Anatomy & Physiology Test 5 Review Part 1

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Organization of the Digestive System

o Organs of the digestive system
Main organs of the digestive system form the GI tract
(alimentary canal) that extends through the abdominopelvic
cavity
o Wall of the GI tract
Mucosa- innermost layer
Submucosa- contains numerous glands, blood vessles and
parasympathetic nerves
Muscularis- thick layer of the muscle tissue
Serosa- outermost layer

Mouth
o Structure of the oral cavity
Lips
Covered externally by skin and internally by mucous
membrane
Cheeks
Lateral boundaries of the oral cavity, continuous with
the lips and lined by mucous membrane
Formed in large part by the buccinators muscle covered
by adipose tissue
Hard palate and Soft palate
Hard palate consists of portion of four bones: two
maxillae and two palatines
o Anterior & Posterior
Soft palate (lined with mucous membrane) forms the
partition between the mouth and nasopharynx and is
made of muscle arranged in an arch
Suspended from the midpoint of the posterior border of
the arch is the uvula
Tongue solid mass of skeletal muscle covered by a mucous
membrane; extremely maneuverable
Has three parts: root, tip, and body
Lingual frenulum anchors the tongue to the floor of the
mouth
Intrinsic muscles important for speech and mastication;
extrinsic muscles
Salivary Glands Secrete approximately 1 liter of saliva each day
Parotid Glands- largest of the paired salivary glands;
produce watery saliva containing enzymes

Submandibular glands- compound glands that contain

enzyme- and mucus-producing elements
Sublingual glands- smallest of the salivary glands;
produce a mucous type of saliva
Teeth- organs of mastication
Deciduous teeth- 20 baby teeth, which appear early in
life
Permanent teeth- 32 teeth, which replace the deciduous
teeth

Pharynx
o Tube through which a food bolus passes when moved from the mouth
to the esophagus by the process of deglutition

Esophagus
o Tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
o Each end encircled by muscular sphincters
o Upper esophageal sphincter- closed when breathing, open when
swallowing
o Lower esophageal spincter: cardiac sphincter; open to move food
particles

Stomach
o Size & position
Size varies according to factors such as gender and amount of
distention
Stomach location: upper part of the abdominal cavity under the
liver and diaphragm
o Divisions
Cardia- collar like region at junction with esophagus
Fundus- enlarged portion to the left and above the opening of
the esophagus into the stomach
Body- central portion of the stomach (largest)
Pylorus- lower part of the stomach
o Curvatures
Lesser Curvature- upper right curve of the stomach (top)
Greater Curvature- lower left curve of the stomach (bottom)
o Stomach Wall
Gastric Mucosa
Epithelial lining has rugae marked by gastic pits
Gastric glands- found below the level of the pits; secrete
most of the gastric juice
Chief Cells- secretory cells found in the gastric glands,
secrete the enzymes of gastric juice

Parietal cells- secretory cells found in the gastric glands;

secrete hydrocloric acid; thought to produce intrinsic
factor needed for vitamin b12 absorption
Gastric Muscularis
Feeling of hunger
o Functions of the Stomach
Reservoir for food (main function)
Helps protect the body from pathogenic bacteria swallowed
with food

Small Intestines
o Connected to the Pylorus
o Division of S.I
Duodenum- uppermost division; approc 25 cm (10 inch) long,
shaped roughly like the letter C
Jejunum- approximately 2.5m (8ft) long
Ileum- approximately 2.5m (12ft) long
o Wall of S.I
Intestinal lining has plicae with villi
Villi- important modifications of the mucosal layer
Covered by a brush border made up of 1700 ultrafine
microvilli per cell
Villi and microvilli increase the surface area of the small
intestine hundreds of times
Crypts- located between villi; containing stem cells from which
other cell types are produced and then migrate upward to
cover the villi, where they eventually slough off

Large Intestines
o Divisions of the L.I
Cecum- first 5 to 8 cm of the large intestine; blind pouch
located in lower right quadrant of the abdomen
Colon Ascending Colon- vertical position on the right side of
the abdomen
Transverse Colon- passes horizontally across the
abdomen
Descending Colon- vertical position on the left side of
the abdomen
Sigmoid colon joins the descending colon to the rectum
R. Colic Hepatic, L. Colic Hepatic
Rectum
Last 7-8 inches of the intestinal tube

o Wall of the L.I

Intestinal mucous glands produce lubricating mucus that coats
feces as they are formed
Uneven distribution of fibers in the muscle coat

Peritoneum
o Large, continuous sheet of serous membrane
Many organs are covered with visceral peritoneum; parietal
peritoneum then lines the wall of the abdomino pelvic cavity

Liver
o Location & Size
Largest gland in the body, weighs approximately 1.5kg
Lies under the diaphragm; occupies most of the right
hypochondrium and part of the epigastrium
o Liver Lobes & lobules- 2 lobes separated by the falciform ligament
Left Lobe- forms about one sixth of the liver
Right lobe- forms about five sixths of the liver; divides into
right lobe proper, caudate lobe, and quadrate lobe
Hepatic Lobules- anatomical units of the liver; a small branch
of the hepatic vein extends through the center of each lobule
o Bile Ducts biliary tree
Small bile ducts form right and left hepatic ducts
Right and left hepatic ducts immediately join to form one
hepatic duct
Hepatic Duct merges with the cystic duct to form the common
bile duct, which opens into the duodenum
o Functions of the liver Detoxifcation by liver cells- ingested toxic substances
Bile secretion by liver- bile salts are formed in the liver from
cholesterol and are the most essential part of bile; liver cells
secrete approximately 1 pint of bile per day
Liver metabolism- carries out numerous important steps in
metabolizing proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
Storage of substances such as iron and some vitamins
Production of important plasma proteins

Gallbladder
o Size and Location
Pear-shaped sac 7-10 cm long and 3 cm wide at its broadest
point
o Structure
Serous, muscular, and mucous layers compose the gallbladder
wall

The mucosal lining has rugae that expand to allow storage of

bile
o Functions
Storage of bile
Concentration of bile fivefold to tenfold
Ejection of the concentrated bile into the duodenum
o Gallstones
Often made of cholesterol; can form when bile becomes
concentrated

Pancreas
o Location
Behind the stomach
o Structure
Exocrine portion makes up the majority of the pancreas; has a
compound acinar arrangement; tiny ducts unite to form the
main pancreatic duct, which empties into the duodenum
Endocrine portion- embedded between exocrine units; called
pancreatic islets; constitute only 2% of the total mass of the
pancreas; made up of alpha cells and beta cells; pass secretions
into capillaries
o Function
Acinar units secrete digestive enzymes
Beta cells secrete insulin
Alpha cells secrete glucagon