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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA


ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
(CHE485)
NAME

GROUP
EXPERIMENT
DATE PERFORMED
SEMESTER
PROGRAMME / CODE
SUBMIT TO

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

: RAIMI RUHAIZAT BIN MOHAMMAD YAZID (2013293262)


NURUL SHAZANA BINTI MOHD ZAIN (2013228618)
SAARWANI BINTI ABDULLAH (2013482322)
SHAZLIYANA BINTI SUZALI (2013830758)
:5
:OSBORNE REYNOLDS EXPERIMENT
: 30 OCTOBER 2014
:3
: EH2213A
: SIR RUSMI BIN ALIAS

Title
Abstract/Summary
Introduction
Aims
Theory
Apparatus
Methodology/Procedure
Results
Calculations
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
Reference / Appendix
Supervisors grading
TOTAL MARKS

Allocated Marks (%)

Marks

5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
20
5
5
5
10
100

Remarks:
Checked by :

Rechecked by:

---------------------------

---------------------------

Date :

Date :

ABSTRACT / SUMMARY
Osbourne Reynolds experiment is used to investigate the characteristic of the flow of
the liquid in the pipe which is also used to determine the Reynolds Number for each state of
the flow. The design of the apparatus allowed studying the characteristic of the flow of the
fluid in the pipe, the behavior of the flow and also to calculate the range for the laminar and
turbulent flow where the calculation is used to prove the Reynolds number is dimensionless
by using the Reynolds Number formula.
For the first and second objectives, it involve running the Osborne Reynolds
equipment with different of water volume flow rate. In this experiment we fix the time, which
is 5 second to collect the amount of water. At the same time we also observe the characteristic
of the flow, there are laminar, transition and turbulent flow. From the data collected we made
calculation to estimate the range for laminar and turbulent flow. To prove that the Reynolds
number is dimensionless, we calculate by using the units only and using the appropriate
formula, it is proved that the Reynolds number is dimensionless.
From the recorded measurement in experiment 1, the average of each flow of
Reynolds Number is calculated to be 322.95 for laminar flow, 2645.44 for transitional flow
and turbulent flow has the Reynolds Number of value 12480.74. Experiment 2 is conducted
as to determine the Reynolds number (Re) at transitional flow of upper critical flow and
lower critical flow. From the data recorded, the Reynolds Number calculated for upper
critical flow is above the theoretical value for transitional flow which should be in the range
value of 2100 to 4000. As for the lower critical value, the Reynolds Number obtained via
calculation falls below the range of which transitional flow should occur.

INTRODUCTION
The SOLTEQ Osborne Reynolds Demonstration (Model: FM 11) has been
designed for students experiment on the laminar, transition and turbulent flow. It consists of a
transparent header tank and flow visualization pipe. The header tank is provided with a
diffuser and stilling materials at the bottom to provide a constant head of water to be
discharged through a bell mouth entry to the flow visualization pipe. Flow through this pipe is
regulated using a control valve at the discharge end. The water flow rate through the pipe can
be measured using the volumetric tank (or volumetric cylinder). Velocity of the water can
therefore be determined to allow the calculation of the Reynolds Number. A dye injection
system is installed on top of the header tank so that flow pattern in the pipe can be visualized.

AIM
The purpose of the Reynolds Experiment is to illustrate laminar, transitional
(intermittently turbulent), and fully turbulent pipe flows, and to determine the conditions
under which these types of flow occur. The equipment consists of a hydraulic bench, an
Osborne Reynolds apparatus, dye, a stopwatch, a graduated cylinder, and a thermometer.

THEORY
The critical velocity V averaged over the cross section at which laminar pipe flow
changes to transitional flow, or transitional flow changes to turbulent flow, is believed to be a
function primarily of the pipe diameter d,at the fluid density , and the fluid dynamic
viscosity . In mathematical terms, V=V(d, , ). Using dimensional reasoning, one can show
that the relation among the parameters must be
=dimensionless parameter
The dimensionless parameter R is called the Reynolds number. It is a ratio of the
inertial(destabilizing) force to the viscons damping (stabilizing) force. As R increases, the
inertial forces grow relatively larger, and the flows gets destabilized into full-blown
turbulence.
The Reynolds Experiment determines the critical Reynolds number at which laminar
flow becomes transitional, and transitional flow becomes turbulent. The advantage using a
critical Reynolds number, instead of a critical velocity, is that the results of the experiment are
applicable to all Newtonian fluid flows in round pipes of all diameters.

APPARATUS
A hydraulic bench, an Osbotne Reynolds apparatus, dye, a stopwatch, a graduated cylinder.

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES

EXPERIMENT A

Experiment objectives:
To compute Reynolds number (R).
To observe the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow.
1. Lower the dye injector until it is seen in the glass tube.
2. Open the inlet valve, V1 and allow water to enter stilling tank.
3. Ensure a small overflow spillage through the over flow tube to
maintain a constant level.
4. Allow water to settle for a few minutes.
5. Open the flow control valve fractionally to let water flow through the
visualizing tube.
6. Slowly adjust the dye control needle valve until a slow flow with dye
injection is achieved.
7. Regulate the water inlet valve, V1 and outlet valve, V2 until a straight
identifiable dye line is achieved. The flow will be laminar.
8. Measure the flow rate using volumetric method.
9. Repeat the experiment by regulating water inlet valve, V1 and outlet
valve, V2 to produce transitional and turbulent flow.

EXPERIMENT B

Experiment objectives:
To determine the Reynolds number (R)
To determine the upper and lower critical velocities at
transitional flow.
1. Lower the dye injector until it is seen in the glass tube.
2. Open the inlet valve, V1 and allow water to enter stilling tank.
3. Ensure a small overflow spillage through the over flow tube to
maintain a constant level.
4. Allow water to settle for a few minutes.
5. Open the flow control valve fractionally to let water flow through the
visualizing tube.
6. Slowly adjust the dye control needle valve until a slow flow with dye
injection is achieved.
7. By repeating the procedures to create a laminar flow, slowly increase
the flow rate until the laminar flow produce small disturbance or
eddies. This will be lower critical velocity.
8. Determine the flow rate by using a volumetric result.
9. Repeat the experiment by first introducing a turbulent flow and slowly
decrease flow rate till the flow become transitional. This will be upper
critical velocity

RESULT
EXPERIMENT 1
Laminar flow
Volume (L)

Time(s)

0.035
0.0355
0.035

10
10
10

Flow rate,Q
(L/s)
3.5x10-3
3.55x10-3
3.5x10-3

Flow rate,Q
(m3/s)
3.5x10-6
3.55x10-6
3.5x10-6

Reynolds
number
321.19
325.78
321.19

Flow rate,Q
(L/s)
28.8x10-3
29.0x10-3
28.8x10-3

Flow rate,Q
(m3/s)
2.88x10-6
2.90x10-6
2.87x10-6

Reynolds
number
2642.00
2661.33
2633.00

Flow rate,Q
(L/s)
0.150
0.150
0.108

Flow rate,Q
(m3/s)
150x10-6
150x10-6
108x10-6

Reynolds
number
13765.52
13765.52
9911.17

Transitional flow
Volume (L)

Time(s)

0.288
0.290
0.287

10
10
10

Turbulent flow
Volume (L)

Time(s)

1.50
1.50
1.08

10
10
10

EXPERIMENT 2
Lower critical flow
Volume (L)

Time(s)

0.114
0.124
0.144

10
10
10

Flow rate,Q
(L/s)
11.4x10-3
12.4x10-3
1.44x10-3

Flow rate,Q
(m3/s)
11.4x10-6
12.4x10-6
14.4x10-6

Reynolds
number
1046.18
1137.95
1321.49

Flow rate,Q
(L/s)
65.0x10-3
60.0x10-3
56.0x10-3

Flow rate,Q
(m3/s)
65.0x10-6
60.0x10-6
56.0x10-6

Reynolds
number
5965.06
5506.21
5139.13

Upper critical flow


Volume (L)

Time(s)

0.650
0.600
0.560

10
10
10

Calculation
If Re < 2100 is laminar flow
If 2100 < Re < 4000 is transitional flow
If Re > 4000 is turbulent flow
Kinematics viscosity for 25C water = 0.89 x 10-6 m/s

Re

Mean velocity, U Glass tube diameter, D


Kinematic viscosity, V

Thus

Re

Thus, Re

UD
V

Q
A

Glass tube diameter (D) = 0.0156 m, Area (A) = 1.91x10-4 m2

Q D
A V

For laminar flow,


m3/s

Q1 =
Re =

= 321.19
m3/s

Q2 =
Re =

= 325.78
m3/s

Q3 =
Re =

= 321.19
Average Re =
= 322.72

For transitional flow,


m3/s

Q1 =
Re =

= 2642
By using the same method :
m3/s

Q2 =
Re = 2661.33

m3/s

Q3 =
Re = 2633
Average Re =

= 2645.44

For turbulent flow,


m3/s

Q1 =
Re =

= 13765.52
By using the same method:
m3/s

Q2 =
Re = 13765.52

m3/s

Q3 =
Re = 9911.17
Average Re =

= 12480.74

EXPERIMENT 2
Lower critical flow
m3/s

Q1 =
Re =

= 1046.18
m3/s

Q2 =
Re =

= 1137.95
m3/s

Q3 =
Re =

= 1321.49

Average Re =
= 1168.54

Upper critical flow


m3/s

Q1 =
Re =

= 5965.06
m3/s

Q2 =
Re =

= 5506.21
m3/s

Q3 =
Re =

= 5139.13
Average Re =
= 5536.80

DISCUSSION

Experiment 1 is conducted as to compute the Reynolds Number (Re) and also to observe the
behavior of laminar, transitional as well as turbulent flow . Reynolds number (Re) is a
dimensionless quantity that is used to help predict similar flow patterns in different fluid flow
situations. The concept was introduced by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851, but the Reynolds
number is named after Osborne Reynolds (18421912), who popularized its use in 1883.
Reynolds, Osborne (1883) , "An experimental investigation of the circumstances which
determine whether the motion of water shall be direct or sinuous, and of the law of resistance
in parallel channels".

The data obtained from the experiment conducted fully supports the theory which states the
condition of the flow based on certain range value of Reynolds Number (Re) . Theoretically,
for a laminar flow to occur, the Reynolds Number (Re) should be in the range less than 2100
while as for turbulent flow, the value of Reynolds Number (Re) should exceed 4000.

Experiment 1 is repeated 3 times for each of the flow to obtain more accurate results. From
the recorded measurement, the average of each flow of Reynolds Number is calculated to be
322.95 for laminar flow , 2645.44 for transitional flow and turbulent flow has the Reynolds
Number of value 12480.74

Experiment 2 is conducted as to determine the Reynolds number (Re) at transitional flow


of upper critical flow and lower critical flow. From the data recorded, the Reynolds
Number calculated for upper critical flow is above the theoretical value for transitional
flow which should be in the range value of 2100 to 4000. As for the lower critical value ,
the Reynolds Number obtained via calculation falls below the range of which transitional
flow should occur.

This deviation occurs as the measuring cylinder may have small fractures which enables
water that have been collected in it to flow out hence jeopardizing the true results
obtained in calculations. Another cause of deviation may be due to the intensity of the dye
itself. The dye should be high in intensity as it will make the observations be made more
clearly.

Some precautions that should be made are to place a white paper behind the glass as to
make a better observance of the flow of the dye. Do not stand near the apparatus as slight
movement will alters the dye path.

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