1.

a) Magnesium and chlorine react together to form the ionic compound

magnesium chloride, MgCl2.
i)
Explain how each of the ions in this compound is formed. [2]
ii)
Explain why compounds with ionic bonding tend to have high melting
points. [2]
b)
i)
Define the term electronegativity. [2]
ii)
Explain why electronegativity increases across a period in the Periodic
Table. [2]
c) Chloride ions are polarised more by aluminium ions than they are by
magnesium ions.
i)
State what is meant by the term polarised. [2]
ii)
Why is a chloride ion polarised more by an aluminium ion than by a
magnesium ion? [2]
iii)Predict the type of bonding in aluminium chloride. [1]
2. Iodine and diamond are both crystalline solids at room temperature. Identify one
similarity in the
bonding, and one difference in the structures, of these two solids. Explain why
these two solids have
very different melting points. [6]
3. a) Methanol has the structure

Explain why the OH bond in a methanol molecule is polar. [2]

b) The boiling point of methanol is +65 C; the boiling point of oxygen is 183 C.
Methanol and oxygen
each have an Mr value of 32. Explain, in terms of the intermolecular forces
present in each case, why
the boiling point of methanol is much higher than that of oxygen. [3]
4. . a) i)
State what is meant by the term polar when applied to a covalent bond.
[1]
ii)
Consider the covalent bonds in molecules of hydrogen and of water.
State whether the
covalent bonds are polar or non-polar. Explain
your answers. [3]
b) Ammonia is very soluble in water because it is able to form hydrogen bonds
with water molecules.
i)
Complete the diagram below to show how an ammonia molecule forms
a hydrogen bond
with a water molecule. Include partial charges and all
the lone pairs of electrons. [3]

ii)
The bond angle in a molecule of water is about 104.5. State the bond
angle in an ammonia
molecule and explain why it is different from that in
water. [3]
a) Ammonia reacts with aluminium chloride to form the molecule shown below.

Name the type of bond formed between the nitrogen and aluminium atoms.
Explain how this bond is formed. [2]
5. Molecules of NH3, H2O and HF contain covalent bonds. The bonds in these
molecules are polar.
a)
State what is meant by a covalent bond and by a polar bond. [2]
b)
i)
Explain why the HF bond is polar. [2]
ii)
State which one of the molecules NH3, H2O or HF contains the least polar
bond. [1]
iii)
Explain why the bond in your chosen molecule from part (b)(ii) is less
polar than the bonds
found in the other two molecules. [1]
c)
The boiling points of NH3, H2O and HF are all high for molecules of their
size. This is due to the type of intermolecular force present in each case.
i)
Identify the type of intermolecular force responsible. [1]
ii)
Draw a diagram to show how two molecules of ammonia are attracted
to each other by this
type of intermolecular force. Include partial charges
and all lone pairs of electrons in your
diagram. [3]
b) When an H+ ion reacts with an NH3 molecule, an NH+4 ion is formed.
i)
Give the name of the type of bond formed when an H+ ion reacts with an
NH3 molecule. Describe how this bond is formed in the NH+4 ion. [3]
ii)
Draw the shape, including any lone pairs of electrons, of an NH3 molecule
and of an NH+4 ion.[2]
iii)
Name the shape produced by the arrangement of the atoms in the NH3
molecule. [1]
Give the bond angle in the NH+4 ion. [1]
6. The boiling points of some hydrogen halides are shown in the table below.
Hydrogen
halide
Boiling point

HF

HCl

HBr

HI

29
3

188 206

23
8

a)
i)
ii)

Explain, in terms of the intermolecular forces present, why

the boiling point of HF is much higher than those of the other hydrogen
halides.[3]
the boiling points increase from HCl to HI [3]

b) Chloride ions are polarised by cations.

i)
State the meaning of the term polarised as applied to a Cl ion. [1]
ii)
State a feature of a cation that would cause the Cl ion to be polarised
strongly.[1]
7. The boiling points of some hydrogen halides are shown in the table below.
Hydrogen
halide
Boiling point

HF

HCl

HBr

HI

29
3

188 206

23
8

Explain, in terms of the intermolecular forces present, why

iii)
the boiling point of HF is much higher than those of the other hydrogen
halides.[3]
iv)
the boiling points increase from HCl to HI [3]
c) Chloride ions are polarised by cations.
iii)
State the meaning of the term polarised as applied to a Cl ion. [1]
State a feature of a cation that would cause the Cl ion to be polarised strongly.[1]
8. The graph shows the boiling temperatures of the hydrogen halides, hydrogen
fluoride, HF, to
hydrogen iodide, HI.

a) Complete the table to identify the strongest intermolecular forces present in the
liquid form of each
hydrogen halide. [2]

Hydrogen
halide
HF
HCL
HBr
HI

Strongest intermolecular
force

b) Explain why HF has a higher boiling temperature than the other hydrogen
halides and why there is an
increase from HCl to HI. [3]
9. a) Beryllium chloride, BeCl2, is covalent.
i)
Use ideas of ion polarisation or electronegativity to suggest why
beryllium chloride, a
compound of a metal and a non-metal, is
covalent rather than ionic.[2]
ii)
Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in a beryllium
chloride molecule,
BeCl2. In your diagram show all the outer shell
electrons in the atoms of beryllium and
chlorine. [1]
b) In hydrogen fluoride, HF, and water, H2O, the major intermolecular force is the
hydrogen bond.
i)
Draw a diagram to show the formation of hydrogen bonds between
water molecules in ice.
Show at least three water molecules in your diagram
and any relevant polarity in the
molecules. [3]
ii)
Suggest why water has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen
fluoride. [2]
c)
When hydrogen fluoride reacts with water it forms hydrogen ions. A lone
pair of electrons on the water molecule joins with the hydrogen ion, H+, to produce
the ion H3O+.
i)
Draw a diagram to show clearly the shape of the H3O+ ion. [1]
ii)
Suggest an approximate value for the bond angle HOH in H3O+. [1]
iv)
The oxygen atom in water has two lone pairs of electrons. Suggest why
the ion H4O2+ is
not generally formed in acid solutions that
+
contain the H ion. [1]
10. The structural formulae of water, methanol and methoxymethane, CH3OCH3, are given below.

a)

i)

How many lone pairs of electrons are there around the oxygen atom in
methoxymethane?[1]
ii)
Suggest the size of the COC bond angle in methoxymethane. [1]
The physical properties of a covalent compound, such as its melting point, boiling point, vapour
pressure, or solubility, are related to the strength of attractive forces between the molecules of that
compound.
These relatively weak attractive forces are called intermolecular forces. They differ in their strength
and include the following.
A

interactions involving permanent dipoles

B
C
b)

interactions involving temporary or induced dipoles

hydrogen bonds
By using the letters A, B, or C, state the strongest intermolecular force present in each of the
following compounds.
For each compound, write the answer on the dotted line.

ethanal CH3CHO ..............

ethanol CH3CH2OH ..............
methoxymethane CH3OCH3 ..............
2-methylpropane (CH3)2CHCH3 ..............
c)

d)

[4]

Methanol and water are completely soluble in each other.

i)
Which intermolecular force exists between methanol molecules and water molecules
that makes these two liquids soluble in each other? [1]
ii)
Draw a diagram that clearly shows this intermolecular force. Your diagram should
show any lone pairs or dipoles present on either molecule that you consider to be
important. [3]
When equal volumes of ethoxyethane, C2H5OC2H5, and water are mixed, shaken, and then
allowed to stand, two layers are formed.
Suggest why ethoxyethane does not fully dissolve in water. Explain your answer. [2]