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CLASSIFICATION BY GENERATION:
First Generation 1951
1958
The computers made where already programmable and the Cryptic was use to program
the machine. Cryptic is one program used and the program was called Machine la
nguage, for the instruction were written in a form of a series of code particula
rly of zeros and ones.
The CPU of the first generation computers was composed of vacuum tubes. The fir
st computer to be massed produced was the UNIVAC I (1958), designed by Eckert an
d Mauchly after they built the ENIAC and EDVAC. This marked the beginning of th
e first generation. It lasted through 1958. The computers before the UNIVAC,
are called the zeroth generation.
The first generation computers did not use terminals. The UNIVAC used magnetic
tapes. IBM 650 became popular because it reads punched cards instead of tapes.
The first generation computers had no RAM, nor ROM. The main memory was compose
d of liquid memory, or the cheaper but very slow magnetic drum or core memory.
At first programmers had to write programs in machine language. Then the assemb
ly language was developed. The three (3) major high level languages then were: F
ORTRAN, ALGOL, and APT.
Second Generation
(1959 - 1963)
In 1947 the first transistor where invented, by the Bell Telephone Company (Bell
laboratories). and everyone realized it would be better than the vacuum tubes.
Transistors were electronic components that functioned the same as a vacuum tub
e. Computers built using transistors were much more dependable, easier to mainta
in and cheaper to operate. The first company to make transistors for computer w
as Philco.
Computer companies started to deliver transistorized computers in 1959, then it
marked the beginning of the second generation. Computers during the second gener
ation were built smaller and more reliable and less consumption in electricity t
han the first generation computers.
The vacuum tubes computer stopped selling and all second generation computers we
re then using core memory. FORTRAN, ALGOL, and APT from the first generation wer
e significantly improved. The new programming language were: COBOL, GPSS, LISP
, RPG, SNOBOL, and the DYNAMO.
Third Generation 1964 - 1967
The third generation began with a big bang, in 1964, when the first modern compu
ter families were shipped. They were the CDC 6000, the IBM 360, the PDP-6, the
PDP-8, and the PDP-10.
The CDC ran fastest. The IBM 360 was not only the most flexible, it was also t
he first to use the Integrated circuits ( IC s ). The PDP-6 and the PDP-8 were th
e best use for time sharing.
During the third generation, IBM developed a new language which is the PL / I, f
or the use of IBM 360. At the same time, BASIC was being developed in Darthmoun
th College, and Stanford University, also came up with the most popular language
1971, Intel began shipping the first microprocessors ( complete CPU and Chip
It was called the 4004, and had a word of only 4 bits. In 1972, Intel came
with an improved version, the 8008, whose word had 8 bits. In 1973 Intel beg
producing an even better version, called the 8080.
IBM Computers
IBM started as early as 1953, and makes maxicomputers, minicomputers, and th
e micro computers. IBM immediately took a big slice of the microcomputers mark
et and become one of the top three companies selling microcomputers.
Today, people use the IBM PC/XT (extended) and the IBM PC/AT (advance technology
) which runs about 13 times faster than the XT, and the PS/2 (personal system 2
) computers.
The Innovation Of Computer Cloners - When IBM introduced the original IBM PC/
XT, it made the unprecedented move of opening
the machine. The usual practice i
n the computer industry was towards proprietary systems - others were not suppos
ed to know the internal working of the computer. They need to get a license fr
om the original manufacturer if they wanted to build a compatible machine or an
attachment to the original machine.
But IBM made the internal working of the PC/XT public, so that many manufacturer
were able to sell assorted peripherals and cards for the PC/XT. And soon enoug
h, there were companies selling computers that were functionally equivalent to t
he original IBM PC/XT. This computers which can run programs written for IBM PC
/XT without modifications, are so called compatibles.
When IBM introduced the PC/AT, the Cloners also came up with equivalent machine
.
By offering machines that were either technologically superior or cheaper than t
he IBM computers, cloners have been able to win loyal customers. Now, IBM wants
to revert back to its good old days by inching back towards proprietary system.
CLASSIFICATION BY PURPOSE:
General-Purpose Computer
Computer machines where capable of executing different programs dealing with a v
ariety of problems.
In industry, for example, a general purpose computer can
handle payroll, accounts receivable, and account payable, and keep an inventory
of production materials as well as stock on hand according to the needs of the
This is also known as the Hybrid computers , this are advantageous in some scientif
ic application such as simulating a space mission. Analog technology is used to
simulate the motion of a vehicle, while a digital device computes its trajector
y.