
out of your own men. [2/282]
S,_  + 

t1D

i>
S
_ W
 ?
"
 
  K .
 ;

S; @
  R And if you
decide on a foster sucking-mother for your children,
there is no sin on you. [2/233]
156

The Derived Verbal Form-IX

G
S K
" H 
B
 \ #V
S
,_ "  g 
[

 g K L
 > Then rejoice
(imperative) in the bargain which you have concluded.
[9/111]
TH R P
 g K .
 )


 
ER  g.#
TR 
S b
%P
 > And he (Satan)
turned them away from the (Right) path, though they
were intelligent/keen observers (ism al-fail). [29/38]

157

"[#
0)
%#
Lesson 25

QEAK "
#
THE UNSOUND VERBS
In the study of verbs we have learnt that most of the Arabic
verbs have only three letters which are called radicals. The
first radical is called 9 (fa), the second is called ( ain),
and the third letter is called ( lam). These names are

taken from the verb E

 " > which is used as a referencepattern for all the verbs. We should now understand that
from the classification point of view, the Arabic verb is
divided into the following four categories:
 The Sound Verbs ES
# .#F
#F:
A verb which does not have  (hamza), ( waw) or

B (ya) as one of the radicals, and its second and the

third radicals are not identical i.e. of the same kind, is

called a sound verb ES
# .#F or E(_
 
 P
 # >"

5
 F. Most
of the Arabic verbs belong to this category, e.g.
<b
 

E 

<K
 .

 The Weak Verbs EQEK "

# F
F :
If any of the three radicals is ( waw) or B (ya) the
verb is called the mutall EQEK " !_ F, i.e. weak or unsound
verb, e.g. E

 to arrive,  ?
  to be pleased/ satisfied,
159

The Unsound Verbs

 .
 H easy,  to call/ invite, c
 to iron, j/ to
save.
 The Mahmuz E 

  # F
F:
A verb, which has hamza as one of the radicals, is
called mahmuz, e.g. E

  to eat, n L
 to ask,  / to
read.
 The Mudaaf EM
 " 7

# F
F :
A verb in which the second and the third radicals are
identical is called mudaaf EM"7!F, e.g. SC
 to smell,
0) to touch, T}
 to think,  ) to pass.
We now take these categories one by one for some further
elaboration.
 The Sound Verbs ES
# .#F
#F:
The verbs that we have learnt so far mainly belong to
this category. Hence it does not require further
elaboration.
 Weak Verbs EQEK "

# F
F :
A verb having or B as one of the three radicals is
Mutall, i.e. weak or sick verb, and the consonant
and B are called weak letters E(_ +V " #

9
 

F. The weak
verbs are further divided into the following categories:
1 3:#
EK") (the mutal fa): If the first radical is or
B, the verb is called mutall al-fa E3:#
EK")F, i.e.
weak of fa. It is also referred to as mithal E

]  # F,
e.g. E

 he arrived, %  he promised,  ?
 he
160

The Unsound Verbs

placed,
  he weighed, M
 / he stopped/stood,
<
 b he granted,  .
 H he facilitated/made easy.
Unlike the sound verbs, there is an abnormality in
the mudare of the mithal verbs. In this case the first
radical waw in the mithal perfect verb is lost in the
mudare, e.g. the mudare of E

 is E
P
 H , which is
originally E


  H like 
  ?



R 7
 H , and after
omission of the waw it becomes E

P
 H . The amr from
E
P
 H is E 
 which is based on two letters only. No
hamzat al-wasl is needed at the beginning as the
verb already commences with a consonant with
vowel. By making the last radical sakin, the amr
from E

P
 H is formed as E 
 arrive.
Some more examples of the mudare and the amr
are:
Perfect
Imperfect
%  to promise
%
" H


 ?
 to place

7
 H


R to weigh

IR H


M
 / to stop/stand M

* H


<
 b to grant
<

R H


2

Imperative
%  promise
 ?
 place it
R weigh
M
 / stop/stand up
<
 b grant

"#
EK") (the mutal ain): If the second radical is

waw or ya the verb is called "#
EK"), i.e. weak of
ain. It is also referred to as ajwaf verbs E9

 D
 5
 F.
Examples of perfect and imperfect are:
Group (a-u):
 /
_* 
H to say, to tell



 ,_ H to be
161

The Unsound Verbs



 P

H to fast
 

I
H to visit
 /
_* 
H to get up

\ 

 H to taste
9
 y
9


_ H to go round
Group (a-i):
 L

 .
 H to walk
3 D
3
 {
 H to come

 E
 , H to measure



 gH to sell

 

 " H to live

Group (i-a):


 1 H to sleep


 IH to cease to do


 ,H to be about to do
9
 
9

oH to fear, to be afraid

These verbs have undergone certain changes in
relation to the second radicals, e.g.
(i)
 /
_* 
H (a-u):  / is originally  / in which

waw has been replaced with alif, thus making it

 /

he said, and

 *_ H the origin of _* 
H is *

H in

which the vowel u on waw has been shifted to the

preceding consonant, thus making it

 *_ H . All the
other changes in the (a-u) group will be on the same
pattern.
(ii)  L

 .
 H (a-i):  L is originally   L
 in which ya
has been replaced with alif, thus making it  L he

walked or went for a walk, and the origin of 

 .
 H is


 .
 H in which the vowel i' on ya has been shifted to
the preceding consonant, rendering the ya vowel162

The Unsound Verbs

less, thus making it 

 .
 H . All the other changes in
this group, i.e. (a-i) will be on the same pattern.
(iii) 

 1H (i-a):  is originally  R  in which waw
has been replaced with alif, thus making it  he

slept, and the origin of 

1H is 
1 H in which the
vowel a is shifted to the preceding consonant and

waw is replaced with alif, thus making it 

1H . All
other ajwaf verbs in (i-a) group follow the same
pattern.
The method of conjugation as shown, at Tables 18
and 19.

Table 18
Method of Conjugation Ee 1L
 F - alal-Muhtal ain E "#
EK")F

(Madi (a
 *_ H
/ to say)
(a-u)

rd

3 Person
Person
())
3rd Person
Person
())
2nd Person
Person
())
2nd Person
Person
())
1st Person
Person
(&
&))

SINGULAR

DUAL

PLURAL

 /

W
 /

#_ /

z
 # /

K# /

T + /_

z
 + /_

 K
+ /_

S K
+ /_

z
 + /_

 K
+ /_

TK
+ /_

+ /_

1+ /_

1+ /_
163

The Unsound Verbs

Table 19
Conjugation E>"5
MHP;F - alal-Muhtal ain E "#
EK")F

(Madi (a H
 L to walk)
(a-i & ii-a) 
 .
SINGULAR

DUAL

PLURAL

3rd Person
Person
())

 L

L


L

3rd Person
Person
())

O
  L

 ;L

 L


2nd Person
Person
())

O
  L


 ;
 L


S ;
 L


2nd Person
Person
())

O
  L


 ;
 L


T;
 L


1st Person
Person
(&
&))

 L


 L


 L


Notes:
1. In the ajwaf verb of a-u group, the first radical takes
dammah at the time of its isnad Ee 1L
 F to mutaharrek
EU
h 
 K )
F pronoun, and if it is of a-i or i-a group it takes
kasrah. (A mutaharrek pronoun is a pronoun which is
followed by a vowel O

 , and a sakin pronoun is
vowelless like the in +_ 
 .)
2. All the pronouns in the madi are mutaharrek E UK)F
except those in z
 + 

+_ 

E
 . Also note that in these
cases the second radical is omitted. In the mudare only
the is U
h 
 K )
, and it is in T + 

% H
T+ 

% ; .
In the mudare marfu the second radical is omitted
while conjugating the mutaharrek pronouns, e.g.
164

The Unsound Verbs

T + " : H : T  1 H they sleep,  .

 H they walk, T + *_ H
they say/will say

T + " : ; : T  1 ; you sleep,  .

 ; you walk, T + *_ ;
you say/will say

In the mudare majzum the second radical is also
omitted in the following four forms in addition to
the two mentioned under the mudare marfu:

E
" : H : E *_ H
S# he didnt say,  .
 H
S# he didnt walk,
S 1 H
S # he didnt sleep
E
" : ; : E *_ ;
S # you didnt say,  .
 ;
S # you didnt
walk, S 1 ;
S # you didnt sleep

E
" > : E /_ 
S # I did not say,  L
 
S # I did not walk,
S  
S # I didnt sleep

 
S# we didnt walk,
E
" :  : E *_ 
S# we didnt say,  .
S 1 
S # we didnt sleep

This omission is due to iltika-assakenain
3
*K # F

ETR  1
 .# as explained below:

E *_ H
S # is originally _* 
H
S # in which both the waw
and the lam are sakin (vowelless), hence cannot be
vocalized, resulting into the omission of waw, being
a weak letter.
Similarly  .
 H
S# is originally 
 .
 H
S# , the ya sakin is
omitted, and in S 1 H
S# originally being 
1H
S# the alif

is omitted, being the weak letter as it is in place of

waw.
165

The Unsound Verbs

For conjugation of the mudare majzum, see Table

20 below:

Table 20
Conjugation E>"5
MHP;F of Mudare Majzum ajwaf

(E
 *_ H
S# he did not say/tell)
SINGULAR

DUAL

PLURAL
PLURAL

3rd Person
Person
())

E *_ H
S#

W
  *_ H
S#

#_  *_ H
S#

3rd Person
Person
())

E *_ ;
S#

W
  *_ ;
S#

T + *_ H
S#

2nd Person
Person
())

E *_ ;
S#

W
  *_ ;
S#

#*_ ;
S#

2nd Person
Person
())

 #  *_ ;
S#

W
  *_ ;
S#

T + *_ ;
S#

1st Person
Person
(&
&))

E /_ 
S#

E *_ 
S#

E *_ 
S#

The amr from

 *_ H is E /_ , and from 
 .
 H is  L
 and 
1H

is S  . After dropping the  R 7!_
9

 
 and the

dammah on the last radical the verb becomes

  /_ ,

  L
 and   respectively, rendering the second and
the third radical sakin, i.e. 1 .#
3*K# occurs.
Consequently, the weak letter, i.e. waw, ya and alif
respectively are omitted resulting in E
 /_ say or tell,

 L
 walk and S  sleep as amr (imperatives) from

the ajwaf verbs. The method of conjugation of the

amr from the ajwaf verbs is given at Table 21 below:

166

The Unsound Verbs

Table 21
The Amr from Ajwaf verb E "#
EK")F
Feminine
Plural

T + /_
 L

T  

Masculine

Dual Singular Plural

Dual Singular

W
  /_
L

)

W
  /_

L

)

 #  /_

B
 R  L

 ) 

#_  /_

L


)

E /_
 L

S 

3 i#
EK") (the mutal lam): If the third radical is waw

or ya the verb is called i#
EK" )

, i.e. weak of lam,

e / F, e.g.
which is also referred to as naqis E=
Group (a-u):


 
% H to call/invite

i;
 +_ K H to follow, to recite

:
 :_ " H to forgive ,C
 ,_ [
 H to complain
Group (a-i):

j[)
 [
  H to walk
j;
 ; n H to come
cD

B
 R {
 H to run/flow j)
 )  H to throw
j,
 , g H to cry/weep c%b
B
 %  H to guide
Group (i-a):

 .
 
j.1 H to forget
 * 
j*g H to remain

 [


j[o
 H to fear

In madi the naqis verbs undergo the following

changes:
Both the waw and the ya become alif in
pronunciation. In writing ( waw) is written 
167

The Unsound Verbs

(alif) while B (ya) is written c (ya without

dots), e.g.  is originally  

 and j, is

 , 

originally 

The B remains unchanged if the second radical

has kasrah, e.g. 
.
  ,  *  ,  [

 .

While conjugating, the third radical is omitted in

 
the third person masculine plural form, e.g. 

they invited is originally 


 and ,  they

wept is originally
,  , and .

 they forgot is
originally,
.
  (Here, note that in . the

second radical has dammah which has been

changed from kasrah, because in Arabic a kasrah
cannot be followed by waw).
The third radical is also omitted in the third

1 .#
3*K#,
e.g. z
  she invited for O
  and z
 ,  she wept
is for O
 ,.
person feminine singular due to

The third radical, waw and ya, is restored to its

original form with the mutaharrek pronouns, e.g.
restoration of waw in:
   they invited,

O
   

you invited,

  

  we

z , 
T , 

I invited,

invited. And restoration of ya in:

1 , 

z , 
TK
 , 
z , 
SK
 ,  .

For the conjugation of the naqis verbs see tables 22

and 23.
168

The Unsound Verbs

Table 22
Conjugation E>"5
MHP;Fof Naqis Verb

( he called/invited
 ) 
called/invited for  
3rd Person
Person
())
Person
3rd Pers
on
())
nd
2 Person
Person
())
nd
2 Person
Person
())
st
1 Person
Person
(&
&))

SINGULAR

DUAL

PLURAL




 




z
  

K 

   

O
   

 ;
  

S ;
  

O
   

 ;
  

T;
  

  

  

  

Table 23
Conjugation of Naqis Verb

(
?
  he was pleased
  )
pleased for  ?
3rd Person
Person
())
Person
3rd Pers
on
())
nd
2 Person
Person
())
nd
2 Person
Person
())
st
1 Person
Person
(&
&))

SINGULAR

DUAL

PLURAL

 ?
 

?
 

?



z
  ?
 

K ?
 

T  ?
 

z
  ?
 

 K
 ?
 

S K
 ?
 

z
  ?
 

 K
 ?
 

TK
 ?
 

 ?
 

1 ?
 

1 ?
 
169

The Unsound Verbs

For conjugation of mudare marfu from naqis verb, see

tables 24 and 25.

Table 24
Conjugation Method of Mudare Marfu in Naqis Verbs

( 

% H he calls/invites, he will call/invite for 


% H )
SINGULAR

DUAL

PLURAL

3 Pers
Person
on
())

 
% H
for 


% H

R
% H

  % H
for


 % H

3rd Person
Person
())

 
% ;

R
% ;

  % H

2nd Person
Person
())

 
% ;

R
% ;

2nd Person
Person
())

T   % ;

for T
 H R 
% ;

  % ;

for


 % ;

R
% ;

  % ;

1st Person
Person
(&
&))

 
 

 
% 

 
% 

rd

Table 25
Conjugation of Mudare Marfu in Naqis Verb

(
 , g H
j, to weep
weep)
SINGULAR

 , g H for 
, g H

3 Person
 , g ; for 
, g ;
Person ())

nd
2 Pers
Person
on ())

 , g ; for 
, g ;
  , g ; for T   , g ;
2nd Person
Person ()) T
3rd Person(
Person()
on( )
rd

1st Person
Person
(&
&))
170

 ,  

DUAL

PLURAL

R , g H
R , g ;
R , g ;
R , g ;

 ,_ g H for
  , g H
 ,_ g H
 ,_ g ; for
  , g ;
T  , g ;

 , g 

 , g 

The Unsound Verbs

Notes Table 24
24 & 25
25:
1. In the mudare marfu the dammah of the 3rd radical is
omitted, e.g.  

% H is originally 

% H as <

K
, H or 
P

1 H and
 , g H is originally 
, g H as
IR 1 H or 0

+ {
 H .
2. The 3rd radical is dropped in the 3rd person plural
form, e.g.
  
% H they invite/call is originally

  % H
like

 P

1 H or  g
K
, H , thus both the masculine and
feminine plural in the 3rd person form becomes the
same, i.e.
  
% H

D
 QR # and
  % H
3
.
 1Q #. However, in
the first case the verb
  
% H is changed from

  % H but
in the second case the verb
  
% H is in the original form
on the pattern of T
 + "
: H like T g K
, H .

3.
  ,_ g H they weep is originally
  , g H , the third radical ya
has been dropped, and the kasrah of the second radical
is changed to dammah, as a kasrah is never followed by
waw in Arabic.
4. The third radical is also dropped in the 2nd person

   % ; you invite/call which is

feminine singular, e.g. T
originally T
 H R 
% ; . After the omission of waw along with
its vowel, the verb becomes T
   % ; . The dammah of
(ain) is changed to kasrah as the dammah is not
followed by ya in Arabic.
5. T
  , g ;
z
   you weep has the same form as T  , g ;
TK
 
you ( plural) weep because the verb in the singular
was originally T
   , g ; like T  R 7
 ; or T  .
 + {
 ; . After the
omission of the third radical ya the verb becomes T
  , g ; ,
while the plural form of the verb is in its original form
as T
.
 + {
 ; and the ya is the third radical in T  , g ; .
171

The Unsound Verbs

Some more examples of the naqis verb in useable

form: 
 * .
 H
j*L
 to give water,  1 g H
j1 to build,

B
 R
H
cy
 to fold, 

 H
) to erase.

As for the mudare mansub in naqis verb the fathah

of the third radical is pronounced in verbs ending in

waw and ya but not in verbs ending in alif, e.g.

 
% H
T # he will not invite,  , g H
T # he will not
weep but in j.1 H
T# he will not forget the fathah is
not pronounced.
As for the mudare majzum (Jussive) the third radical
is omitted in the naqis verbs, e.g.
%
 H
S# he did not
invite (here the third radical waw has been
omitted), f
 g H
S # he did not weep (here the third
radical ya has been omitted).
As in the amr in naqis verbs, here also the 3rd radical
is omitted, e.g.

 
% ;
_ 
invite/call,  , g ;
f
  weep, j.1 ;

0
  forget.
4 M:+#( Attachment): If there are two weak letters in
a verb it is called lafif. The lafif verbs are of two
kinds, as explained below:
*

 #
M

 : +V #( Lafif Maqrun): If a verb has its

second and third radicals as weak letters, it is
called lafif maqrun, i.e. attached weak letters,
e.g. c

B
 R , H to iron.
172

The Unsound Verbs

 :  #

M : +V #( Lafif Mafruq): If a verb has its first
and third radicals as weak letters, it is called lafif
mafruq, i.e. detached weak letters, e.g. j/

 * H to save, j " 
H to understand, to
remember by heart.
In lafif mafruq only the middle radical remains in
the amr as the first radical is omitted in the mudare,
and the third is omitted in the amr. Thus the amr
from 
 * H
j/ is R save as R 1#
\
1/ and save
us from the punishment of the Fire. [3/16] and from
 " H
j is R understand.
Some examples of unsound verbs from the Holy Quran:
e

\b
e i


\b

 \ , #
S ,_ K
1 .
 # 
M

P
 ;
 #
#_  *_ ;
W
 
And say not concerning that which your tongues put
forth falsely: This is lawful and this is forbidden.
[16/116]
(1 .

 # (

    #  (
,
 # 
f
 
ER  gL
j#@R
_ 
Invite
(mankind O! Muhammad ) to the way of your Lord
(i.e. Islam) with wisdom (i.e. with the Divine Revelation
and the Quran) and fair preaching. [16/125]
Rg P
 #


 ;QkR
 # 

  ;And (join together) in
the mutual teaching of Truth, and of patience and
constancy. [103/3]
RE : # 

 n 
f
  
E " >
M
 

 ;
S #  Have you (O!
Muhammad ) not seen how your Lord dealt with the
173

The Unsound Verbs

owners of the elephant (the Elephant Army which came

from Yemen under the command of Abrahah Al-Ashram
intending to destroy the Kabah at Makkah). [105/1]
e%
 
_$
b

E/_ Say (O! Muhammad ) He is Allah The
One and Only. [112/1]
%#  H

S #
%
 + H
S # He begetteth not, Nor is He
begotten. [112/2]

G)
 /n >
* 1 H


%H R H

%D

 >
%D
  > Then they (both)
found therein a wall about to collapse, so he (Khidr) set
it up straight. [18/77]
g

 " )
 
 K .
 ;
T #
f
  @R
f
 #
E /_ 
S # 
 / he (Khidr)
said: Did I not tell you that you can have no patience
with me. [18/75]
_
$
3C
@R
 %

{
 K L

/ He (Moses) said: If Allah
Wills you will find me patient. [18/69]

S * K .

#
R.
 * # 

R 
SK
+

@R
E , #   _>
And give
full measure when you measure, and weigh with a
balance that is straight. [17/35]
)


  5

> 

R  ;
W
 and walk not on the earth
with conceit and arrogance. [17/377]
i #
^%
 g " 
cL
 
B\ #V 
T
 g L

Glorified (and Exalted) be

He (Allah) Who took His slave (Muhammad ) for
journey by night. [17/1]
174

The Unsound Verbs

i

$
 
j:

$
j+
E
V  ;
S b
  
And heed
not their annoyances, but put thy trust in Allah, and
enough is Allah as a Disposer of Affairs. [33/48]

175

"[#
.#
%#
Lesson 26

A" 7

# 

A
  #


THE HAMZATED AND
DUPLICATED RADICAL VERBS
The Mahmuz E 

  # F
F:
If a verb has hamza Exh I
 b F as one of its radicals it is called
Mahmuz. According to the E
 " > pattern, the mahmuz verb is
sub-divided into the following three categories:

3 :# 

 ) :
A verb which has hamza as its first radical is called
Mahmuzal fa, e.g. E

  he ate,  )  he ordered, \ 
 
he took.
 T" # 

 ) :
A verb which has hamza as its second radical is called
Mahmuzal ain, e.g.
 n L
 he asked, S l L
 to be disgusted
at.
 R Vi# 

 ) :
A verb which has hamza as its third radical is called
Mahmuzal lam, e.g.  / he read, n
 
 to err.
The mudare from the mahmuz verbs is formed the same
way as has been explained in the case of sound verbs, e.g.
177

The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs

E
 
E

_ n H  ) 

)
n H n L


n .
 H  /
_ * H .
However, in the amr (imperative) the mehmuz verb in
some cases is reduced to only two radicals as indicated
below:
Perfect

Imperfect

Imperative

E
 

 ) 

\ 
 

n L


 /

n
 


E

_ n H


)
n H

\


n H


n .
 H

_ * H

n_
 o
 H

E
_

 )


\ 

E L
 L n L


  /

n
 
 

Active

Passive

Par
Part (AP)

Part
Part (PP)

Ee
 

e ) 

\e 
 

Ee 6 L

B
e R /LB
 R /

e y
 

e 
_ n )

e  )
n )

e  

n )

e  l
.
 )

3e
) *
 
e
 o
 )

The format of conjugation for perfect and imperfect

mahmuz is the same as for the sound verbs, e.g.
 )
 ,  )
, O
  ) ,  )  ,

O
  ) ,   ) 


)

n H , 
)
n ; ,
)  n H , T H R )
n ; , 
)
, 
)
n 

Table 26
Conjugation Imperative of Mahmuz Verb
Root

Singular

Dual

Plural

Singular

Plural

Form

&
&

 ) 

 )




)


)

B
 R )




)  
\ 
 

\ 

\


\

B
 \ 

 \ 

E
 

E
_

i

_

+_
_

 +
_

T +
_

n L

E L
 L n L

W
 n L
 Li
L

#_ n L
 L+_ L

 # n L
 L + L

T # n L
 LT + L


 /

  / 
3 / 
3
 / 
 6  / 
  / 
178

The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs

The Mudaaf EM

" 7

# F
F :
If a verb has two identical consonants as its second and
third radicals, it is called the Mudaaf (duplicate), e.g. %)

(originally %
 ) ) to extend,  ) (for   ) ) to pass, SC
 (for
S  C
 ) to smell,  
 (for  {
 
 ) to perform Haj/pilgrimage.
Unlike English where double letters are written separately,
as is n in connect and r in irregular, in Arabic double
consonants can be assimilated with a shaddah sign EQ_F
above it, e.g. in %
 ) (madada), the two dals are assimilated
and written as %)
 (madda). Similarly,   ) (marara) becomes
 ) (marra), S  C
 (shamama) becomes SC
 (shamma) and  {
 

(hajaja) becomes

 (hajja).
In mudaaf verbs, the second radical loses its vowel when
the verb is isnaded (conjugated) to the sakin pronouns,
such as z
 {
 
 , {
 
 ,  
 . But it retains its vowel when the
verb is conjugated to the mutaharrik pronouns as; T
{
 {
 
 ,
z
 {
 {
 
 , S K
{
 {
 
 ,z

 {
 {
 
 , TK
A{
 {
 
 , 1{
 {
 
 .
In the mudare the 7!
9 takes fathah as is the case in
all the thalathi verbs, e.g.




H %)
%
H T}


T
_ H to think,  )

H to pass, 

H to reply,  D


 {

H to drag, to pull, <L


<.

H to abuse, 0)
0  H to
touch, SC

S[
 H to smell.
In the mudare maruf, the second radical loses its vowel
when the verb is conjugated to the sakin pronouns, e.g. %

H
(for
%

 H ), 

H (for
{

 H ), 

; (for
{

 ; ), 0  H (for 0

.
  H ),

S[
 H (for S
 [
 H ). But it retains its vowel in case of
179

The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs

conjugation to the mutaharrik pronouns, e.g. T

{
 {

 H ,

T {
 {

 ; .

In mudare majzum the mudaaf verb undergoes a change

in the vowel of the last radical in respect of the following
four forms:


H
S # , 

;
S # ,  


S # , 


S # . In these forms

1 .#
3*K# occurs in the last two radicals making it

unreadable because both the second and the third radical

have no vowel (lam ya-hujj), and none of the two can be
omitted being strong letters. Therefore, the third radical
takes a fathah to remove

1 .#
3*K#. Thus the mudare

majzum in these four forms is read as follows:

;
S# you didnt perform Hajj, 

H
S# he didnt perform

Hajj,



S # I didnt perform Hajj, 


S # we didnt
perform Hajj.
There is no

1 .#
3*K# involved in other form of the

mudaaf, hence the remaining forms are read on the

standard pattern of mudare majzum, e.g. {


;
S# you (

all) did not perform Hajj, {



H
S # they did not perform

Hajj, 
{
Q

;
S# you ( sing.) did not perform Hajj

1 .#
3*K# also occurs in the formation of

the amr (imperative). After removing the 7!
9 and
the final dammah from


; what remains is Q 

(hajj),
therefore, the third radical takes fathah to remove
3*K#
1 .#. So the amr becomes  

(hujja) without hamzat

However,

al-wasl.
180

The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs

If the verb is of i-a group like SC

 (for S  C
 ) and 0) (for
0
 .
 ) ) the kasrah of the second radical appears and the
assimilation is removed when the verb is conjugated to the
mutaharrik pronouns, e.g. S[
 H
SC
 because 1   C
 we
smelled, z
   C
 you smelled, z

  C
 I smelled.
The important point to note is that the amr of mudaaf verb
is identical with the madi mudaf. A consolidated chart
showing different kinds of the verbs EE":#
./F is given at
table 27.

Table 27

<
 K

_

<
 K
, H
T#

Perfect

A?!

Imperfect
(Nom)


!>7!

<

K
, H

<
 K


E
_ n H
S#
E
_ n H
T#

E

_ n H

E
 

E L
 L n L
 
n .
 H
S#
n .
 H
T#

n .
 H

n L


E
_

<
 K
, H
S#

Imperfect
(Acc)

P1!
7!

Imperfect
(Juss)

I
7!

Imperative

A)5

Categories of Verbs (Consolidated) E":#
./

  /


  * H
S#

 * H
T#

_ * H

 /

%

%"
H
S#

%"
H
T#

%"
H

%

SC


S[
 H
S#

S[
 H
T#

S[
 H

SC


%D


%{
 H
S#

%{
 H
T#

%{
 H

%D


M
 /

M
 * H
S#

M
 * H
T#

* H

M
 /


EA":#
Verb

.#

! 
(hamzated)

M"7!

(duplicated)

3:#
EK"!
E!]F

(weak of fa)

181

The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs

E /_

E *_ H
S#

_*  H
T#

_* 
H

 /

 

 gH
S#

  gH
T#

 gH

 

S 

S 1 H
S#

 1H
T#


1H

"#
EK"!

E9D5F

(
 Weak of ain)

R )


R  H
S#
 [
  H
T#

 [
  H

j[)

0
 


0
 1 H
S#

j
 .1H
T#

j.1 H

 .
 

G 


G 1 H
S#

j1 H
T#

j1 H

j

_ 

% H
S#

 
% H
T#

 
% H




R



R , H
S#

B
 R , H
T#

B
 R , H

c


!*M:+#

R

kR H
S#

 * H
T#

*H

j/


i#
EK"!
E=/1#F

(Weak of
lam)

:!
M:+#

Important Explanation:
The different categories of verbs used in Arabic language
are consolidated in table 26. it may be noted by the learner
that the forms of verbs that are mentioned in this table are
in actual usable forms. The changes that these verbs have
undergone may not be of importance to every learner. As
far as a common learner of Arabic is concerned, it may be
sufficient for him/her to know the usable forms of these
verbs, i.e.:

 / he said is perfect, _* 
H he says is imperfect in
nominative case, E
 /_ say, tell is imperative, _*  H
T# he will
never say is imperfect in accusative case, E
 *_ H
S# he did not
 he
say is imperfect in jussive form. Similarly, j[)
walked, 
[
  H he will walk,
R ) walk (command),
T #
 [
  H he will never walk,
R  H
S# he did not walk, and so
on and so forth.
182

The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs

In fact, the process of changes mentioned in chapters 25

and 26 are essentially of academic interest, hence the
learner should not be discouraged if he/she finds the
process rather complicated or incomprehensible. In reality,
Arabic is highly sophisticated language encompassing
almost unlimited scope and tremendous precision. By and
large, it follows a very scientific and systematic patterns
which makes it easy to learn and understand. Most of the
verbs belong to the category of sound verbs, i.e.
>"

(, and it is only about 10 percent verbs which are

termed unsound, i.e. EK"!.
Examples of mahmuz and madaf from the Holy Quran:

^H@R
VW@R
%

g
" ;
VW
 )  He (Allah) has commanded that
you worship none but Him (i.e. His Monotheism).
[12/40]
S,_   

 
$


%g

R 
G 
 1 ;  ) 
)
VW@R
S 
#
z

+ /_
) (Said
Jesus to Allah) Never did I say to them aught except
what You (Allah) did command me to say; worship
Allah, my Lord and your Lord. [5/117]
R.
 8
R
R % " # 

)
n H
$
 @
R Verily, Allah enjoins

Al-Adl (Justice) and Al-Ihsan (to be patient in performing

your duties to Allah, totally for Allahs sake and in
accordance with the Sunnah). [16/90]
/
d
 "\eE6 L
n L
 A questioner asked concerning a
torment about to fall. [70/1]
183

The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs

K

 
T)
.

l H
fl # _it is they who have no hope of

My Mercy. [29/23]
h 1
/

e  l
 >
 [
 #
G
.
 )
@ R
R  o
 #
3 

T )

. 8
R
S
l .
 H
W

Man (the disbeliever) does not get tired of asking good
(things from Allah) but if an evil touches him, then he
gives up all hope and is lost in despair. [41/49]
RS D
  #
R[ 
 #
T)
$
\" K L
 >
 _*# 
O  /
R> So when
you want to recite the Quran, seek refuge with Allah
from Satan, the out cast, the cursed one. [16/98]
k+ 

B
 \ #V
f
 
SR .
 
  / Read! In the Name of your
Lord Who has created (all that exists). [95/1]
G+  gL
T
 
E?

T

S
+  
 b

f
  
@R Truly, your Lord
knows best who has gone astray from His path.
[16/125]
T

 #

S
  
z 
7
 #
1 .
 )
 

G 
c@
R
 H  And
(remember) Ayub when he cried to his Lord, verily,
disease has seized me, and You are the Most Merciful
of all those show mercy. [21/83]
db
T
 )
G
#  >
$
_
ER + 7
 H

T ) and whom Allah sends
astray, for him there is no guide. [13/33]
f
3 

T )
3 W
 m
b
3 W
 m
b
%  

i
_ on each these as
well as those We bestow from the Bounties of your
Lord. [17/20]

184

"[#
.#
%#
Lesson 27

% AA" #

THE NUMER
NUMERAL
ERALS
ALS
The cardinal numbers, in Arabic, are governed by a set of
rules. In general terms they are treated as the declinable
nouns, as their ending vowels are changed according to
their case-endings. The cardinal numbers from one to ten
are listed below both for masculine ()and feminine ().
Masculine ()
( )

Figure

Feminine ()
( )

%e 
 and %e 


R 1


ei
 

e   

0
e  


~zL


e g L


e  

e .
 ;

e [
 

1
2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

xh % 
 
R K1 

(h  i
 

(h "   

(h .
  


(h K L


(h " g L


(h    

(h " .
 ;

xh  [
 

The Rules for One E%

e
 Lxh % 
 F and Two ER 1 LR K1  F:
The numbers E
%
 " # F agree with the madud E 
%
"  # F i.e. the
noun counted, and follow the madud as adjectives, e.g. for
185

The Numerals

masculine singular noun is %

e

Se + / one pen, and for
feminine singular noun is xh %


h( L one watch. Similarly,
R 1
R + / two pens and R K1 
RK L two watches.
It may be noted that the madud Se + / L(h 
 L in itself means
one pen/one watch, and
R  + / LR K L means two pens/
two watches even if the adad %
e
 Lxh % 
 and R 1 LR K1  is
not mentioned. However, for emphasis these numbers can
be added.
The Rules
Rules for 33-10:
These numbers do not agree with the madud, i.e. if the
madud is masculine the adad (number) is feminine, and
vice versa. Secondly, the madud of 3-10 is genitive plural
as listed below:
Masculine ()
( ) Madud

Figure

Feminine ()
( ) Madud

 DR
(_  i
  3 men
 DR
_("    4 men
 DR
_(.
  
 5 men
 DR
_(K L
 6 men
 DR
_(" g L
 7 men
 DR
_(    8 men
 DR
_(" .
 ; 9 men
 DR
_x [
  10 men

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

3d .

i
  3 women
3d .

   4 women
3d .

0  
 5 women
3d .
zL
 6 women
3d .

g L
 7 women
3d .
   8 women
3d .

.
 ; 9 women
3d .

[
  10 women

The Rule for 11 and 12:

Both parts of the adad agree with the madud and the
madud is accusative singular, e.g.
186

The Numerals

 g#y
 [
 
%
  11 students () and
( g # y
x [
 
c%
 @R 11 students ()
 g#y
[
 
1 12 students () and
( g # y
x [
 
K1  12 students ()
Note: All the numbers from 11-99 are followed by a
singular noun in the accusative.
The Rule for 1313-19:
In these cases the second part of the adad agrees with the
madud, and the first part is opposite gender. Secondly, the
madud of 13-19 is accusative singular as mentioned below:
Male Students
Students

Figure

Female Students

 g#y
[
 
( i
 

 g#y
[
 
("   
 g#y
[
 
(.
  

 g#y
[
 
(K L

 g#y
[
 
(" g L

 g#y
[
 
(   
 g#y
[
 
(" .
 ;

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

( g # y
x [
 
i
 
( g # y
x [
 
  
( g # y
x [
 
0  

( g # y
x [
 
zL

( g # y
x [
 
g L

( g # y
x [
 
  
( g # y
x [
 
.
 ;

The Rule for the Uqud E

" _*  #F
#F:
The multiples of ten from 20-90 E
  "
.
 ;
KKK[
  
  F are called
the uqud. They have the form and the Irab of the sound
masculine plural, e.g.
 K

[
  
 
<K ,  #
j+ there are 20 books on the
table. It is in nominative case E)>F.
187

The Numerals

 K

T H R [
 
O

  / I read 20 books. It is in accusative

case EP1)F.
W
 T
 H R [
 " 

 K, #
z

H  K C
 I bought the book for 20
dollars. It is in genitive case EF.
The Numbers of 2121-22:
For 21, the first part of the number with the masculine
madud is %e 
 and with the feminine c%
 @R, e.g.
 g#y
[
 
 
e%
 21 students () and
( g # y
[
 
 
c%
 @R 21 students ()
For 22 the first part of the number with masculine is
R 1 
and with feminine is
R K1  , e.g.
 g#y
[
 
 
R1 22 students () and
( g # y
[
 
 
RK1  22 students ()
For Numbers 2323-29:
For 23-29, the first part of the numbers with the masculine
madud is feminine, and with the feminine it is masculine,
as mentioned below:

188

Male Students

Figure

Female Students

 g#y
[
 
 
h( i
 

 g#y
[
 
 
h("   
 g#y
[
 
 
h(.
  

 g#y
[
 
 
h(K L

 g#y
[
 
 
h(" g L

 g#y
[
 
 
h(   
 g#y
[
 
 
h(" .
 ;

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

( g # y
[
 
 
ei
 
( g # y
[
 
 
e  
( g # y
[
 
 
e0  

( g # y
[
 
  ~
zL

( g # y
[
 
 
eg L

( g # y
[
 
   

( g # y
[
 
 
e.
 ;

The Numerals

The Uqud from 2020-90:

The uqud have the same form with the masculine as well
as the feminine madud as given below:
Male Students

Figure

Female Students

 g#y
[
 
 

 g#y

i
 
 g#y
  
" 
 g#y
 .

 

 g#y
 K L

 g#y

" g L

 g#y
 
 
 g#y

" .
 ;
<
d # y
(_ l )

<
d # y
M

# 

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1000

( g # y
[
 
 
( g # y

i
 
( g # y
  
" 
( g # y
 .

 

( g # y
 K L

( g # y

" g L

( g # y
 
 
( g # y

" .
 ;
(d g # y
_(l )

(d g # y

M# 

From 100 upward counts are listed below:

100 (h l ) (alif is not pronounced) also written (h 6 )
200 R Kl )

1,000 M
e # 

100,000 M
d # 
_(l )

300 (d l )

i
 

2,000 R :# 

10,00,000
  + )

400 (d l )

  

3,000 9
d W
 
_( i
 

500 (d l )

0  


4,000 9
d W
 
_("   

600 (d l )
zL


5,000 9
d W
 
_(.
  


700 (d l )

g L

800 (d l )

  
900 (d l )

.
 ;

For reading the number it is better to start with the units,

then go to tens, to hundreds, and then to thousands, e.g.
189

The Numerals

If the madud is masculine:

7,654 Dollars:  W
 

9W
 
_(" g L

d(6   K L
 
.

 

h("   
If the madud is feminine:
7,654 Rupees: (d  

 9W
 
_(" g L

d(6   K L
  
.

 

e  
The Ordinal Numeral:
The ordinal numbers from first to tenth are derived from
the cardinals on the pattern of the active participle, E
e  >,
except the first which is

5
 for masculine, and j# 5
_ for
feminine.
Cardinal Number
the first

the second (
 without )
the third
the fourth
the fifth
the sixth
the seventh
the eighth
the ninth

the tenth

Masculine

Feminine


5


  ]#

# ]#

#

0

) 

 .#

.#

T
) ]#

L
 K#


C
 "#

j# 5
_
(_   ]#
(_ ] # ]#
(_ " #
(_ .
 ) 
(_ L
  .#
(_ " .#
(_ 1 ) ]#
(_ " L
 K#

x_  C
 "#

After tenth the cardinal numbers are used along with the
ordinals as follow:

Cardinal Number

Masculine
Masculine

Feminine

the eleventh

 [
 
B
& 
 [
 
 ]#

x  [
 
(H & 
x  [
 
(  ]#

the twelveth
190

The Numerals

the thirteenth
the 20th
the 21st
the 22nd
the 23rd
the 24th
the 29th
the 30th

 [
 
# ]#

[
  
 " #

[
  
 " # 
B
& 
[
  
 " # ] 
#

[
  
 " #

# ]#

[
  
 " # 

#

[
  
 " #

L
 K#


 i
 ] #

x  [
 
(] # ]#

[
  
 " #

[
  
 " # (_
H & 


[
  
 " # ]  (_
#

[
  
 " # ](_
# ]#

[
  
 " #  "(_
#

[
  
 " # "(_
L
 K#


 i
 ] #

Examples from the Holy Quran:

%
e
d
eG# @R
S,_ 
# @R And your Ilah (God) is one Illah (God
i.e. Allah) [2/163]
xh %


xh  D
 
b
  R> Then it will be a single
(compelling) cry [37/19]
%
e
 
$
_ 
b

E /_ Say: He is Allah, the one and only
[112/1]


% 

R 1 ( then take) the testimony of two

S ,_ 1 )
just men of your own folk [5/106]
O
d 1 
O
d H
 .
 ;
jL )
1 ; 
% * # And indeed We gave
Moses nine clear signs [17/10]
(h + )
 
hx [
 
f+ ; This makes ten days in all [2/196]
 g 

[
 
%
 

zH 
Q @R
z 
H O my father! Verily, I
saw eleven starts [12/4]
C


 i
 
G
#_ P> and the weaning of him is thirty
months [46/15]
191

The Numerals

^
 ,_ +_ L
 >

" 
g L



d(+ .
 +L

>
S
then fasten him
with a chain whereof the length is seventy cubits
[69/32]
[

 
C
 
( "   
TR .
 :_  n 
T P
   K H (the widows) they
shall wait concerning themselves four months and ten
days [2/234]

g L

zK g  
d(g 

RE] 

$
RE gL

>
S
# _* 
 ): 1 H

TH \ #V

E] )
(d g 

_(l )
d(+ g
1 L

E
_
>
E1L
 The likeness of those who
spend their wealth in the way of Allah is as the likeness
of a grain (of corn); it grows seven ears, and each ear
has a hundred grains [2/261]
9
e  #_ _
Sb

Sb R H
T)
D

 

TH \ #V
j#@R
;
S#  Did you not
turn your vision to those who abandoned their homes,
and they were thousands (in number) [2/243]


 

5
 
b
He (Allah) is the First (nothing is
before Him) and the Last (nothing is after Him) [57/3]
R # 

 >
 b

@ R
RT 1   
The second of the two; when
they were in the cave [9/40]
S 
g
+

S
L

 L
h(.
  

 #_  *_ H 
S
g
+

S
"

h( i
 
 #_  *_  L

(some) say they were three, the dog being the fourth
among them and (others) say they were five, the dog
being the sixth [18/22]

192

"[#
T)]#
%#
Lesson 28

O A AP

1 !

THE NOUNS IN ACCUSATIVE
There are some nouns which are used in accusative case in
order to convey certain specific meanings and expressions.
These are briefly explained under the following paragraphs.

The Hal E&F
&F:
It is a grammatical term used for a noun in accusative to
express the state of another noun which is called sahib

al-hal E
R # <


 F, e.g.  ,?
E P
 : # <

# V#
E 
 the
student entered the classroom while he was laughing or
in a state of laughing. Here <## is sahib al-hal, and
 ,? is hal in accusative, which explains the state of
the student when he entered the class, i.e. he was
laughing.

 

E:
Y #
O the child spent the night crying. Here
   is the hal in accusative and E:# is sahib al-hal.
( K
 L
E P
 : #
z

1 g#
z
 + 
 the girl entered the class
silently i.e. in a state of quietness. Here (K L is
mansub which is &expressing the state of sahib alhal in the given action and z1g# is the sahib al-hal.
Some other examples: :/
 
.#D
 / read while
sitting or standing,
 g # `
+ * )

f  .
 #`
HR [
 )
S
 +V #<

 _
193

The Nouns in Accusative

 /+_ .
 ) I like the meat grilled, the fish fried and the egg
boiled.
The hal is usually an answer to the question M

(how?), and it may be a word 
: !_ &

or a sentence
(_ +  2
_ &

. And the hal agrees with the sahib al-hal in
number and gender, e.g.

 L

%#  # 
3D the boy came smiling
TR   L
 
R%#  # 
3D the two boys came smiling
T   L
 

W
 5
 
3D the boys came smiling
(  L
 

z1 g# 
O
 3 D the girl came smiling
TR  K  L
 
RK1 g# 
O
 3 D the two girls came smiling
O
d  L
 

O1g # 
O
 3 D the girls came smiling

The sahib al-hal is mostly definite and it may be the

Ee  >, ER  :# <

6 , G 


" : ! , % K g !_ or 
g
 .
Examples from the Holy Quran:


 o
 > So he (Moses) escaped from

</V  K H
:6
1 )
there, looking about in a state of fear. [28/21]

S ,_ L
 3


T  * +Q
 )

T  1 ) 
$
_
3 C
@ R
 
 #
% {
 .
  # 
T+_ 

% K #
 _>  o;
W
TH R P
Q * )
Certainly, you shall enter Al-Masjid
Al-Haram, if Allah Wills secure (in a state of security),
(some) having your heads shaved, and (some) having
your head hair cut short, having no fear. [48/27]
SR 1
D

j+
"
/_ )
/
$

  

_ \ H
T H \ #V those who
remember Allah standing, sitting and lying down on
their sides. [3/191]
194

The Nouns in Accusative

 The Tamiz EI K#F

 K#F Distinction:
It is a noun in accusative which is used to define and
distinguish an undetermined idea contained in the
previous word or in the entire sentence, e.g.
K#

z R C


P
  I drank a liter of juice. In this sentence P the

noun in accusative, is the tamiz, which specifies the

action of the subject and completes the meaning
without any ambiguity , i.e. I drank a liter of juice, not
water or milk, etc. Sometimes the tamiz may be
translated as with regard to, e.g.
 

f
 1 )

g



 +
 1Q )
E
7
 > 
f
 1 , # I am elder to you with regard to
age, but you are superior to me with regard to
knowledge.  *_+

%
#  # \
b
T .


 this boy is good with
regard to manners.
The numerals from 11 to 99 also take the following
noun as at-tamiz in singular accusative, e.g.
 [
 
( "   

 +/ 14 pens,  g#y
 .

 
 50 ()students, ( g # y
 K L

60 () students.
Examples from the Holy Quran:

W y
_
 g{
 # 
+_ g ;
T # and you can never reach the
mountain in height. [17/37]

T
 )
 1  @R
 /
#
E  
$

j#@R

T  )
W
 /
T
.

 
T ) 

T   + .

# And who is better in speech than one who
calls (mankind) to Allah, and works righteousness, and
says: I am of those who bow in Islam. [41/33]

195

The Nouns in Accusative

 The Absolute Object Ek+!"
:!F

k+!"
:!F:
It is a verbal noun E
%
P
  # F in accusative occurring in
the sentence, used along with the verb of the same
kind. The absolute object is used to express emphasis


ei
 

G  ?
 Bilal beat
or intensity of the action, e.g. ?
him violently or Bilal gave him thrashing. Here ? is

the absolute object in accusative, which follows the

verb of its own kind, i.e. ? to express the intensity of
beating.

` D

`g

  
 5
 
+V #<

 H
He likes red color intensely or
he loves red color. Here the emphasis or the intensity
is doubled. Some more examples:

 
tR > Hamid became very happy

  >
e%)
 /i
@R

 g#
Rk+  close the door completely
g


 
 have sound patience
,C

U
,_ C
  I thank you very much
:

f
 1 
 :_   I beg your pardon
The maful mutlaq is also used as a substitute for the
verb. In case of the preceding three examples one can
simply say g
 , ,C

, : which conveys the same

meanings.
Examples from the Holy Quran:
 + , ;
jL )

$
_
S +V
 And to Moses Allah spoke
directly. [4/164]
196

The Nouns in Accusative

*C

  5
 
1* * C

S

g
3  # 
1g g 

 We (Allah)
pour forth water in abundance. And we split the earth
in cleft. [80/25-26]
%H%
L

W /
#_  /_ 
$
; _*
1
) 
TH \ #V 
H n H O you who
believe! Keep your duty to Allah and fear Him, and
speak (always) the truth. [33/70]
 G#
":! or G+D5
":!:
It is the object in the form of the masdar E
%
P
  # F which
expresses the reason for doing an action, e.g.

  ?

gH n ;
<
 # V#

QR %
# the teacher beat the student to
teach him manners. Here the masdar gHn; tells us the
reason for beating. This masdar mostly denotes a
mental action like fear, love, desire, respect, etc. It is
mansub.
The masdar in maful lahu is mostly with the tanwin.
However, it may also be fathah when mentioned as
mudaf, e.g. the Quran says
(  [
 

S
_ W
 
 +_ K
* ;
W
 
i
 ) @R And kill not your children for fear of poverty.
[17/31]

Exception E31]KLWF
31]KLWF:
The particle VW@R is used as one of the tools for
exception, and the noun following VW@R is mostly
accusative, e.g. %)

VW@R
S 
+
_


Vi
#
E 
 all the
students have arrived except Hamid.
The exception E3
1] K L
 W
 F has three elements:
197

The Nouns in Accusative

1 j1] K .

# : It is the thing that is excepted. In the above
example it is %).


j1] K .

# : It is the thing from which exception is
2 G
1 )
made. In the above example it is i#.

3 3 1] K L
 W
 _
x: It is the tool of exception which is VW@R in

e  
 F. (there are
the given example, W@ is a particle E9

some other tools of exception like  

 , cL
 which

 
 ), % ) which are verbs. These
are nouns and i

words of exception take the Irab they deserve in the

sentence).
Examples:
W
i
 
VW@R

zH 
) I saw none but Bilal
O
   #
VW@R
3e
3d
QER ,_ # Every sickness has a medicine
except death
U
  [
Q #
VW@R
+V
_

  
\#
$
_

:  H Allah forgives all the
sins except Shirk

If the mastathna minhu EG

1 )

j1] K .
 )
F is not mentioned in
a sentence, then it takes the Irab it deserves in the
sentence, e.g. %
e ) 
VW@R
E 
 )
No one has arrived
except Hamid. Here Hamid, the mustathna, is a fail

EEe  >F, hence in nominative. %)
VW@R
z

H 
) I saw no
one except Hamid. Here the mustathna %) is maful
bihi, hence in accusative.
In the above examples, if you omit VW@R it becomes

clear, i.e. in the first case %

e ) 
E 
 )
, and in the

198

The Nouns in Accusative

second %)

zH 
). This situation of Irab occurs in the
negative, prohibitive or interrogative sentences.
Examples from the Holy Quran:
i
 + /
VW@R
$

  

_ \ H
W
 and they do not remember
Allah but little. [4/142]
G
 D

VW@R
f
h # b
d3 C

E
_ Everyone will perish save His
Face. [28/88]

.
 8
R
VW@R
R .
 8
R
3
ID

E b Is there any reward for
good other than good. [55/60]
 The Maful Fihi EG>
":!F
G>
":!F- The Adverb:


V #F. The zarf is a noun
It is also called the zarf E9
which denotes the time or place of an action, e.g.

(  L
f
 ;

 K  I waited for you one hour, i
 #
z

" D
  I
returned at night, $
_
3 C
@ R
%
 

 I shall fast
tomorrow. This is called R ) I #
9

 }
 (zarf al-zaman), i.e.

adverb of time.
The zarf al-makan E
R ,  #
9

 }
 F relates to the place of
action, i.e. adverb of place, e.g. xd  {
 C

z

 ;
z

.
 + D
 I sat
under a tree, R H %

# 
%1 

QR %
# the teacher is with the

principal, i
 )
z

 [
 ) I walked a mile,
>
z
 ] , )
T H 

( +
"
# where did you stay in the holidays.

The zarf is mansub (in accusative). However, a few

zuruf (9

 
V # plural of 9


V # )are mabni. Some of them
include:
199

The Nouns in Accusative

1 T
 H  (where): It is zarf al-makan, ending in fathah, and
is considered in place of nasab, e.g.
( + #
z
 +V " ;
TH 

"   (# where did you learn the Arabic language?.

R )  (yesterday): It is zarf al-zaman which is mabni

2 0
ending in kasrah, and is considered as in place of

nasab, e.g. 0
R ) 
R .
 #
j#@R

zg b I went to the market
yesterday.
3

 
 (where) &
/ (never): Both are mabni, ending
in dammah, and considered in place of nasab

 > F

E<
d P
 
QER
 ) , e.g.
/

 \ , ;
W never tell lie or dont tell


 

.

+ D
 sit where ever you like.
lie ever, S K
l C
4 1b

(here) & jK) (when): Both end in sukun, and are

considered <P
 
QER
 )
 > . Both these words end in

alif which is sakin, jK) is originally  K ) and 1b

is  1 b
,

e.g. ( " )
 {# 
T)
z" D
 
jK ) when did you return from

D
 
jK

1b

0
 + D
 sit here till I
the university,

return.
Apart from the zuruf, there are certain words which are
like the zarf and may take nasab ending even though
they are not originally words denoting time or place.
These are words like M
 P
  ,   
,
 "  , E
_ . This happens
when any of these words is mudaf and its mudaf ilaihi
is a zarf denoting place or time, e.g.
 H
E
_
(" ) {#
j#@R

<b  I go to the university every day.
 H
" 

O > L I traveled for part of a day.
200

The Nouns in Accusative

(d 
 L
 

 _*#

O  / I recited the Quran for quarter of an
hour.
E
 )
MP
 

z [
 ) I walked for half a mile.
H
" 
)
H

z] g#
/ He said: I remained (dead) a
day or part of a day. [2/259]

 i #
)
  /

O  @ 
R

/ He said: O my Lord!
Verily, I have called to my people night and day.[71/5]

<6 Q\
 #

G+
 n >
1 K)
%1 
ML

 H

1
 ; and we left Yusuf
by our belongings and a wolf devoured him. [12/17]
g# 
%#
b%
  L

: #  and they both found her lord
(husband) at the door. [12/25]
Se  + 

S + 
B
 
E
_
 >  And over all those endowed
with knowledge is the All-Knowing. [12/76]
 ,_ g H
3[

Sb

3
D And they came to their father
in the early part of the night weeping. [12/16]
 Absolute Negative E01{+#
(>1#
WF
01{+#
(>1#
WF:
The la nafiyatu lilgins negates absolutely the entire kind
or genus, e.g. B
 % 1 
S+ /
W I dont have any kind of pen.
In this example the la negates anything which can be
called a pen or any kind of writing material. In the
given example, S+/ is ism (subject) of la and B%1 is its

khabar (predicate). Both the ism and the khabar of la

201

The Nouns in Accusative

should be indefinite, and its ism is mabni with a

ending. Some more examples are given below:
$
_
VW@R
G#
W there is no god but Allah. Here la negates
absolutely any kind or sort of ilaha (god), worthy of
worship, may he be a kind of human being, an angel, a
jin or any kind of material or unnatural object, except
the Lord, Allah.

G  >
<
 H 
W



K , #
f
 # This is the Book (the Quran),
whereof there is no doubt. [2/2]. Here <H has been
negated absolutely that there cannot be any doubt what
so ever that the Book, al-Quran is an absolute truth and
that it is from Allah Almighty.

R  #
T )
%
C
  #
T  g ;
% /
TR H Q% #  ^
>

@R
W
 There is no

compulsion (whatsoever) in religion, verily the right
path has become distinct from the wrong path. [2/256]



jK

RP
 " # 
%" 
xi


W

0  [
 #
+_
;
jK

x% # 
%" 
xi


WFF
EE0

 [
 # ; 

There is no Salah after the Fajr (Salah) till
the sun rise, and there is no Salah after the Asr (Salah)
till the sun set.

202


(A
Conclusion

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this book covers the essential aspects of the
Quranic grammar, which should enable the learner to
follow the Arabic text of the Holy Quran. However, he
would require assistance of an authentic Quranic
dictionary to learn the meanings and application of
unfamiliar words and phrases. The book should also form a
sound base for those who desire to pursue higher studies in
Arabic.
This book is an extension of my lectures on the subject in
Urdu language (www.sautulquran.org/CD). It is written
essentially on the request of some persons who desired to
learn the Quranic language, but they did not find the study
material in English language. I was fully conscious of my
own limitations to undertake such a sensitive and complex
task, but I ventured to do so primarily in the background of
the saying of our beloved Prophet (SAW) EE( H 
 # 
1 


 +Y  FF. I
have tried to convey to others whatever little knowledge of
the subject that I had with a view to contributing, in a
humble way, towards the promotion of the Quranic
learning. Any views, comments or suggestions for improvement of the next addition would be welcomed and highly
appreciated.
203

Conclusion

May Allah Almighty forgive me for the shortcomings in the

book, and May He help and guide the learners in understanding and practicing the Quranic teachings (Amin).
My sincere thanks to all those who assisted me in the
accomplishment of this work. May Allah (SWT) bless them
and May He reward them for their contribution (Amin).

*#

S,#
#
$
U
KO&P#
SK;
GK "1
B\#
$
% &

SH
D
";
G@
S,&\ 
#
OH
S H@"
:
S"#

KS
93

f+)


j+
i.#
xiP#
!"#

$
% &



K +L!
3g5

204