GSM Radio Network Optimization

11/23/2010
Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010
11/23/2010
Introduction
RF people work in either
RF Planning
Responsibilities
Nominal Plan Design
Sites Survey
Validation from field
Set RF design (Structure, Azimuth,
Height, Tilt, Cables type)
Frequency
q
y Plan
Sites Acceptance
They have to provide the coverage either
outdoor or indoor.
RF Optimization
Responsibilities
Maintain the Networks Accessibility KPIs
Maintain the Networks Retain ability KPIs
Maintain the Networks Service Integrity KPIs
Study and Apply new features
Try to think of innovative solutions to
maximize the Network capacity
p y
They have to maintain the performance of
the Network as good as possible.
Introduction
What will be our concern during this part of the course?
RF Optimization
How the RF Optimization people can maintain the KPIs?
By studying the different radio network features and studying the controlling
parameters of each feature and how to tune them in a smart way to achieve the
target KPIs.
What are we going to study during this part of the course?
Most of the Radio Network features and their controlling parameters.
KPIs monitoring and analysis.
Trouble shooting and Tuning.
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Course Outlines
Idle Mode Behavior
Behavior.
Handover.
HCS (Hierarchical Cell Structure).
Concentric & Multi Band Cells.
CLS ( Cell Load Sharing).
Frequency Hopping.
Intra Cell Handover.
Dynamic HR Allocation.
Allocation
Power Control.
GSM to UMTS Cell Reselection and Handover.
Trouble Shooting and KPIs monitoring.
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

MS in Idle Mode
Doesnt have a dedicated channel, but able to access the Network and able to
be reached by the Network.
Network
MS will always try to camp on the best cell based on the signal strength
criterion.
MS will continuously monitor the serving and neighbor BCCH carriers to
decide which cell to camp on.
The purpose behind studying the Idle Mode Behavior is to always ensure that
the MS is camped on the cell where it has the highest probability of successful
communication.
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

MS Tasks during Idle Mode
I.
II
II.
III.
IV.
V.
PLMN Selection.
C ll S
Cell
Selection.
l ti
Cell Reselection.
Location Updating.
Monitor the Incoming Paging.
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

I.
PLMN Selection Criterion

PLMN identity is defined as MCC+MNC which is part of the LAI, where
LAI=MCC+MNC+LAC.
MCC: Mobile Country Code - MNC: Mobile Network Code - LAC: Location
Area Code
When the MS is powered ON, it will perform a Location Update and compare
the new LAI with the old stored one.
An MS will need to make a PLMN selection only incase:
1. MS is powered ON for the 1st time i.e. No PLMN was registered on before
(No Information on MCC&MNC is stored on SIM)
2. Old PLMN is not available any more.
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

I.

When the MS has to do a PLMN selection due to one of the previous cases,
the selection mode will depend on the MS settings either Automatic or
Manual.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Automatic PLMN Selection Mode steps:

Home PLMN.
Each PLMN stored on the SIM card in priority order.
Other PLMNs have Signal Strength > -85 dBm in random order.
All other PLMNs in order of decreasing Signal Strength.
Manual PLMN Selection Mode:

1. Home PLMN.
2. All other available PLMNs and give the user the choice to select.
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

I.

National Roaming
If National Roaming is permitted then a MS can register on a PLMN in its
home country other than its home PLMN
PLMN.
National Roaming may be allowed on a certain location areas LAs of the
visitor PLMN.
MS should periodically try to access back his home PLMN, but this periodic
attempts will occur only on Automatic selection mode.
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

II.
Cell Selection Criterion

The Cell Selection algorithm tries to find the most suitable cell in the selected
PLMN and make the MS camp on.
Cell Selection is done by the MS itself.
During Idle Mode the Network doesnt know the cell which the MS is camping
on, it only knows the Location Area where the mobile registered himself in.
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

II.
Scan RF Frequencies one by one and

calculates the Average received
signal strength over 3 5 seconds
Tune to the RF Frequency with the
highest
g
average
g received signal
g
strength
Check if the chosen frequency is a

BCCH carrier frequency or not
Tune to the next higher frequency that

wasntt tried before
wasn
No
Yes
MS will synchronize to the BCCH
frequency and read system
information (LAI,BA List,etc)
Check if PLMN is desired or not
Yes
Check if Cell is barred or not
No
Check if C1 > 0 or not
Yes
N
No
Yes
No
Camp on the Cell

IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

II.

Scanning RF Frequencies may occur in 2 ways:
1. Normal Scanning: Scan all Frequencies in the band ex:124 freq. in GSM900
Band.
Band
2. Stored List Scanning: Scan the Frequencies in the Idle BA list (BCCH
Allocation) stored on the MS SIM before being switched off.
(BA list can have maximum 32 frequencies)
If MS found cell belongs to the desired PLMN but not suitable, the MS will
start to scan the Idle BA list of this cell.
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

II.

Cell is said to be suitable if:
1. Cell belongs to the desired PLMN
If at least 30 strongest frequencies from GSM900 band were tried and no
suitable
cell was found, then the MS will try another PLMN based on PLMN criterion.
2. Cell is not Barred ( CB = NO)
Some cells can be barred for access at selection and reselection or given
lower priority based on settings of parameters: CB and CBQ
3. C1 > 0
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

II.

C1 is called Cell Selection Quantity
It is calculated at the MS based on the below equation:
C1 = (Received SS ACCMIN) max (CCHPWR
(CCHPWR-P,0)
P 0)
ACCMIN
Minimum allowed DL received SS at the MS in order to access the
system
CCHPWR
Maximum allowed transmitting power by the MS in the UL.
P
Maximum out put power of the MS according to its class.
N.B:
1
1.
ACCMIN and CCHPWR are cell parameters sent to the MS at the BCCH
channel.
2. If CCHPWR > P then C1 will decrease and so the Received SS should be
large enough to keep C1 > 0 (May be this cell is not designed of this MS class)
3. ACCMIN, CCHPWR, P are all measured in dBm, where C1&C2 are
measured in dBs
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

III. Cell Reselection Criterion
After a cell has been selected, the MS will start the cell reselection
measurements to know if it is better to stay on the current cell or to camp on
another cell.
Cell reselection measurements:
1. Monitors the SS (Signal Strength) of the BCCH carrier of the serving cell.
2. Monitors the SS of the BCCH carrier of all defined neighbors in the Idle BA
list.
3. Continuously read system information sent on the serving BCCH carrier at
least every 30 seconds.
4. Continuously read system information sent on the BCCH carrier for the six
strongest neighbors at least every 5 minutes.
5. Try to decode BSIC of the six strongest neighbors every 30 seconds to assure
that it is still monitoring the same cells.
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Cell reselection measurements summary:
BSIC
BCCH Data (System Information)

BCCHData(SystemInformation)
ServingCell
Every30Seconds
Six StrongestNeighbors
Every30Seconds
Every5Minutes
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

When will Cell Reselection occur ?!!!
1. Serving Cell became barred ( CB = YES )
2. C1 serving cell falls below zero for more than 5 seconds.
3. MS tried to access the network through this cell unsuccessfully for the allowed
no. of times defined by the parameter MAXRET
4. C2 neighbor cell ( one of the six strongest neighbors) became greater than C2 serving
cell for more than 5 seconds.
5. MS detects Downlink Signaling Failure.
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

What will happen when the MS needs to make cell reselection?
The MS will camp on the cell that has the highest C2 value.
C2 is called Cell Reselection Quantity
where PT 31
C2 = C1 + CRO TO * H( PT T )
C2 = C1 CRO
where PT = 31
0, X<0
Where H(x)
1, X0
CRO
Cell Reselection Offset
Offset, unit = 2 dB,
dB value range = 0 to 63
TO
Temporary Offset, unit = 10 dB, value range = 0 to 7
PT
Penalty Time during which TO is valid
T
Initiated from zero when the MS places the neighbor in the list of the
Six Strongest
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

CRO : defines a signal strength offset to encourage or discourage MSs to
reselect that cell.
TO : defines a negative temporary offset for certain time according to settings
of PT (Practically this is useful to prevent fast moving MS from camping on
microcells)
PT: If PT is set to 31, this means that a (ve) SS offset CRO will be applied
PT
to this cell and it appears less favorite for cell reselection.
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Down Link Signaling Failure Algorithm
The Algorithm of type Leaky Bucket and used a counter D, where D =
90/MFRMS
MFRMS is a cell parameter defines the no. of multi-frames between the
transmission of each paging group i.e. if MFRMS=4 then a MS attached to a
certain paging group will wait in sleeping mode for 4 multi-frames
(4*253msec) until it is up again to listen to paging.
When the MS is up to listen to its paging group, if the message is not decoded
successfully
f ll th
then D iis d
decremented
t db
by 4 and
d if th
the message iis d
decoded
d d
correctly then D is incremented by 1.
If D reaches zero, then a Down Link Signaling Failure is detected and cell
reselection took place.
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Down Link Signaling Failure Algorithm
Ex: Assume that MFRMS = 4
Downlink signaling failure counter is initialized: D = round(90/MFRMS)=22
round(90/MFRMS)=22.
If the MS unsuccessfully decodes a paging message, then: D = D - 4 = 18.
If the MS successfully decodes a paging message, then: D = D + 1 = 19.
If D reaches zero, then a Down Link Signaling Failure is detected and
cell reselection took place.
N.B
N
N.B:
B:
B:
D cant exceed the bucket size given by round(90/MFRMS)
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

CRH ( Cell Reselection Hysteresis )
Cell Reselection between two cells lie in two different Location Areas, will be
accompanied by Location Update
Update.
At the border between cells the Signal level may be comparable, cell
reselection may occur many times accompanied by many location updating
leading to huge signaling load.
To avoid this, a parameter CRH is introduced such that a cell in another
location area LA2 should have C2LA2 should greater than C2LA1 of serving cell
li iin LA1 by
lie
b att least
l
t CRH in
i order
d tto b
be selected.
l t d
If C2LA1 = 5 dB, CRH = 4 dB, then C2LA2 9 dB in order to be selected.
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

IV. Location Updating
To make it possible for the mobile subscriber to receive a call and initiate a
call whenever needed, the network must know where the MS is located
whenever it moves thats whyy Location Updating
p
g is needed.
In the Idle Mode, the Network knows the location of the MS on a Location
area resolution not on a cell resolution.
There are three different types of location updating defined:
1. Normal Location Updating.
2. Periodic registration.
3. IMSI attach & IMSI detach (when the MS informs the network when it enters
an inactive state)
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

1.
Normal Location Updating

Initiated by the MS when it enters a cell belongs to a new Location Area
(LA).
(LA)
The MS will compare the LAIold stored on the SIM with the LAInew
broadcasted from the new cell and it will found them different so itll perform
Location Update type normal.
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

2.
Periodic Registration
Regularly the MS should update the Network with its current location Area.
The Network will inform the MS how often it should report the location Area
he is registering himself in.
Based on the value of the Parameter T3212 the MS will know how frequent
it should make periodic registration.
T3212 take values from 1 (6min) to 255 (25.5 Hours), default = 40 (4 Hours)
MSC has a supervision time = BTDM+GTDM if it doesnt hear from the MS
during this period, the MSC will consider the MS implicitly detached.
BTDM+GTDM should > T3212, to not consider the MS detach before
periodic location update is performed.
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

3.
IMSI Attach/Detach
IMSI attach/detach operation is an action taken by the MS to inform the
Network either it will go to inactive state (Power off) or it returned back to
idle mode.
ATT is a cell parameter that will inform the MS whether IMSI attach/detach
is operational or not.
If ATT=Yes, then before the MS will be switched off, it will send an IMSI
detach request to the Network, so no paging messages will be sent to this
MS while
hil it iis iin thi
this state.
t t
When the MS is switched on again it will send an IMSI attach request to the
Network so now paging messages can be sent normally to this MS.
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

V. Monitor the Incoming Paging
Let us revise the DL logical channels and their mapping:
I) BCH(Broadcast Channels)
Channels):: including
FCCH(Frequency Correction Channel)
SCH(Synchronization Channel)
Always Mapped on TS0/C0
BCCH(Broadcast Control Channel)
II) CCCH(Common Control Channels):
Channels): including
PCH(Paging Channel)
Always Mapped on TS0/C0
AGCH(Access Grant Channel)
III) DCCH(Dedicated Control Channels):
Channels): including
SDCCH(Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel)
May be Mapped on either
SACCH(Slow Associated Control Channel)
TS1/C0 or TS0/C0
CBCH(Cell Broadcast Channel)
Work in Stealing mode by
FACH(Fast Associated Control Channel)
replacing the TCH time slot
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
Frame 4
Frame 5
Frame 6
Frame 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
F S
1
F S
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
C
16
17
18
19
F S
20
21
22
23
24
25
C
26
27
28
29
F S
30
31
32
33
34
35
C
36
37
38
39
F S
40
41
42
43
44
45
C
46
47
48
49
I
50
51
Default Mapping on TS0/C0 (BCH+CCCH) Non Combined Mode

51 TDMA Frames = 1 Control Multi-frame
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
Frame 4
Frame 5
Frame 6
Frame 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
D0
D0
D0
D0
1
D1
4
D2
8
10
11
D0
D4
D3
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
D1
D5
19
20
21
22
23
D6
24
25
26
27
A0
D7
28
29
30
31
32
D1
D1
33
34
35
A1
36
37
38
39
A2
40
41
42
43
A3
44
45
46
47
I I I
48
49
50
51
Default Mapping on TS1/C0

(SDCCH+SACCH+CBCH(optional))
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Combination of Control channels (Different Mapping Criteria)
Mapping on TS0/C0 is controlled by Parameter called BCCHTYPE
BCCHTYPE
NCOMB (Non Combined, BCH&CCCH)
COMB (Combined, BCH&CCCH&SDCCH/4

BCH&CCCH&SDCCH/4)
COMBC (Combined with cell broadcast channel CBCH is in use,

BCH&CCCH&SDCCH/4
BCH&CCCH&SDCCH/
4&CBCH) TS1/C0 will be free for TCH
TS1/C0 will carry SDCCH+SACCH

TS1/C0 will be free for TCH
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

SDCCH may have on of the following 4 configurations based on parameter
SDCCH
SDCCH
(i) SDCCH/8 (8 SDCCH Sub-channels i.e. make call setup for 8 users)
(ii) SDCCH/8 including CBCH (7 SDCCH Sub-channels + 1 CBCH)

For these two cases, the BCCHTYPE=NCOMB and the mapping of the SDCCH
channel is done on TS1/C0
(iii) SDCCH/4 (4 SDCCH Sub-channels)

(iv) SDCCH/4 including CBCH(3 SDCCH Sub-channels + 1 CBCH)
For these two cases, the BCCHTYPE=COMB or COMBC and the mapping of the
SDCCH channel is done on TS0/C0
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Non Default Mapping on TS0/C0 (BCH+CCCH)

2*51 TDMA Frames = 2 Control Multi-frame
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

The Table below summarizes all the previous details:
Default Mapping (Non Combined)
Non Default Mapping (Combined)
BCH+CCCH on TS0/C0 and

SDCCH+SACCH+CBCH on TS1/C0
BCH+CCCH+SDCCH+SACCH+CBCH on
TS0/C0
CBCH doesn't exist
CBCH exist
CBCH doesn't exist
CBCH exist
1 block for BCCH
1 block for BCCH
1 block for BCCH
1 block for BCCH
9 blocks for CCCH
9 blocks for CCCH
3 blocks for CCCH
3 blocks for CCCH
8 blocks for SDDCH
7 blocks for SDDCH
4 blocks for SDDCH
3 blocks for SDDCH
1 block for CBCH
1 block for CBCH
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Paging Groups
The MS will monitor the incoming paging in only specific times, and the rest
of the time it will remain in sleeping mode
mode.
In this way we save the MS battery and we decrease the UL interference on
the system.
The MS will monitor the incoming paging when the Paging Group assigned
for this MS is transmitted only.
The CCCH block can be used by either PCH or AGCH.
When the CCCH block is used for paging it will be called Paging Block
The Paging Block consists of 4 consecutive Time slots lie in 4 consecutive
frames.
The Paging Block can be used to page 4/3/2 users according to IMSI or
TMSI is used when paging the MS ( Length IMSI = 2 TS, Length TMSI=1TS)
The group of users belong to the same paging block will be called Paging
Group
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
Frame 5
Frame 4
Frame 6
Frame 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
F S
1
F S
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
C
16
17
18
19
F S
20
21
22
23
24
25
C
26
27
28
29
F S
30
31
32
33
34
35
C
36
37
38
39
F S
40
41
42
43
44
45
C
46
47
48
49
I
50
51
Default Mapping on TS0/C0 (BCH+CCCH) Non Combined Mode

51 TDMA Frames = 1 Control Multi-frame
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Paging Groups
As appeared the MS will listen to paging in only specific times.
The MS will utilize the time between the 4 TS that lie in 4 consecutive
frames to make the required measurements on the neighbor cells.
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Paging Groups
As we said before the no. of the CCCH blocks will depend on either noncombined mode or combined mode is in use
use.
Default Mapping(Non Combined)
BCH+CCCH on TS0/C0 and
SDCCH+SACCH+CBCH on TS1/C0
Non Default Mapping(Combined)

BCH+CCCH+SDCCH+SACCH+CBCH on
TS0/C0
CBCH doesn't exist
CBCH exist
CBCH doesn't exist
CBCH exist
9 blocks for CCCH
9 blocks for CCCH
3 blocks for CCCH
3 blocks for CCCH
The structure of the CCCH will depend on a parameter called AGBLK.

AGBLK
If AGBLK=1
1 CCCH block will be reserved for AGCH and we will have
either 8 or 2 blocks assigned for Paging.
If AGBLK=0
No Blocks are reserved for AGCH and we will have either 9
or 3 blocks assigned for Paging.
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Paging Groups
How many Paging Groups we have? This will depend on a parameter
MFRMS
MFRMS is a parameter defined per cell and it defines how frequent the
paging group assigned for certain MS will be transmitted.
MFRMS takes values from 1 to 9,
If MFRMS=1 then the paging group assigned for certain MS will be
transmitted every 1 control Multiframes=253 msec
If MFRMS=9 then the paging group assigned for certain MS will be
transmitted every 9 control Multiframes = 9*253msec=2.3 seconds.
If MFRMS is large:
Positive Side: The MS battery life time will increase coz the MS
remains in sleeping mode for long time.
Negative Side: Call setup time will increase coz may be paging come to
the MS while it is still in the sleeping mode.
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Paging Strategies
Paging Strategies are controlled by parameters in the MSC.
Setting of parameters will decide whether the paging will be local paging
(within the LA) or global paging (within the MSC service area).
Setting of parameters will decide also whether paging will be done via IMSI
or TMSI.
g the p
parameters we can decide also how the second p
paging
g g will be
Using
incase the first paging failed, ex: If 1st paging was local with TMSI then we
can set the 2nd paging to be global with IMSI.
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Related Feature to the Idle Mode Behavior
Adaptive Configuration of Logical Channels (ACLC)
As we know the SDCCH channel is used for signaling i.e. call setup, while the
TCH channel
h
l iis used
d tto carry reall user ttraffic
ffi ((speech/data).
h/d t )
As a rule of thumb GOS for TCH=2% i.e. within 100 calls if 2 of them are
blocked then this will be acceptable, for the SDCCH/8 the GOS=0.5% and for
the SDCCH/4 the GOS=1%
As we know in the default settings for frequency C0, TS0 is used to carry
BCH+CCCH and TS1 used to carryy SDCCH+SACCH,, and TS2 TS7 used to
carry speech/data
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Now if the signaling load is high i.e. many users need to make call setup then
hi h blocking
high
bl ki will
ill occur exceeding
di the
th allowed
ll
d value
l 0.5%
0 5%
To solve the blocking we have 2 ways:
i) Static Configuration of a TCH TS to be used as SDCCH forever
(Now TS1&TS2 used for SDDCH+SACCH and TS3 TS7 used to carry speech/data)
But in this case we lost 1 TCH channel i.e. 5 users can talk simultaneously instead
of 6
ii) Adaptive Configuration of a TCH TS to be used as SDCCH/8 when there is
blocking only
(Now TS1&TS2 used for SDDCH+SACCH and TS3 TS7 used to carry speech/data)
But when there is no blocking (TS2 will be configured back automatically as a
TCH and used to carry speech/data)
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Main Controlling Parameters:
ACSTATE: Activates/Deactivates the feature on cell basis, values: ON/OFF
SLEVEL: No. of Idle SDCCH sub-channels below which the feature will work.
The conditions that should be fulfilled for the ACLC feature to work:
1. ACSTATE=ON
2. No. of Idle SDCCH sub-channels < SLEVEL (This is an indication for
congestion)
3 No.
3.
N off Idle
Idl TCH
TCHs > 4 or no. off Idle
Idl TCHs
TCH > T
Total
t l no. off TRXs
TRX (Frequencies)
(F
i )
4. No. of already defined SDCCH channels/8 < Max. allowed configuration of
SDCCHs in the cell.
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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Parameters Summary
SCH Parameters
Parameter Name
BSIC
Value Range
Recommended Value
Unit
NCC: 0 to 7 BCC: 0 to 7
RACH Control Parameters

Parameter Name
MAXRET
Value Range
Recommended Value
Unit
1,2,4,7
Parameter Name
BCCHTYPE
Value Range
Recommended Value
Unit
COMB COMBC NCOMB
NCOMB
0 to 16 (0: No SDCCH/8
configured-combined
fi
d
bi d mode)
d )
Control Channel Parameters
SDCCH
IMSI Attach/Detach Parameters

Parameter Name
ATT
Value Range
Recommended Value
Unit
Yes, No
Yes
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Parameters Summary
Paging Parameters and Periodic Update
Parameter Name
Value Range
Recommended Value
Unit
MFRMS
t 9
2 to
C t l Channel
Ch
l Multi
M lti fframe
Control
AGBLK
0 or 1
0 to 255 (0: infinite-No periodic
registeration)
T3212
40
6 minutes
Cell Selection and Reselection Parameters

Parameter Name
Value Range
Recommended Value
Unit
ACCMIN
47 dBm to 110 dBm

GSM900: 13 to 43 in steps of 2
GSM1800: 4 to 30 in steps of 2
0 to 63
0 to 7 (7:infinite)
0 to 31
0 to 14 in steps of 2
110 dBm
GSM900: 33 dBm
GSM1800: 30 dBm
0
0
0
dBm
CCHPWR
CRO
TO
PT
CRH
dBm
2 dB
10 dB
dB
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Handover (Locating)
Handover (Locating) Algorithm
The Handover (Locating) Algorithm
i th
is
the b
basic
i ffeature
t
tto provide
id mobility
bilit iin th
the R
Radio
di N
Network.
t
k
Aims At?
i. Keep the continuity of a current call with acceptable quality.
ii. Cell size control in-order to decrease total interference in the system.
Implemented where?
I the
In
th BSC.
BSC
Location process initiated when?
After Hand Over (HO), Assignment or Immediate Assignment.
Handover (Locating)
Inputs to the Algorithm?
Si
Signal
l St
Strength,
th Q
Quality
lit measurements
t &TA ffor serving
i cellll and
d Si
Signall
Strength measurements for neighbor cells.
Output from the Algorithm?
List of candidates which the algorithm judges to be possible candidates for
HO (List of HO candidates are ranked and sorted in descending order)
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Handover (Locating)
What types of Handover (locating) algorithm we have?
i SS & Path
i.
P th Loss
L
based
b
d Algorithm:
Al
ith
F ll
Follows
th
the GSM specifications.
ifi ti
HO
decision is taken based on both Signal Strength (SS) and Path Loss.
ii. SS based Algorithm: HO decision is taken based on Signal Strength
only and this leads to better performance.
It is less complex, uses less parameters and easy to be maintained in
the Radio Network.
Handover (Locating)
The main Flow of the Handover (locating) Algorithm goes as follow:
Initiation
Filtering
Basic Ranking
Urgency Conditions Handling
Auxiliary Radio Network

Features Evaluation
Organizing the List
Sending the List &

Allocation Reply
27
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Handover (Locating)
I. Initiation.
II Filtering.
II.
Filt i
III. Basic Ranking.
IV. Urgency Conditions Handling.
V. Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation.
VI. Organizing the List.
VII. Sending the List & Allocation Reply.
Handover (Locating)
I.
Initiation of the Handover (Locating) Process/Algorithm

The Locating Process is initiated when one of the following occurs:
1
1.
Handover: Normal,
Normal Intra Cell HO (IHO),
(IHO) Sub
Sub-cell
cell change (OL UL or
UL OL)
2.
Assignment: Allocation of TCH channel after completing call setup on

SDCCH.
3.
Immediate assignment: You are assigned SDCCH to make call setup, or a

TCH to make call setup on when no free SDCCH channels exist.
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Handover (Locating)
I.
Initiation of the Handover (Locating) Process/Algorithm

Handover on SDCCH can be enabled/disabled based on parameter SCHO
At initiation of Locating after successful HO
HO, Assignment or Immediate
assignment a timer TINIT starts which will disable HO for some time until it
expires.
The reason is to leave the connection on the current channel for some time
until the locating algorithm produces reliable results we can rely on.
TINIT will disable HO only, but Assignment on own or other cell will occur
normally and will not wait TINIT till expired.
TINIT is a BSC parameter not a cell parameter and it measured in SACCH
periods.
Handover (Locating)
II.
Filtering
Simply it is the process of collecting the required data on Signal Strength
(SS), Quality and Time Advance (TA) for serving and neighbor cells and
g these consecutive measurements over a specified
p
p
period to rank
average
these cells.
1.
2.
This is accomplished in two steps:

Measurements Preparation
SS, Quality and TA Filtering
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Handover (Locating)
II.
Filtering
1.
Data that is measured:
Cell on which
measurements are reported
Serving Cell
6 Strongest neighbor cells
Measured Quantity
Who makes the

measurements?
SS DL
Quality DL (rxqual_DL)
Quality UL (rxqual_UL)
TA
SS DL
MS
MS
BTS
BTS
MS
The MS can measure the SS of up to 32 neighbor frequencies but only the

six strongest neighbors (which it succeeded to decode its BSIC over the last
10 seconds) are reported and considered candidates for HO.
Handover (Locating)
II.
Filtering
1.
i.
ii.
SS measurements are delivered as integer values 0
63 corresponds to
real SS from -110
110 dBm
- 47 dBm
Quality is measured based on the BER and it may be represented in two
forms:
Integers 0 (Best)
7 (Worst)
Deci Transformed Quality Units (dtqu) from 0 (Best)
70 (Worst)
Time Advance (TA): is reported as values between 0
63 bit period.
N.B:
If TA=1 then the MS is at nearly 0.5 km from the cell
30
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Handover (Locating)
II.
Filtering
2.
SS, Quality and TA Filtering:

The consecutive measurements for SS, Quality and TA are averaged in
some way based on the equation of the filter used
used.
Weve 5 Types of Filters that may be used, each one has its own equation or
its way to produce output results from the collected consecutive
measurements:
A. General FIR Filters
B. Recursive Straight Average Filter
C. Recursive Exponential Filter
D. Recursive 1st Order Butterworth Filter
E. Median Filter
Handover (Locating)
II.
Filtering
2.
SS, Quality and TA Filtering:

In addition to the way each filter use to produce output results from the
consecutive measurements
measurements, each filter has what we call filter length which is
the period over which measurements are considered.
We have controlling parameters on cell basis to select the type of filter used
and the length of the filter.
Also the type of the filter used in signaling (call setup) and dedicated phases
may be configured separately as well see.
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Handover (Locating)
II.
Filtering
2. SS, Quality and TA Filtering:
2-i) Signal Strength Filters controlling parameters
SSEVALSI
Selects the Type of the filter that will be used during Signaling
phase.
Selects the Type of the filter that will be used during
SSEVALSD
Connection phase.
SSLENSI
Selects the Length of the filter that will be used during Signaling
phase.
SSLENSD
Selects the Length of the filter that will be used during
Connection phase.
N.B:
SSLENSI & SSLENSD are measured in the form of SACCH periods,
i.e. if SSLENSD=10, then the length of the filter during the connection
phase = 10*0.48 sec = 4.8 seconds
Handover (Locating)
II.
Filtering
2-ii) Quality Filters controlling parameters
QEVALSI
Selects the Type of the filter that will be used during Signaling
phase.
QEVALSD
Selects the Type of the filter that will be used during
Connection phase.
QLENSI
Selects the Length of the filter that will be used during Signaling
phase.
QLENSD
Selects the Length of the filter that will be used during
Connection phase.
N.B:
QLENSI & QLENSD are measured in the form of SACCH periods,
i.e. if QLENSD=10, then the length of the filter during the connection
phase = 10*0.48 sec = 4.8 seconds
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Handover (Locating)
II.
Filtering
2-iii) Time Advance (TA) controlling parameters
One single type of filters is used which is the Recursive Straight Average
Filter and the length of the filter is specified by parameter TAAVELEN which
is also measured in SACCH periods.
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
It is called Basic coz in this stage ranking is done before handling the
urgency conditions and evaluation of the auxiliary radio network features.
As mentioned earlier, two algorithms are available for basic ranking
(SS&Path loss based Algorithm and SS based Algorithm) and theyre
selected according to the parameter EVALTYPE
EVALTYPE=1, SS & Path loss based Algorithm is used for basic ranking
taking into consideration both Signal Strength measurements and the path
loss.
EVALTYPE=3, SS based Algorithm is used for basic ranking taking into
consideration Signal Strength measurements only.
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Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm will be done on
four steps:
A Correction of Base Station output power
A.
power.
Common
B. Evaluation of the minimum signal strength condition for neighbors. for both
C. Subtraction of signal strength penalties.
Algorithms
D. Rank the Candidates after applying Offsets and Hysteresis.
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
A.
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm

Correction of Base Station output power
The location algorithm aims at making the Pure Traffic Frequencies to control
the cell borders and not the BCCH frequencies, coz most of the time the
seized TCH Time slot will be located on a TCH frequency.
BSPWR is a parameter to set the output power of the BCCH carrier
And
BSTXPWR is a parameter to set the output power of the TCH frequencies.
Correction for the output power will done for both:
(A-i) Correction for Neighbor Cells.
(A-ii) Correction for Serving Cell.
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Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
A. Correction of Base Station output power
(A i) Correction for Neighbor Cells
(A-i)
The MS is informed by the BCCH frequencies of the neighbors cells on
which he has to perform his measurements via Active BA list.
SS_corrected_DLneighbor = SS_measured_DLneighbor - ( BSPWR - BSTXPWR )
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
A. Correction of Base Station output power
(A ii) Correction for Serving Cell
(A-ii)
1) TCH Time Slot (TS) is on the BCCH frequency
SS_corrected_DLservingcell = SS_measured_DLservingcell - ( BSPWR - BSTXPWR )

2)
TCH TS is hopping between a BCCH frequency and a TCH frequency:
SS_corrected_DLservingcell = SS_measured_DLservingcell - ( BSPWR - BSTXPWR )/N ,

Where N is the no. of the hopping frequencies
3)
TCH TS is on the OL (Over Laid sub cell)
SS_corrected_DLUnderLaid = SS_measured_DLOverLaid+ ( BSTXPWR Under Laid

BSTXPWROverLaid )
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Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
B. Evaluation of the minimum Signal Strength condition for Neighbors
Not all the neighbors are allowed to be ranked!!
The neighbor should pass the minimum signal strength condition in order to
be ranked.
SS_corrected_DLneighbor will be compared with respect to parameter called MSRXMIN

MSRXMIN,,
If SS_corrected_DLneighbor MSRXMIN
this neighbor will be included in ranking
If SS_corrected_DLneighbor < MSRXMIN
this neighbor will be excluded from ranking
If UL measurements are included then SS_corrected_ULneighbor will be compared with
respect to parameter called BSRXMIN,
If SS_corrected_ULneighbor BSRXMIN
this neighbor will be included in ranking
If SS_corrected_ULneighbor < BSRXMIN
this neighbor will be excluded from ranking
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
B. Evaluation of the minimum Signal Strength condition for Neighbors
Example:
Assume that a MS is connected to cell A that has five neighbors B,C,D,E&F, the
MSRXMIN for all the cells is -104 dBm and the SS_corrected_DLneighbor for each cell after
correcting the BTS o/p power is given in the below Table:
Neighbors
SS_corrected_DLneighbor
-85 dBm
-110
110 dBm
dB
-87 dBm
-70 dBm
-100 dBm
C ll C will
Cell
ill be
b excluded
l d d from
f
ranking and wont be considered
in the next stage and the MS will
never HO to it
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Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
C. Subtraction of signal strength penalties
Penalties or Punishments will be applied on cells that are for some reasons
temporarily undesirable.
A Penalty value will decrease the rank of some cells for certain penalty time.
SS_punished_DL = SS_corrected_DL Locating Penalties HCS Penalties
In the coming slides we
wellll talk about the two types of penalties:
(C-i) Locating Penalties
(C(C--ii) HCS Penalties
(C
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
(C i) Locating Penalties
(C-i)
1) Due to HO failure:
If HO to a neighbor cell failed then weve to apply a penalty value for some
time on this neighbor so when basic ranking is done again we dont go back
to this cell.
Penalty value will be configured using parameter PSSHF (default 63 dB)
Penalty time will be configured using parameter PTIMHF (default 5 sec)
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Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
(C i) Locating Penalties
(C-i)
2) Due to Bad Quality (BQ) Urgency HO:
If a cell was abandon due to BQ, then it should have been the best cell from
SS point of view so without penalties using the basic ranking well be back to
this cell.
Penalty value will be configured using parameter PSSBQ (default 7 dB)
Penalty time will be configured using parameter PTIMBQ (default 5 seconds)
3)
Due to Excessive TA Urgency HO:

Handled in the same manner like the BQ case.
Penalty value will be configured using parameter PSSTA (default 63 dB)
Penalty time will be configured using parameter PTIMTA
(default 30 seconds)
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
(C ii) HCS Penalties
(C-ii)
It is related to the HCS (Hierarchical Cell Structure) feature when a MS is
detected as a fast moving mobile.
A penalty will be applied on lower layer cells so in ranking we will prioritize
cells in the same layer of the serving cell and cells in higher layers and in this
way unnecessary HOs are prevented ( ex: layer2 cells will be prioritized than
layer1 cells)
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Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
D.

Rank the Candidates after applying Offsets and Hysteresis
Ranking for neighbor cells will be done after applying Offsets and Hysteresis
Hysteresis.
Offset: Displace the cell border as compared to

the border strictly given by SS.
Controlling parameter: OFFSET (default: zero dB)
Hysteresis: To reduce the risk of ping pong HO
a region for Hysteresis is applied
around the cell border.
Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
D.

If the Hysteresis value is too high there will be a risk that the MS will be
connected to the cell of low SS for long time and if the Hysteresis is too low
then there will be a risk that ping pong HOs occur.
So the applied value of Hysteresis will be variable based on the received SS
of the serving cell.
SS_corrected_DLservingcell will be compared to value HYSTSEP (default -90
dBm),
dBm
),
If SS_corrected_DLservingcell > HYSTSEP, then the serving cell is strong
enough
h and
d high
hi h value
l off Hysteresis
H t
i will
ill be
b applied
li d such
h that
th t Hysteresis
H t
i
value=HIHYST (default 5 dB)
If SS_corrected_DLservingcell < HYSTSEP, then the serving cell is not
strong enough and low value of Hysteresis will be applied such that
Hysteresis value=LOHYST (default 3 dB)
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Handover (Locating)
III. Basic Ranking
D.

SS_corrected_DLservingcell > HYSTSEP
No
HYST=LOHYST
Yes
HYST=HIHYST
Output from Basic

Ranking
Rankservingcell = SS_corrected_Dlservingcell
Rankneighbor= SS_punished_DLneighbor OFFSETneighbor HYSTneighbor
Handover (Locating)
IV. Urgency Conditions Handling
After the Basic Ranking stage a check is made on the serving cell to know if
Urgency conditions are detected or not.
1.
2.
We have two types of Urgency HO:

Bad Quality (BQ) Urgency HO
Excessive Time Advance (TA) Urgency HO
If Urgency conditions are detected then the serving cell should be abandon
as fast as possible, but some of the neighbors will be removed from the
candidate list and the MS will not be able to HO to them as we will see later.
As seen before, cells that were abandon due to Urgency HO will be
subjected to punishment/penalty.
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Handover (Locating)
1.

The Quality measured at the DL and UL for the serving cell will be
compared with two parameters QLIMDL & QLIMUL (default 50 dtqu) and if:
rxqual_DL > QLIMDL
Or
Urgency HO due to BQ should be performed
rxqual_UL > QLIMUL
The Quality may drop like that as a result of Co-Channel Interference or
when the SS became very low.
g
y Condition is detected the MS has to leave the cell and make
When Urgency
HO to other cell, but in this case the serving cell is the one that has the
highest SS so the MS has to HO to a cell of worse SS, but is the MS allowed
to HO to any worse cell?
Handover (Locating)
1.

Is the MS allowed to HO to any worse cell? No, this will be based on a
parameter called BQOFFSET which will ensure that far neighbors wont
won t be
selected.
If Rankservingcell Rankneighbor < BQOFFSET+HYST, then this neighbor is near
to the serving cell and it is not much worse than the serving cell and it can
be candidate for HO.
If Rankservingcell Rankneighbor > BQOFFSET+HYST, then this neighbor is far
ffrom the
th serving
i cellll and
d it will
ill b
be removed
d ffrom th
the candidate
did t lilist.
t
41
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Handover (Locating)
1.
Example:
If U
Urgency condition
diti is
i detected
d t t d where
h Rank
R kservingcell = -75
75 dBm
dB andd the
th neighbors:
i hb
((RankB = -79 dBm , RankC = -90 dBm , RankD = -87 dBm)) and
((BQOFFSET=5dB, HYST=0 dB))
Rankservingcell RankB = 4dB < BQOFFSET= 5dB
Rankservingcell RankC = 15dB > BQOFFSET= 5dB
Rankservingcell RankD = 8dB > BQOFFSET=5dB
Cell B is kept in the candidate list

Cell C is removed from the
candidate list
list
Cell D is removed from the
candidate list
Handover (Locating)
2.
Excessive Time Advance (TA) Urgency HO

TA can be used as a measure for the distance between the BTS and the
MS.
MS
If TA > TALIM (63 bit period)
Urgency HO due to TA is initiated.
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Handover (Locating)
After Basic Ranking and Evaluation of the Urgency Conditions,
Conditions the Serving
Cell and Neighbor Cells will be divided into 3 Groups:
Better Cell
Categorization #1
#1
Serving Cell
Worse Cell
Handover (Locating)
V. Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation
1.
2.
3
3.
4.
5.
Assignment to Another Cell Evaluation

Cell Load Sharing Evaluation
Over Laid/Under Laid sub
sub-cell
cell Evaluation
IHO Evaluation
HCS Evaluation
After these Evaluations, some candidates will be removed from the HO
candidate list and Categorization#2 will be performed.
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Handover (Locating)
1.

The Locating Algorithm may be initiated after immediate assignment to know
whether it is better for the MS to take a TCH time slot on the current cell or
not.
If during the signaling phase a Better Cell was found after ranking then
Assignment to Better Cell will be initiated.
If during the signaling phase no better cell was found, then the MS will
normally be assigned a TCH time slot on the current cell.
If the Better/Serving Cells were congested then Assignment to Worse Cell
will be done.
Handover (Locating)
1.

Is the MS allowed to take TCH time slot on any worse cell? No, this will be
based on a parameter called AWOFFSET which will ensure that far
neighbors wont be selected.
Only if Rankservingcell Rankneighbor < AWOFFSET, then this neighbor is near
to the serving cell and it is not much worse than the serving cell and
assignment to it can be done.
If Rankservingcell Rankneighbor > AWOFFSET, then this neighbor is far from the
serving
i cellll and
d it will
ill b
be removed
d ffrom th
the candidate
did t lilist.
t
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Handover (Locating)
2.
i)
ii)
Cell Load Sharing (CLS) Evaluation

This feature is used to reduce congestion on the serving cell.
When CLS is activated and the load on the serving cell becomes higher than
certain threshold then:
Valid CLS HO candidates are defined
Re
Re--calculation of their ranking values will be performed.
Handover (Locating)
2.
i.
Cell Load Sharing (CLS) Evaluation

Valid CLS HO candidates are defined as follow:
Worse cells: coz if they were better then theyll
they ll be chosen at Basic
Ranking
Load on neighbor cells < CLS load threshold
Internal cells: lies in the same BSC
Same Layer
ii.
Re-calculation of their ranking values will be performed:

Were
We
re going to recalculate the Ranking values of the valid CLS
neighbors with reduced Hysteresis so these worse neighbors will appear
with higher SS than they really are and the MS can make HO to them
and relief the congestion on the current cell.
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Handover (Locating)
3.
OL/UL Sub
Sub--Cell Evaluation
The OL/UL feature provides a way of increasing the traffic capacity in a
cellular network without building new sites.
sites
Since OL sub-cell serves smaller area than the corresponding UL sub-cell a
smaller reuse distance can be used in in the OL sub-cell than in the under
laid.
The OL/UL evaluation may result in a recommendation to change the subcell from the one currently in use, this evaluation is based on:
DL SS, TA Serving Cell, Distance to cell border, Traffic Load in the cell
This feature will be discussed in details afterwards.
Handover (Locating)
4.
Intra Cell HO (IHO) Evaluation

The IHO feature provides a way to improve the speech quality during the
conservation when bad quality is detected while the SS is high
high.
This is can be accomplished by changing the channel the connection is
currently using within the same cell.
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Handover (Locating)
5.
Hierarchical Cell Structure (HCS) Evaluation

The HCS feature provides the possibility to give priority to cells that are not
strongest but provide sufficient SS
SS.
The priority of a cell is given by associating a layer to the cell.
We have 8 layers from layer 1 (Highly prioritized) to layer 8 (least
prioritized).
Micro cells are p
prioritized than Macro cells for capacity
p
yp
purposes.
p
Cells of lower layers will be ranked higher than cells of higher layers in the
HO candidate list.
Handover (Locating)
After the Auxiliary Radio Network features evaluation some candidates may be
prioritized and the order of the candidate list will be modified.
The Serving Cell and Neighbor Cells will be divided into 3 Groups:
Above S
Categorization #2
#2
Serving Cell (SC)

Below S
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Handover (Locating)
VI. Organizing the List
The final list will contain maximum up to Six Neighbors + The Serving Cell
and categorized as follows: Serving Cell (SC), Above S, Below S
A.
B.
To reach the final form before sending the list the following steps will be
done:
Removal of Candidates
Ordering the Candidate List based on the Current Conditions.
Handover (Locating)
A.
Removal of Candidates
Some Candidates may be removed coz:
Some Controlling timers are active and preventing HO to certain cell:
TALLOC: This timer prevents HO on a target cell for some time after
assignment/HO failure due to congestion on target cell.
(N.B:
N.B: No penalties are applied on this cell)
TURGEN: This timer prevents HO on a target cell for some time after
urgency HO failure due to congestion on target cell.
N.B:
TALLOC and TURGEN are BSC parameters
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Handover (Locating)
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ordering the Candidate list based on the Current Conditions

Means what? Means in what order the 3 categories (Above S, S, Below S)
will be arranged before sending the candidate list
list. This will be based on
some condition flags.
Condition Flags:
Assignment Request Arrived
Assignment to Worst Cell is in Use
Excessive TA Detected
BQ
Q Urgency
g
y HO
OL/UL Sub-Cell Load Change or IHO
Handover (Locating)
B.
Case
1
Ordering the Candidate list based on the Current Conditions

1
0
Condition Flags
2
3
4
x
5
0
Ordering
g
Comment
Above S
Normal Case
Serving Cell has BQ so it should be abandon

Above S Below S
either to the Above S or Below S cell
An Assignment request came and the AW flag is
Above S S
not raised
An Assignment request came and the AW flag is
Above S S Below S
raised
Serving Cell has BQ so it should be abandon but
g flag
g is raised,, then
coz the OL/UL subcell change
Above S S Below S
the serving cell is included coz this subcell
change may solve the issue with no need to go
for a below worse cell
Condition Flags:
Excessive TA Detected
Assignment Request Arrived
BQ Urgency HO
Assignment to Worst Cell is in Use
OL/UL Sub-Cell Load Change or IHO
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Handover (Locating)
VII. Sending the List & Allocation Reply
The resulting candidate list will form the basis on which HO will be
performed.
Empty list means that no options are better than remaining on the current
cell and no HO will occur.
The channel allocation reply may be success or failure.
Failure may be due to congestion or signaling failure on the target cell.
Based on the result of allocation either success/failure, some actions will be
taken like applying some penalties or enabling of certain timers as we saw
previously.
Handover (Locating)
Example:
Assume that the o/p from the Filtering stage for the SS measurements is as
below and we want to prepare the Basic Ranking Candidate list for HO:
Cell
SS(dBm)
A
B (Serving Cell)
C
D
E
F
G
-70
-74
-78
-68
-80
-92
-95
Where
Where,
BSPWR = BSTXPWR, MSRXMIN = -90 dBm,
Cell A was abandon due to BQ urgency HO (PSSBQ=7dB)
SS based Algorithm is in use where OFFSET=0, HYSTSEP= -90 dBm,
HIHYST= 5 dB, LOHYST= 3 dB
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Handover (Locating)
Solution::
Solution
A) Correction of Base Station output power:
Since BSPWR = BSTXPWR then the current measurements will be kept as it is.
SS_corrected_DL
SS
t d DLneighbor = SS_measured_DL
SS
d DLneighbor
SS_corrected_DLserving = SS_measured_DLserving
B) Evaluation of the minimum Signal Strength condition for Neighbors:
The SS for neighbors will be compared against MSRXMIN = -90 dBm
Cell F and Cell G have SS < MSRXMIN then they will be removed from the list and cant be
candidates for HO.
Cell
SS(dBm)
A
B (Serving Cell)
C
D
E
F
G
-70
-74
-78
-68
-80
-92
-95
Handover (Locating)
Solution:
C) Subtraction of signal strength penalties:
Since Cell A was abandon due to BQ urgency HO (PSSBQ=7dB) then it will be
punished
punished,
SS_punished_DL Cell A = SS_corrected_DL PSSBQ = -70 7 = -77 dBm
The candidate list will now be in the following form:
Cell
SS(dBm)
-77
B (Serving Cell)
-74
-78
-68
-80
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Handover (Locating)
Solution:
D) Rank the Candidates after applying Offsets and Hysteresis
Since SSServing cell B = -74 dBm > HYSTSEP= -90 dBm, then it is better to stay on the
current cell and high Hysteresis will be applied
Cell
SS(dBm)
A
-77
i.e. HYST = HIHYST = 5 dB
B (Serving Cell)
-74
-78
-68
-80
Rankservingcell B = -74 dBm

Serving Cell
RankA= -77
77 dBm OFFSET HYST = -77
77 0 5 = -82
82 dBm
RankC= -78 dBm OFFSET HYST = -78 0 5 = -83 dBm
RankD= -68 dBm OFFSET HYST = -68 0 5 = -73 dBm
RankE= -80 dBm OFFSET HYST = -80 0 5 = -85 dBm
Worse
Worse Cell
Cell
Worse Cell
Better Cell
Worse Cell
Handover (Locating)
Solution:
Now the final list according to Categorization#1 will be arranged as follows:
C
i i #1
Categorization#1
Cell
SS(dBm)
Category
-73
Better Cell
-74
Serving Cell
-82
Worse Cell
-83
Worse Cell
-85
Worse Cell
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Handover (Locating)
Disconnection Criteria
The Disconnection algorithm is not part of the locating algorithm but for
completeness the topic is treated here
completeness,
here.
The Disconnection algorithm manages when the connection between the MS
and the Network shall be dropped when signaling failure is detected.
The Disconnection criterion can be made in both the DL and the UL such that:
In the DL: managed by the MS
and
In the UL: managed by the BSC
Handover (Locating)
Disconnection Criteria
In DL:
Controlled by a parameter RLINKT (max. bucket size) , when the MS couldnt
decode a SACCH message (0.48 sec), the bucket will be decreased by 1 unit,
when the MS successfully decodes a SACCH message, the bucket will be
increased by 2 units, if the bucket reached value = Zero then disconnection will
occur, recommended value RLINKT=16
In UL:
The disconnection algorithm will run in the same way
way, the BSC will make the
evaluation, and the controlling parameter is called RLINKUP, , recommended
value RLINKUP=16
N.B: The bucket cant have values larger than the max. value given by
RLINKT/RLINKUP
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Handover (Locating)
Parameters Summary
Algorithm Selection
Parameter Name
EVALTYPE
g
Value Range
Recommended Value
Unit
1 or 3
Parameter Name
TINIT
TALLOC
TURGEN
Value Range
Recommended Value
Unit
0 to 120
0 to 120
0 to 120
10
2
2
SACCH period=480 msec

Flow Control Parameters
Handover (Locating)
Parameters Summary
Filtering Control Parameters
Parameter Name
SSEVALSI
SSEVALSD
QEVALSI
QEVALSD
SSLENSI
SSLENSD
QLENSI
QLENSD
TAAVELEN
Value Range
Recommended Value
Unit
1 to 9
1 to 9
1 to 9
1 to 9
1 to 20
1 to 20
1 to 20
1 to 20
1 to 20
6
6
6
6
4
10
4
10
4

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Handover (Locating)
Parameters Summary
Signal Strength based Basic Ranking Parameters
Parameter Name
HYSTSEP
LOHYST
HIHYST
OFFSET
Value Range
Recommended Value
Unit
150 to 0
0 to63
0 to63
63 to 63
-90
3
3
0
dBm
dB
dB
dB
Handover Failure Parameters (Signaling Failure)

Parameter Name
PSSHF
PTIMHF
Value Range
Recommended Value
Unit
0 to 63
0 to 600
63
5
dB
Seconds
Handover (Locating)
Parameters Summary
Urgency Conditions Parameters
Parameter Name
QLIMUL
QLIMDL
BQOFFSET
PSSBQ
PTIMBQ
TALIM
PSSTA
PTIMTA
Value Range
Recommended Value
Unit
0 to 100
0 to 100
0 to 63
0 to 63
0 to 600
0 to 63
0 to 63
0 to 600
55
55
3
7
15
62
63
30
dtqu
dtqu
dB
dB
Seconds
Bit Period (0.577msec)
dB
Seconds
Parameter Name
RLINKT
RLINKUP
Value Range
Recommended Value
Unit
4 to 64 in steps of 4
1 to 63
16
16

Disconnection Algorithm Parameters
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56
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Hierarchical Cell Structure (HCS)

HCS Evaluation Algorithm
HCS feature provides the ability and flexibility to give priority to cells that are
not strongest but provide sufficient Signal Strength.
Strength
The priority of a cell is given by associating an HCS layer to the cell where
each cell will be belonging to an HCS band.
The lower the layer ( and the HCS band), the priority is higher,
i.e. layer 1 has higher priority than layer 2, layer 3, layer 4, ..
layer 2 has higher priority than layer 3,
3 layer 4,
4 layer 5,
5 ..
Up to 8 layers (in up to 8 bands) may be defined, where one or several layers
can be assigned to the same HCS band.

The lower HCS bands will only include lower layers compared to a higher
HCS bands
bands.
A mixture of small micro cells (lower layers) and large macro (higher layers)
cells will achieve both high capacity and good coverage.
Micro cells will be used for capacity issues while macro cells will be used to
provide coverage, fill coverage holes and handle the fast moving mobiles.
57
11/23/2010

With Basic Ranking only, micro cells will be ranked as the strongest server in
very small area
area, so to let micro cells serve in an area where acceptable SS is
guaranteed then HCS should be used.

The idea with a layered cell structure is to let lower layer cells serve MSs that
receive sufficient SS even if there is other cells with strongest received SS in
the area.
But how to decide if the lower layer cell has sufficient SS to be prioritized over
strongest cells?
This will be according to two thresholds LAYERTHR (Layer Threshold) and
HCSBANDTHR (HCS Band Threshold)
LAYERTHR: Decides if the cell should be prioritized over stronger cells lie in
the same HCS band or not.
HCSBANDTHR: Decides if the cell should be prioritized over stronger cells
from different HCS bands or not.
58
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The input to the HCS Evaluation Algorithm is the Basic Ranking list we
prepared from the locating process
process.
The output will be in the form of two lists: HCS prioritized list (on Top) then
Basic Ranking list.
HCS prioritized list: will include cells that fulfilled the HCS conditions & rules
and will be ranked according to HCS evaluation (layered ranking)
Basic Ranking list: will include cells that didnt fulfill the HCS conditions and
will be ranked according to basic ranking rules (SS ranking)
Basic Ranking List
Input
HCS Evaluation
Algorithm
Output
HCS Prioritized Cell

List
Basic Ranking List

Mechanism of the HCS Algorithm
59
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(A) Band Evaluation:

In order to be a candidate in the HCS evaluation process, then the SS of
serving and neighbor cells should be greater than their band threshold
( HCSBANDTHR )
SSservingcell > HCSBANDTHRservingcell HCSBANDHYSTservingcell

SSneigbhorcell > HCSBANDTHRneighborcell + HCSBANDHYSTneighborcell
Cells that will not fulfill the above condition will go to be sorted in the Basic
Ranking list in priority order according to SS.
SS
Cells that will fulfill the criterion will pass to the next step in the HCS
Evaluation.
N.B: HCSBANDTHR and HCSBANDHYST are BSC Parameters.

(B) Define the strongest Cell (SS) in each Band

Cells that passed the band evaluation in step (A) will be moved to the next
step.
In this stage, the strongest cells in each Band from SS point of view will be
identified.
Strongest cells
will pass direct to be HCS Ranked
The rest of cells that are not strongest within the band will be moved to
Step(C)
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(C) Layer Threshold Evaluation

Cells that passed the band evaluation in step (A) and they are not strongest
within their own band, their SS will be checked against the Layer threshold
(LAYERTHR)
SSservingcell > LAYERTHRservingcell LAYERHYSTservingcell

SSneigbhorcell > LAYERTHRneighborcell + LAYERHYSTneighborcell
Cells that will not fulfill the above condition will go to be sorted in the Basic
a
g list
st in p
priority
o ty o
order
de according
acco d g to SS
SS.
Ranking
Cells that will fulfill the criterion will pass to the next step in the HCS
Evaluation

(D) Identify the Strongest Cells within each layer

Now we will deal with cells that passed the band evaluation (in Step A) and
they were not strongest within their own band (in Step B) and they passed the
layer threshold condition (in Step C)
Cells that are strongest within their own layer will be identified and theyll pass
direct to be HCS ranked.
Cells that are not strongest within their own layer will be moved to the next
step.
p
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(E) Check how many cells from each layer are allowed to pass to be
HCS ranked
k d
Now we will deal with cells that passed the band evaluation (in Step A) and
they were not strongest within their own band (in Step B) and they passed the
layer threshold condition (in Step C) and they are not strongest within their
own band (in step D)
MAXCELLSINLAYER: will identify how many cells from each layer can pass
to be HCS ranked, ex: if MAXCELLSINLAYER = 2 then two cells only are
allowed to pass to be HCS ranked.
MAXDBDEVINLAYER: will identify how the next strongest cell in the layer is
far from the strongest cell in the layer.
i.e. if SS_Strongest Celllayer x - SS_next strongest celllayer x<MAXDBDEVINLAYER
then the next strongest cell is not weak and it will pass to be HCS ranked.

(F) Form the Final list

Now all cells that succeeded to pass to be HCS ranked, will be sorted in
ascending order according to their layer not SS (as in Basic Ranking).
i.e. layer1 cells, then layer2 cells, and these cells will form an HCS
Prioritized List that will lie on Top.
All cells that failed to pass to be HCS Ranking, will go to be sorted in a Basic
Ranking List and this list will lie after the HCS Prioritized List.
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Example:
Example
Assume that the output from the Basic Ranking is as below, where for all cells have
HCSBANDTHR = - 90 dBm,
dB LAYERTHR = - 80 dBm,
dB
HCSBANDHYST= LAYERHYST= 0,
MAXCELLSINLAYER = 3, MAXDBDEVINLAYER = 3
Cell
SS(dBm)
Band
Layer
G
E
B (Serving)
A
C
F
D
-68
-72
-73
-74
74
-75
-75
-95
Band 8
Band 8
Band 4
B d4
Band
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Layer 7
Layer 6
Layer 4
L
Layer
3
Layer 7
Layer 4
Layer 4

Solution:
Solution:
(A) Band Evaluation
Evaluation:: In order to be a candidate in the HCS Evaluation Process, then the SS
i andd neighbor
i hb cells
ll should
h ld be
b greater
t than
th their
th i bbandd th
h ld(HCSBANDTHR)
off serving
threshold(HCSBANDTHR)
SSservingcell > HCSBANDTHRservingcell HCSBANDHYSTservingcell
SSneigbhorcell > HCSBANDTHRneighborcell + HCSBANDHYSTneighborcell
HCSBANDTHRservingcell = HCSBANDTHRneighborcell = -90 dBm
HCSBANDHYSTservingcell = HCSBANDHYSTneighborcell = 0 dBm
Cell
SS(dBm)
Band
Layer
G
E
B (Serving)
A
C
F
D
-68
-72
-73
-74
-75
-75
-95
Band 8
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Layer 7
Layer 6
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 7
Layer 4
Layer 4
Cell D didnt fulfill the condition

(SS_CellD = -95 dBm < -90 dBm),
so it will be out of the HCS
evaluation and it will go to be
sorted in the Basic Ranking List.
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Solution::
Solution
(B) Define the strongest Cell (SS) in each Band
Cells that passed the band evaluation in step (A) will be moved to the next step.
In this stage, the strongest cells in each Band from SS point of view will be identified.
Strongest cells will pass direct to be HCS Ranked
Cell SS(dBm) Band
G
E
B
A
C
F
D
-68
-72
-73
-74
74
-75
-75
-95
Band 8
Band 8
Band 4
B d4
Band
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Layer
Comment
Layer 7
Layer 6
Layer 4
L
Layer
3
Layer 7
Layer 4
Layer 4
Strongest in Band 8 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list

Will go to the next step: Layer Evaluation
Will go to
t the
th nextt step:
t Layer
L
Evaluation
E l ti
Out of the HCS Evaluation Back to the Basic Ranking list
Now Cells G & B will go direct to be HCS evaluated,

while cells E,A,C&F will be examined in the next steps.

Solution:
Solution:
(C) Layer Threshold Evaluation: Cells E,A,C&F that are not strongest within their own band,
th i SS will
ill be
b checked
h k d against
i t the
th LLayer th
h ld (LAYERTHR) if
their
threshold
SSservingcell > LAYERTHRservingcell LAYERHYSTservingcell
SSneigbhorcell > LAYERTHRneighborcell + LAYERHYSTneighborcell
LAYERTHRservingcell = LAYERTHRneighborcell = - 80 dBm
LAYERHYSTservingcell = LAYERHYSTneighborcell = 0 dBm
Cell SS(dBm) Band
Layer
Comment
G
E
B
A
C
F
D
-68
-72
72
-73
-74
-75
-75
-95
Band 8
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Layer 7
Layer 6
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 7
Layer 4
Layer 4

SS > LAYERTHR = -80
80 dBm, Will go to the next step
SS > LAYERTHR = -80 dBm, Will go to the next step
Out of the HCS Evaluation Back to the Basic Ranking list
64
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Solution:
(D) Identify the Strongest Cells within each layer
After Cells E,A,C&F all of them passed the layer threshold condition (LAYERTHR), Cells
that are strongest within their own layer will be identified and theyll pass direct to be HCS
ranked. Cell SS(dBm) Band Layer
Comment
G
E
B
A
C
F
D
-68
-72
-73
-74
-75
-75
-95
Band 8
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Layer 7
Layer 6
Strongest in Layer 6 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 7 Not Strongest in Layer-Will be examined in the next step
Layer 4 Not Strongest in Layer-Will be examined in the next step
Layer 4 Out of the HCS Evaluation Back to the Basic Ranking list
Cells E&A are strongest within their own layer so they will go direct to be HCS ranked.
Cells C&F are not the strongest within their own layer, so they will be examined in the next
step to know if they can pass to be HCS ranked or not.

Solution:
(E) Check how many cells from each layer are allowed to pass to be HCS ranked
MAXCELLSINLAYER: will identify how many cells from each layer can pass to be HCS In
our example MAXCELLSINLAYER = 3 then three cells only are allowed to pass to be
HCS ranked.
MAXDBDEVINLAYER: will identify how the next strongest cell in the layer is far from the
strongest cell in the layer.
i.e. if SS_Strongest
g Celllayer x - SS_next strongest
g celllayer x< MAXDBDEVINLAYER = 3 dB,
then the next strongest cell is not weak and it will pass to be HCS ranked.
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Solution:
Cell C:
Check1: Lies in layer 7 and ranked as the 2nd strongest cell in the layer and since 3 cells
are allowed to be ranked according to MAXCELLSINLAYER then Check1 is passed.
Check2: Is SS_strongest celllayer 7-SS_next strongest celllayer 7 < MAXDBDEVINLAYER=3dB?!
SSCell G - SSCell C = -68-(-75) = 7 dB > MAXDBDEVINLAYER=3dB, then Check2 failed.
Cell SS(dBm) Band Layer
G
E
B
A
C
F
D
-68
-72
-73
-74
-75
-75
-95
Band 8
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Comment
Layer 7
g in Band 8 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list
Strongest
Layer 6
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 4

Solution:
Cell F:
Check1: Lies in layer 4 and ranked as the 2nd strongest cell in the layer and since 3 cells
are allowed to be ranked according to MAXCELLSINLAYER then Check1 is passed.
Check2: Is SS_strongest celllayer 4-SS_next strongest celllayer 4 < MAXDBDEVINLAYER=3dB?!
SSCell G - SSCell C = -73-(-75) = 2 dB < MAXDBDEVINLAYER=3dB, then Check2 is passed.
Cell SS(dBm) Band Layer
G
E
B
A
C
F
D
-68
-72
-73
-74
-75
-75
-95
Band 8
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Comment
Layer 7
Strongest
g in Band 8 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list
Layer 6
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 4
2nd Strongest in Layer4-Go to HCS Evaluation list
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Solution:
(F) Form the Final list
Now all cells that succeeded to pass to be HCS ranked, will be sorted in ascending order
according to their layer not SS (as in Basic Ranking) i.e. layer1 cells, then layer2 cells,
and these cells will form an HCS Prioritized List that will lie on Top.
All cells that failed to pass to be HCS Ranking, will go to be sorted in a Basic Ranking List
and this list will lie after the HCS Prioritized List.
Cell
Final
List
A
B(Serving)
F
E
G
C
D
SS(dBm) Band
Layer
-74
Band 4
Layer 3
-73
Band 4
Layer 4
-75
Band 4
Layer 4
-72
Band 8
Layer 6
-68
Band 8
Layer 7
-75
Band 8
Layer 7
-95
Band 4
Layer 4
Comment
HCS Prioritized List
(Layer Ranking)
Basic Ranking List (SS Ranking)

HCS Traffic Distribution Concept

This feature is useful In order to control the traffic distribution between cells.
If this feature is active then some cells that were prioritized due HCS Ranking
(layer ranking) will be removed if they already have enough traffic.
HCSTRAFDISSTATE: Is a BCS Parameter that shows if HCS Traffic
Distribution is enabled within the cells in the BCS or not.
If the HCS traffic distribution is allowed then two checks will be made:
(i) Check on the serving cells
cell s availability vs.
vs parameter on cell level called
HCSOUT
(ii) Check on the neighbor cells availability vs. parameter on cell level called
HCSIN
The Availability means: the percentage of Free (non-occupied) Time Slots.

67
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HCS Traffic Distribution Concept

(i)
Check on the serving cells availability

availability::
If AvailabilityServingCell > HCSOUT, then this cells has too many free Time
slots and it is not preferred to leave this cell.
(ii)
Check on the neighbor cells availability:

availability:
If AvailabilityneighborCell < HCSIN, then this cells has few free Time slots and it
cant accept HOs due to HCS prioritization.

68
11/23/2010

I) Example:
When HCS Traffic Distribution is enabled (AvailabilityServingCell < HSCOUT)
After ordinary HCS evaluation we formed the below list from the previous example.
Assume HCSOUT=50%, HCSIN=30%, Availability of Cell B (serving) = 40% and
availability of Cell F (neighbor cell) = 10% only, while all other cells have availability = 45
%
What will be the final list form ?
Cell
A
B(Serving)
Final
F
List
E
G
C
D
SS(dBm)
Band
Layer
-74
74
-73
-75
-72
-68
-75
-95
Band 4
Band 4
Band 4
Band 8
Band 8
Band 8
Band 4
Layer 3
Layer 4
Layer 4
Layer 6
Layer 7
Layer 7
Layer 4
Comment
(Layer Ranking)

Solution:
Availability of Serving Cell (B) = 40% < HCSOUT (50%), then the serving cell has few free
Ti Sl
t andd we can lleave thi
t i HO ffrom thi
bl d
Time
Slots
this cellll ii.e. outgoing
this cellll iis enabled.
Availability of Neighbor Cell F=10% < HCSIN (30%), then this cell cant accept HOs due
to HCS prioritization coz it has few free TS i.e. this cell is congested.
This cell will be removed from the HCS prioritized list and it will be moved to the Basic
Ranking List.
Cell
A
B(Serving)
Final
F
List
E
G
C
D
SS(dBm)
Band
Layer
-74
74
-73
-75
-72
-68
-75
-95
Band 4
Band 4
Band 4
Band 8
Band 8
Band 8
Band 4
Layer 3
Layer 4
Layer 4
Layer 6
Layer 7
Layer 7
Layer 4
Comment
(Layer Ranking)
69
11/23/2010

Solution:
The final list will be as below:
Cell
A
B(Serving)
E
Final
List
G
F
C
D
SS(dBm)
Band
Layer
Comment
74
73
72
Band4
Band4
Band8
Layer3
Layer4
Layer6
HCSPrioritizedList
(LayerRanking)
68
75
75
95
95
Band8
Band4
Band8
Band 4
Band4
Layer7
Layer4
Layer7
Layer 4
Layer4
BasicRankingList(SSRanking)

II) Example:
when HCS Traffic Distribution is enabled (AvailabilityServingCell > HSCOUT)
If the serving cell has a channel availability above HCSOUT it is considered to be taking
too little traffic so it is decided to not allow handovers out due to HCS from the cell.
Instead all the remaining HCS prioritized candidate cells, fulfilling the HCSIN criterion and
that are in a lower layer or in the same layer as the serving cell, will be basic ranked
amongg themselves and added to a Prioritized basic ranked cells list that will be pput
above the other basic ranked cells in the final candidate list.
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II) Example:
when HCS Traffic Distribution is enabled (AvailabilityServingCell > HSCOUT)
After ordinary HCS evaluation we formed the below list from the previous example.
Assume HCSOUT=50%, HCSIN=30%, Availability of Cell B (serving) = 60% and
availability of Cell F (neighbor cell) = 10% only, while all other cells have availability = 45%
What will be the final list form ?
Cell
A
B(S i )
B(Serving)
Final
F
List
E
G
C
D
SS(dBm)
Band
Layer
-74
-73
73
-75
-72
-68
-75
-95
Band 4
B d4
Band
Band 4
Band 8
Band 8
Band 8
Band 4
Layer 3
L
Layer
4
Layer 4
Layer 6
Layer 7
Layer 7
Layer 4
Comment
(Layer Ranking)

Solution:
Availability of Serving Cell (B) = 60% > HCSOUT (50%), then the serving cell has Too
Ti slots
l t andd HO outt ffrom thi
ll
d
many Time
this cellll ddue tto HCS iis nott allowed.
Availability of Neighbor Cell F=10% < HCSIN (30%), then this cell cant accept HOs due
to HCS prioritization coz it has few free TS i.e. this cell is congested.
This cell will be removed from the HCS prioritized list and it will be moved to the Basic
Ranking List.
Cells E&G are layers 6&7 respectively i.e. they are of higher layers than the serving cells.
These cells will be removed from the HCS pprioritized list and it will be moved to the Basic
Ranking List.
Now cells A&B will be ranked according to SS Prioritized Basic Ranking list
cells C,D,E,F&G will be ranked according to SS Basic Ranking list
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Solution:
Cell
SS(dBm)
Band
Layer
-74
-73
-75
-72
-68
-75
-95
Band 4
Band 4
Band 4
Band 8
Band 8
Band 8
Band 4
Layer 3
Layer 4
Layer 4
Layer 6
Layer 7
Layer 7
Layer 4
A
B(Serving)
Final
F
List
E
G
C
D
Comment
(Layer Ranking)

Solution:
The final list will be as below:
Final List
Cell
B(Serving)
A
G
E
F
C
D
SS(dBm)
Band
Layer
-73
-74
-68
-72
-75
-75
-95
95
Band 4
Band 4
Band 8
Band 8
Band 4
Band 8
Band 4
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 7
Layer 6
Layer 4
Layer 7
Layer 4
Comment
Prioritized Basic Ranking List
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11/23/2010

Optimizing a problematic Traffic Case:
Assume we have the below case with 3 Macro cells (layer 4) and 1 Micro cell
(l
(layer2)
2) and
d allll off them
th
belong
b l
to
t the
th same HCS b
band,
d HCSBAND 1
One of the Macro cells carries very high traffic and it is about to congest, how
could we solve this case?
Macro Cell
(L4)
Macro Cell (L4)

Micro
Cell (L2)
Macro Cell
(L4)

Solution 1:
Direct more Traffic to the Micro Cell
W can decrease
d
th LAYERTHR off the
th Micro
Mi
75dB tto We
the
cellll (L
(Layer 2) ffrom -75dBm
80dBm for example, so the micro cell will capture more traffic from the congested
macro cell.
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Solution 2:
Direct more Traffic to the Adjacent Macro Cells
We
the
off the
cellll (L
(Layer 4
Layer
5) so it
W can increase
i
th Layer
L
th congested
t d Macro
M
L
will appear less prioritized with respect to the adjacent neighbor cells and it will
offload its traffic to them.

Solution 3:
Direct more Traffic to one of the Adjacent Macro Cells
W can decrease
d
th Layer
L
th adjacent
dj
t Macro
M
L
We
the
off one off the
cellll (L
(Layer 4
Layer
3)
so it will appear more prioritized with respect to the congested cell and it will
capture some of its traffic.
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Fast Moving MSs
If cell parameter FASTMSREG is ON and MS made no. of HOs >NHO
(d f lt 3) in
(default=3)
i ti
time window
i d
THO (default=30sec)
(d f lt 30
) then
th MS is
i considered
id d as ffastt
moving MS.
The stronger cells according to Basic Ranking in all higher layers within the
same system type are given priority.
For Example:
1800 candidates are in Layers 1,2&3 while 900 candidates are in Layers 4&5, if
the MS is considered as fast in layer1,
y , then candidates in layers
y
2&3 of higher
g
basic ranking than the serving cell are given priority.
Highest priority is given for the strongest cell regardless of its layer.
To prevent HO back to lower layer cells, a penalty PSSTEMP (0 to 63) is applied
for a time PTIMTEMP (0 to 600s) on all neighbor cells within the current system
type and all cells in other system types.

Parameters Summary
HCS Algorithm Control Parameters
Parameter Name
HCSBAND
HCSBANDTHR
HCSBANDHYST
LAYER
LAYERTHR
LAYERHYST
MAXCELLSINLAYER
MAXDBDEVINLAYER
HCSTRAFDISSTATE
HCSIN
HCSOUT
Value Range
1 to 8 1
150 to 0
0 to 63
1 to 8 2
150 to 0
0 to 63
1 to 31
0 to 63
0,1
0 to100
0 to100
Default Value
2
95
2
2
75
2
1
3
0
0
100
Recommended Value
2
Unit
dBm (ve)
dB
2
1
3
1
dBm (ve)
dB
dB
%
%
For reduced HCS functionality we have only 2 bands HCS Band1 and HCS Band2
(default)
For reduced HCS functionality we have only 3 layers
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Concentric Cells (Over laid Under laid Sub-cells)

Concentric Cells (Over laid Under laid SubSub-cells)
Traffic Capacity of a cellular network can be increased by either adding more
frequencies or reducing the frequency reuse distance
distance.
One approach is to apply a second frequency reuse pattern with a tighter
frequency reuse (Overlay) on the existing pattern.
These cells should be restricted in size, so shorter reuse distance can be
accomplished without causing Co-channel/Adjacent channel interference.
They are termed Overlaid (OL) Sub-cells, whereas the original cells will be called
Under laid (UL) Sub-cells.
Now by having more frequencies per cell, then Network capacity is increased.
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The fundamental idea behind the OL/UL sub-cells is to let the traffic close to the
site to be moved to the OL sub-cell,
sub cell while traffic close to the cell border to be
moved to the UL sub-cell.
In that way of treading the traffic, the frequencies in the OL sub-cell can have
tighter frequency reuse.

Example:
Assume that cell A has frequencies: f1&f2, cell B has frequencies: f3&f4 and now cell A
has increase in the traffic, so were going to assign cell A frequency f4 also.
Now high Co-channel interference will occur on f4 at the border between the two cells, coz
f4 is reused between two adjacent cells.
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Using the OL/UL concept we can solve the case as follows:
f4 will be used in the OL sub-cell and it will be restricted to serve in a small area only near
to the site so interference from the neighbor cell will be minimized and a good C/I can be
enjoyed.

To maintain the service area of the OL sub-cell restricted to a certain region we
have three thresholds we can play with:
A. Path Loss Threshold
B. Timing Advance Threshold
C. Distance to Cell Border Threshold
With the ordinary OL/UL sub-cells, the MS near the cell will camp on the overlaid
sub-cell but even if the OL sub-cell got congested there is no way to push traffic
to the UL sub-cell and blocking
g will occur.
Using Sub-cell Load Distribution (SCLD) Concept, we can configure the cell to
use the OL as the preferred sub-cell initially and when traffic on the OL increased
beyond certain load, any extra traffic will be offloaded to the UL sub-cell.
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Algorithm
I.
OL/UL Sub
Sub--cell Change with SubSub-cell Load Distribution Deactivated
As we stated before, the service area of the OL sub-cell can be defined based
on one of three criteria: Path Loss
Loss, Time Advance and Distance to cell border
border.
A.
Path Loss Criterion:

Controlling Parameters are the path Loss threshold LOL and the path Loss
hysteresis LOLHYST
DL Path Loss L=(BSTXPWR - BTS power reduction) Received_SS_DLfiltered
BSTXPWR: BTS output power for the TCH frequencies.
DL Path Loss L will be checked vs. LOL ((Path Loss Threshold)) and
LOLHYST to know whether a sub-cell change from OL UL or UL OL is
needed.

Algorithm
I. OL/UL Sub
B. Time Advance Criterion:
Time Advance can be used as a measure for the distance between the BTS
and MS.
Controlling Parameters are the Time Advance Threshold TAOL and the Time
Advance Hysteresis TAOLHYST
The ta of the MS will be measured via BTS and checked vs. TAOL and
TAOLHYST to know whether sub-cell change is needed or not.
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Algorithm
I. OL/UL Sub
C. Distance to Cell Border Criterion:
DTCBSC: Is a BSC parameter that enables/disables the Distance to Cell
Border Evaluation Criterion on whole cells on the BSC.
Controlling Parameters are the Distance to Cell Border Threshold DTCB and
the Distance to Cell Border Hysteresis DTCBHYST
The Cell Border is defined as the difference between the
Received_SSServingCell
and the Received_SSStrongest
, where this
g
g
Neighbor
g
strongest neighbor should meet the following: Non Co-sited, Same System
Type (900/1800), Same HCS Layer.

Algorithm
I. OL/UL Sub
C. Distance to Cell Border Criterion:
Received SSServingCell - Received_SS
Received_SS
Received SSStrongest Neighbor will be checked vs
vs. DTCB
and DTCBHYST to see whether sub-cell change is needed or not.
But for the evaluation to be triggered (initiated), the serving cell should have
number of neighbor cells > NNCELLS (if NNCELLS=2, at least 2 neighbor
cells) that are measured by the MS having enough SS such that:
Received_SSServingCell - Received_SSNeighbor < DTCB+DTCBHYST+NDIST
where,
NDIST is a threshold measured in dBs.
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Algorithm
I. OL/UL Sub
OL
UL Sub-cell change: for a sub-cell change from OL
UL then one of the
following should be fulfilled
fulfilled.
L (Path Loss) > LOL + LOLHYST
OR
ta (Time Advance) TAOL + TAOLHYST
OR
SSServing - SSNeighbor < DTCB - DTCBHYST
Strongest, Non Co-sited, Same Type, Same HCS Layer
But as mentioned before, for this evaluation to be initiated then,
No. of neighbor cells NNCELLS should be reported meeting the following equation:
SSServing - SSNeighbor < DTCB + DTCBHYST + NDIST
Non Co-sited, Same Type, Same HCS Layer

Algorithm
I. OL/UL Sub
UL
OL Sub-cell change: for a sub-cell change from UL
OL then one of the
following should be fulfilled
fulfilled.
L (Path Loss) LOL - LOLHYST
and
ta (Time Advance) < TAOL - TAOLHYST
and
SSServing - SSNeighbor DTCB + DTCBHYST
But as mentioned before, for this evaluation to be initiated then,
No. of neighbor cells NNCELLS should be reported meeting the following equation:
Non Co-sited, Same Type, Same HCS Layer
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Algorithm
I.
OL/UL Sub
N.B:
If parameter TAOL is set to its maximum value = 61 bit periods and DTCB is
set to its minimum value = - 63 dB then the OL/UL sub-cell change will only
be controlled by the path loss using LOL coz:
OL UL: Time Advance & Distance to cell border conditions will never be
met and so the Path Loss only using LOL will control the evaluation.
UL OL: Time Advance & Distance to Cell Border Conditions will always be
met and so the Path Loss only LOL will control the evaluation.

Algorithm
II. OL/UL Sub
Sub--cell Change with SubSub-cell Load Distribution Activated
A sub-cell load distribution is used to control the traffic between the OL/UL
sub-cells
sub
cells, so if the initially preferred cell got congested we will try to allocate
resources in the other sub-cell.
(Activated by setting cell parameter SCLD = ON)
SCLDSC: Is a cell parameter used to define the preferred cell in allocation
whether UL or OL i.e. the sub-cell which will carry traffic first.
But if the OL sub-cell is the preferred one, i.e. if SCLDSC=OL, then the below
conditions should be met otherwise a TCH on the UL sub-cell will be
allocated.
L < LOL LOLHYST
and
d
t < TAOL TAOLHYST and
ta
d
SSServing - SSNeighbor DTCB + DTCBHYST
No. of neighbor cells NNCELLS should be reported meeting the
following equation:
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Algorithm
II. OL/UL Sub
A sub-cell change may occur due to load based on the settings of the
parameters SCLDLUL an SCLDLOL.
Example::
Example
If serving cell is the OL sub-cell and the following occur
Percentage of idle TCHs in the OL sub-cell < SCLDLOL and
Percentage of idle TCHs in the UL sub-cell > SCLDLUL
then sub-cell change from OL UL due to SCLD will occur.

Algorithm
II. OL/UL Sub
A sub-cell change may occur due to load based on the settings of the
parameters SCLDLUL an SCLDLOL
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Algorithm
II. OL/UL Sub
If some traffic will be moved from the OL UL sub-cell due to load
distribution then the MSs with the high path loss will be chosen first ii.e.
distribution,
e MSs
that are near to cell border.
If some traffic will be moved from the UL OL sub-cell due to load
distribution, then the MSs with the low path loss will be chosen first i.e. MSs
that are near to the site.
A part from the sub-cell change due to SCLD, as we mentioned before the
MS can also
l requestt to
t move from
f
OL UL because
b
off path
th lloss, TA or
distance to cell border criterion and in this case the load is not checked coz
the thresholds : SCLDLUL&SCLDLOL are only controlling the load incase of
sub-cell change due to load distribution.

Parameters Summary
Overlaid/Underlaid Control Parameters
Parameter Name
SCTYPE
LOL
LOLHYST
TAOL
TAOLHYST
DTCBSC
DTCB
DTCBHYST
NDIST
NNCELLS
SCLD
SCLDLOL
SCLDLUL
SCLDSC
Value Range
Default Value
Recommended Value
Unit
UL,OL
0 to 200
0 to 63
0 to 61
0 to 61
0,1
63 to 63
0 to 63
0 to 63
1 to 5
ON,OFF
0 to 99
0 to 99
UL,OL
0
-63
2
10
3
OFF
20
20
UL
OL
dB
dB
Bit Periods (3.69 sec)
Bit Periods (3.69 sec)
dB
dB
dB
%
%
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Multi Band Cells (MBC)

A multi band network consists of cells from different frequency bands for
example: 900/1800 MHz
By combining these frequencies in the same cell with 1 common BCCH, the
radio performance and traffic capacity are improved where the no. of cells
and neighbor relations are significantly reduced.
Using 1 BCCH instead of two will increase the no. of time slots that will be
used for traffic.

Using MBC concept with only 1 BCCH, this will reduce the no. of defined
neighbors to 50% leading to better accuracy for the measurement reports
coz there will be more time available for measurements for each neighbor.
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The Dynamic OL/UL sub-cells (Concentric Cells) is a prerequisite feature for
the Multi Band Cells.
Mostly the frequency band with Better Coverage (i.e. lower frequency band)
is configured as the Under laid sub-cell while the other frequency band with
Worse Coverage (i.e. higher frequency band) is configured as the Overlaid
Sub-cell.
Ex: 900MHz frequency band
UL, while 1800MHz frequency band
OL
It is recommended to select the BCCH frequency to lie in the Better

Coverage i.e. UL sub-cell.
For the previous example then BCCH frequency will belong to the 900MHz
band.

A parameter CSYSTYPE
a multi band cell.
cell
defines the band of the used BCCH frequency in
A parameter BAND
defines the band of the Channel Group, where the
channel group consists of no. of frequencies as will be seen later.
As mentioned before, the Path Loss/Distance to Cell Border/Time Advance
Criteria will define the coverage limit of the frequency band used in the OL
sub-cell vs. UL sub-cell, (In this case the OL&UL will belong to two different
bands))
Also the traffic load can be maintained between the two sub-cells (that
belong to two different bands) using the sub-cell load distribution feature
where the SCLD parameter will define which sub-cell is
preferred first.
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The propagation of the radio waves depend on the used frequency band,
ii.e. th
the reported
t d signal
i
l strength
t
th ffrom one MS will
ill diff
differ d
depending
di on th
the
frequency band used.
MS
MS
MS is in the same location but

the reported SS differs depend
on the used frequency band

1.
2.
So to locate the MS correctly regardless of the band it is using we have 2

possible ways:
Applying a frequency Band Offset:
If OL sub-cell is on 1800MHz band and the UL is on the 900MHz band so
when the MS is located on the OL sub-cell and report a certain SS then it
should be compensated for the UL sub-cell.
Includes the BCCH carrier frequency in the Active BCCH Allocation (BA) list:
The Active BA list is the list which the serving
g cell uses to inform the MS the
neighbors which he has to monitor and make measurements on while it is in
dedicated mode and in this way no compensation is needed.
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Applying a Frequency Band Offset:
FBOFFS (Frequency Band Offset): is the parameter that determines the
difference between the path loss between bands, it is measured in dBs and
take values between - 40
40 dBs
If the MS is served by 1800 band frequency and reporting SS 1800 band = -85
dbm and FBOFFS=7dB then the compensated SS if the MS was served by
the 900 band frequency will be SS 900 band = -85 dbm + 7 = -78 dBm
FBOFFS has to be adjusted in a correct way coz:
a. It will be used to locate the MS correctly with respect to neighbors.
b. It will be used to locate the MS correctly in the Sub-cell Change Evaluation.

a. FBOFFS will be used to locate the MS correctly with respect to
neighbors
Ex: MS is on the OL subcell (1800 band) and reporting SS

SS_Serving_cellA
Serving cellA1800 band = -85
dBm FBOFFS =7dB, and after applying the offset and Hysteresis
SS_neighbor_cellB900 band = -83dBm
Without applying FBOFFS
With applying FBOFFS
SS_Serving_cellA 1800 band < SS_neighbor_cellB900 band SS_Serving_cellA 900band = SS_Serving_cellA1800 band+ 7 dB
SS_Serving_cellA 900band = -78 dBm
SS
Serving cellA 900 band > SS
neighbor cellB900 band
SS_Serving_cellA
SS_neighbor_cellB
HO from Cell A
Cell B will occur
Wrong Decision
Cell A will remain the serving cell but sub-cell change

may occur if needed.
Right Decision
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b. FBOFFS will be used to locate the MS correctly during the SubSub-cell
Change Evaluation
When the MS is served by the OL 1800 band sub
sub-cell
cell (non-BCCH
(non BCCH Band)
Band), the
path loss in this case will be checked vs. LOL LOLHYST + FBOFFSET
Ex: Assume a MS is served by the OL 1800 sub-cell and reporting SS1800 band = -90 dBm,
BSTXPWR=46dBm, FBOFFSET=7dB, LOL=131dB, LOLHYST=zero
Subcell change OL UL
-83 dBm -85 dBm
-90 dBm -92 dBm


b. FBOFFS will be used to locate the MS correctly during the SubSub-cell
Change Evaluation
Ex: Assume a MS is served by the OL 1800 subcell and reporting SS1800 band = -90 dBm,
dBm
BSTXPWR=46dBm, FBOFFSET=7dB, LOL=131dB, LOLHYST=zero
Without applying FBOFFS
With applying FBOFFS
Path loss= BSTXPWR - SS1800 band = 46-(-90)=136 dB Path loss= BSTXPWR - SS1800 band = 46-(-90)=136 dB
Path loss=136 dB > LOL LOLHYST=131 dB
Path loss=136 < LOLLOLHYST+FBOFFSET=138dB
Sub-cell change from OL
The MS will stay on the OL sub-cell
Wrong Decision
UL will occur
Right Decision
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Parameters Summary:
Multi Band Cells Control Parameters

Parameter Name
BAND
CSYSTYPE
FBOFFS
Value Range
GSM800, GSM900, GSM1800,
GSM1900
GSM800, GSM900, GSM1800,
GSM1900
40 to 40
Default Value
Recommended Value
Unit
dB
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Cell Load Sharing

Cell Load Sharing
The Purpose of the Cell Load Sharing Feature is to distribute some of a cells
traffic load to surrounding cells during peaks in traffic
traffic.
This is achieved by moving established connections to neighboring cells that
have idle resources.
Cell Load Sharing increases the number of handovers in the part of the
network where the traffic load is unevenly distributed.
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Cell Load Sharing

Cell Load Sharing
Cell Load Sharing is activated on the BSC level via parameter LSSTATE
(Active/Inactive)
The traffic load (amount of idle full rate TCHs) on each cell is examined by the
BSC every CLS time Interval defined by a parameter CLSTIMEINTERVAL
(default=100msec)
If the percentage of idle full rate traffic channels is parameter CLSLEVEL,
then this cell will try to get rid of some traffic by initiating cell load sharing
handovers to neighbors.
Cell Load Sharing

Cell Load Sharing
For a neighbor cell to accept HOs due to cell load sharing then parameter
HOCLSACC should be set to ON
ON
The traffic load on the neighbor cells should also be examined so handovers
due to cell load sharing will only be done to neighbors having enough idle full
rate TCHs (percentage of idle full rate TCHs > CLSACC in order to accept HO
due to CLS)
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Cell Load Sharing

Cell Load Sharing
CLS evaluation is performed after normal locating evaluation for neighboring
cells.
cells
The normal Basic ranking evaluation was done as follows:
Rankservingcell = SS_Dlservingcell
Rankneighbor= SS_DLneighbor OFFSETneighbor HYSTneighbor
Now when the % idle full rate TCHs < CLSLEVEL, then the HYST for
neighbors will be recalculated with reduced values based on parameter
RHYST
Rankneighbor= SS_DLneighbor OFFSETneighbor HYSTnew neighbor ,
where
HYSTnew neighbor = HYSTneighbor [1-2 (RHYST/100)]
Cell Load Sharing

Cell Load Sharing
Rankneighbor= SS_DLneighbor OFFSETneighbor HYSTnew neighbor ,
Wh
HYSTnew neighbor = HYSTneighbor [1
2 (RHYST/100)]
Where
[1-2
RHYST
Hysteresis Reduction
No reduction of the Hysteresis area
50
Cell Border is reduced to the

nominal cell border
100
All the Hysteresis area is removed
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Cell Load Sharing

Cell Load Sharing
For a neighbor cell to be candidate for HO due to CLS, then it should satisfy
the following:
Lies in the same BSC as the source cell.
Has the same HCS layer.
Can Accept HO due to CLS i.e. HOCLSACC= ON
% Idle full rate TCHs > CLSACC
The settings for CLSLEVEL and CLSACC should be adjusted such that
CLSACC > CLSLEVEL in order to not having unstable situation.
situation
100% idle TCHs
Accept Incoming HOs due to CLS

CLSACC=50%
CLSLEVEL=30%
Make Outgoing HOs due to CLS
Cell Load Sharing

Cell Load Sharing
Parameters Summary
Parameter
Default Value
CLSLEVEL
CLSACC
HOCLSACC
RHYST
CLSTIMERINTERVAL
LSSTATE
20
40
OFF
75
100
Inactive
Recommended Value Value Range
ON
100
100
Active
0 to 99
1 to 100
ON/OFF
0 to 100
100 to 1000
Active/Inactive
Unit
%
%
%
ms
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Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping
During a call connection, a time slot (burst) can easily be lost when the mobile
station happens to be located in a fading dip for that particular frequency or if
it is subjected to interference.
If the next time slot is sent on another frequency, there is high probability that
this time slot will be received correctly and this can be done via frequency
hopping.
With frequency hopping:
Tighter frequency reuse can be implemented and so higher capacity can be
maintained.
More robust environment can be obtained.
There will be a possibility to give subscribers more uniform speech quality.
Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping
In frequency hopping, a set of predefined frequencies is used in each cell and
the MS will be allowed to transmit on different frequency every TDMA frame
(4.61 msec) i.e. The MS will change its frequency 217 times per second
With frequency hopping we can get:
i.
Frequency Diversity
ii.
Interference Diversity
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Frequency Hopping
I.
Frequency Diversity
Frequency hopping can solve the multipath fading (fast fading) problem.
The multipath fading results from reflections from the surrounding buildings
resulted in low signal strength fading dips.
The multipath fading is frequency and location dependent.
With frequency hopping, slow and non-moving MS wont still in a low signal
strength fading dip more than 1TDMA frame.
F1
F2
Average
Frequency Hopping
II.
Interference Diversity
Frequency hopping can also offer better quality when the currently used
frequency is interfered.
Interference depends on the time, frequency and the MS location.
With frequency hopping, certain MS will experience interference only for
1time during number of hops i.e. if a MS will hop on 4 frequencies one of
them is interfered, then the MS will be subjected to interference1 time every
4 hops.
Using frequency hopping will result in spreading the interference on many
MSs which will lead to a radio environment that is more even (symmetric).
The interference diversity can be expressed as a gain in the C/I ratio.
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Frequency Hopping
Channel Group Concept (CHGR)
Each number of frequencies (Transmitters) in the cell are grouped in what
we called channel group (CHGR), some parameters are defined per the
CHGR and not p
per cell,, for example:
p within the same cell frequency
q
y hopping
pp g
can be enabled on certain CHGRs and disabled on others.
HOP: Is a parameter that is used to enable or disable frequency hopping on
certain CHGR, it has two values either ON/OFF
Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping is applied on Traffic channels (TCHs), on SDCCHs and
packet data channels but it is not applied on Broadcast and Common control
channels which are mapped on TS#0 on F0
Methods of Hopping: we have two methods of hopping:
A. Base Band Hopping (BB Hopping)
B. Synthesized frequency Hopping (SY Hopping)
FHOP: Is a parameter to specify the method of hopping
hopping, it takes values:BB/SY
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Frequency Hopping
A. Base Band Hopping (BB Hopping)
Each Transmitter is assigned certain frequency and connected to many MSs,
each Time slot out of the transmitter will belong to different MS but at the
same frequency.
q
y
From MS prospective, each MS will transmit each TS via different transmitter
and on different frequency.
MS1-TS1-F1
TRX1
Transmitter F1
MS1
TS1
MS2
TS1
TS2
TS3
Transmitter F2
TRX2
TS2
Transmitter F3
TRX3
MS3
TS1
TS2
MS2-TS1-F2 MS1-TS2-F2
TS3
MS3-TS1-F3 MS2-TS2-F3
MS1-TS3-F3
TS3
TRX4
Transmitter F4
Bus for routing the time slots
Frequency Hopping
B. Synthesizer Frequency Hopping (SY Frequency Hopping)
With Synthesized frequency hopping, the MS will transmit all its time slots via
only 1 transmitter and the transmitter will change its frequency consequently
q
everyy TDMA frame based on certain sequence.
TRX1
MS1
TS1
TS2
TRX2
MS2
TS1
TS2
TS1
TS2
MS1-TS1-F1 MS1-TS2-F2 MS1-TS3-F3
Trans F1.Fn
Trans F1..Fn
TS3
TRX3
MS3
Trans F1.Fn
TS3
TS3
TRX4
Trans F1Fn
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Frequency Hopping
B. Synthesizer Frequency Hopping (SY Frequency Hopping)
The Advantage of Synthesized frequency hopping is that the number of
hopping frequencies can be larger than the number of the already existing
transmitters causing
g the hopping
pp g g
gain to increase without a need to use more
hardware.
Modes of Hopping:
i.
Cyclic Frequency Hopping
ii.
Random Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping
Modes of Hopping
i.
Cyclic Frequency Hopping

With this type of hopping, frequencies are changed every TDMA frame in a
consecutive order starting with the frequency of the lowest Absolute Radio
Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN).
For P-GSM (UL 890-915 MHz, DL 935-960MHz), ARFCNs: 1,2,3,4, 124
For example for four frequencies the cyclic hopping between them will
appear as follow: f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, f2, f3, f4, f1,
HSN (Hopping Sequence Number) : Is a parameter defined per CHGR
(number of frequencies) that will be used to specify the mode of hopping
with Synthesized frequency hopping, it take values from 0
63
When HSN = 0, this means that Cyclic frequency hopping will be used.
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Frequency Hopping
Modes of Hopping
ii.
Random Frequency Hopping

With this type of hopping, frequencies are changed every TDMA frame
randomly based on a pseudo-random
pseudo random sequence.
sequence The sequence is stored in
a look-up table in the MS as well as the BTS and up to 63 independent
sequences can be defined.
Based on the settings of the parameter HSN (1 63), one of the 63
independent random sequences will be used.
The period of the Random sequence=6 minutes, i.e. the random sequence
repeats
t itself
it lf once every 6 minutes.
i t
Frequency Hopping
Synthesizer Frequency Hopping (SY Frequency Hopping)
MAIO Concept
As we mentioned before that HSN is defined per CHGR, so if a CHGR
contains 4 Transmitters and HSN
HSN=0
0, then this means that cyclic hopping will
be used over these 4 transmitters.
But in order for the transmitters within the same CHGR to not interfere each
other they must start their hopping with different frequencies.
And in order to do so a MAIO
Same CHGR, HSN=0
(Mobile Allocation Index Offset)will Transmitter#1 (f0,f1,f2,.fn) f0,f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f0,
.
Be assigned for each transmitter so
f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f0,f1
each of them will start the hoppingTransmitter#1 (f0,f1,f2,.fn)
(f0 f1 f2 fn)
.
sequence either cyclic/random from
a different starting point, based
the MAIO assigned to it.
Transmitter#1 (f0,f1,f2,.fn)
f2,f3,f4,f5,f0,f1,f2
.
f3,f4,f5,f0,f1,f2,f3
.
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Frequency Hopping
Synthesizer Frequency Hopping (SY Frequency Hopping)
MAIO Concept
We have different MAIOs, i.e. there are different ways through which each
transmitter will start the cyclic/random hopping
hopping.
Using the default MAIO, the even MAIO values in increasing order are
picked first then the odd values, example: for a CHGR of 4 Transmitters, the
default MAIO list is 0,2,4,1
Same CHGR,
HSN 0
HSN=0
f0,f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f0,.
f2,f3,f4,f5,f0,f1,f2.
f4,f5,f0,f1,f2,f3,f4.
f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f0,f1.
N.B:
N B: Number of used
frequencies can exceed
the no. of Transmitters.
Frequency Hopping
Parameters Summary
Frequency Hopping Control Parameters

Parameter Name
Value Range
Default Value
Recommended Value
Unit
HOP
FHOP
HSN
ON,OFF
BB,SY
0 to 63
OFF
ON
MAIO
0 to 31 or Default
Default
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Intra Cell Handover

Intra Cell Handover
Intra Cell means within the same cell.
Intra Cell Handover aims at maintaining good quality of a current connection
by performing handover to a new channel within the same cell when bad
quality is detected.
f1 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS8
Same Cell
f2 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS8
Channel suffering from

bad quality
New channel
When a connection suffers from bad quality and at the same time the Signal
Strength is still high, there is a reason to believe that the bad quality is due to
interference.
Intra Cell Handover

Intra Cell Handover
Changing the serving channel on a certain cell to another channel within the
same cell may be useful due to the fact that most likely the interference on
different channels is not the same, and the reason for this could be:
The cell that interferes a certain connection (channel/call) may be not fully
loaded and not transmitting on all its channels.
If power control is in use in the interferer cell, then power used on each
channel will differ based on the MS location from the BTS.
For uplink interference, the MSs connected to the interferer cell will be located
in different places from the cell causing different levels of interference.
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Intra Cell Handover

Intra Cell Handover
After Intra cell handover is performed, the quality of a connection will be
enhanced if the radio conditions on the new channel is better than the old
channel, and this may be expected when intra cell handover is performed at
high signal strength while the quality (rxqual) is bad.
Intra Cell Handover can be triggered due to bad quality either in the downlink
or in the uplink.
But at which conditions Intra Cell Handover will be triggered ?
Intra Cell Handover

Intra Cell Handover
At which conditions Intra Cell Handover will be triggered ?
I t cellll handover
Intra
h d
is
i triggered/initiated
ti
d/i iti t d when
h signal
i
l strength
t
th iis hi
high
h and
d att th
the
same time the quality is bad based on the following equation:
rxqual_DL > QOFFSETDL + FQSS (RXLEV_DL + SSOFFSETDL)
Or
rxqual_UL > QOFFSETUL + FQSS (RXLEV_UL + SSOFFSETUL)
FQSS is a quality vs.
vs signal strength function that specify at each signal level
the quality beyond which an intra cell handover should be triggered.
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Intra Cell Handover

Conditions at which Intra Cell Handover is initiated:
rxqual_DL > QOFFSETDL + FQSS (RXLEV_DL + SSOFFSETDL) Or
rxqual_UL > QOFFSETUL + FQSS (RXLEV_UL + SSOFFSETUL)
RXLEV_DL and RXLEV_UL both are
measured in rxlev units 0
63, which
corresponds to -110 dBm
- 47 dBm
Example:
If RXLEV_DL = 57 and
QOFFSETDL=SSOFFSETDL= zero, then
when rxqual_DL > 52 dtqu an intra cell
handover will be initiated.
The FQSS Table.

Table The rxqual Values Is Given in dtqu
(deci Transformed Quality Units)
RXLEV
Rxqual
<=30
31
32 - 35
36 - 38
39 - 41
42 - 45
46 - 48
49 - 52
53 - 55
56 - 58
59 - 62
>=63
infinity
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
Intra Cell Handover

Intra Cell Handover
SSOFFSETDL & SSOFFSETUL are signal strength offset parameters,
increasing them will make the measured signal strength to appear better than
the actual situation causing the intra cell handover to be triggered more often.
QOFFSETDL & QOFFSETUL are quality offset parameters, decreasing them
will trigger the intra cell handover more often.
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Intra Cell Handover

Selection of a new channel at IHO
The primary target is to find a new channel that differs as much as possible
from the currently used channel.
The selection of a new channel will depend on whether frequency hopping is
used or not.
Intra Cell Handover

(A) With Frequency Hopping Not Used
Among the idle channels, select a channel that lies on a different frequency
than the current channel is using
using.
If no idle channels were found then select one of the idle timeslots that are on
the same frequency as the current channel.
1st choice at IHO
(Change frequency)
f1
f2
2nd choice at IHO

(Change Time Slot on the same frequency)
f3
Interfered Channel
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Intra Cell Handover

(B) With Frequency Hopping In Use
Select one of the idle channels that belongs to a different CHGR than the
current channel
channel.
If no idle channels were found or only 1 CHGR is defined then select one of
the idle timeslots that are on the same CHGR as the current channel.
If no idle channels were found select idle channels on the same CHGR and
time slot as the current channel.
CHGR0 f1
f2
CHGR1 f3
f4
Interfered Channel
1st choice at IHO(Change CHGR)

2nd choice
h i att IHO (Ch
(Change Ti
Time Sl
Slott
within the same CHGR )
3rd choice at IHO
(Same CHGR, same TS but different
channel)
Intra Cell Handover

Intra Cell Handover
If quality is not improved after making number of consecutive IHOs, this
means that all channels are suffering from poor quality and may be a part of
the cell is subjected to high interference.
We can limit the number of consecutive IHOs for certain connection to certain
number using parameter MAXIHO ex: If MAXIHO=3, then the maximum
number of allowed consecutive IHOs=3 and if the MS tried to make the 4th
IHO it will be disabled and a timer TIHO will start to inhibit any further attempts
to make IHO until this timer is released.
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Intra Cell Handover

Intra Cell Handover
Intra cell handover and bad quality urgency are both triggered at poor quality
situations.
situations
Intra cell handover has higher priority over bad quality urgency handover, i.e.
if the criteria for both are fulfilled then IHO will be triggered/initiated first.
If the dynamic OL/UL sub-cell feature is in use and if the number of
consecutive IHOs reached its maximum based on the settings of the
parameter MAXIHO, then a sub-cell change from OL UL or UL OL will be
attempted.
Intra Cell Handover

Parameters Summary
Intra Cell Handover Control Parameters

Parameter Name
IHO
SSOFFSETDL
SSOFFSETUL
QOFFSETDL
QOFFSETUL
MAXIHO
TIHO
Value Range
ON,OFF
30 to 30
30 to 30
50 to 50
50 to 50
0 to 15
10 to
t 60
Default Value
OFF
0
0
0
0
3
10
Recommended Value
ON
0
10
3
10
Unit
dB
dB
dtqu
dtqu
S
Seconds
d
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Dynamic HR Allocation
In high load situations it is important that the allocation of a traffic channel is
done efficiently for a new connection
connection.
This will result in high utilization of the channels while keeping good speech
quality for the existing connections.
For a new connection the Dynamic HR Allocation Algorithm evaluates the
traffic load in the cell and based on this decides the connection mode: FR
FR, HR
or AMR HR
To Activate the feature, set the parameter: DHA to ON
The feature differentiates between AMR and NAMR MSs and can be
controlled on cell level.
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New Connection
No
Yes
No
Dual Rate MS ?
(Supports HR?)
Support AMR HR?
Yes
No. of Idle TCHs % < DTHNAMR
Total no. of TCHs
HR Allocation
No. of Idle TCHs % < DTHAMR

Total no. of TCHs
No
Yes
Yes
AMR HR Allocation
FR/AMR FR Allocation
DTHAMR: The threshold below which the Dynamic HR Allocation starts for
AMR supported MSs
DTHNAMR: The threshold below which the Dynamic HR Allocation starts for
Non AMR supported MSs
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Parameters Summary
Intra Cell Handover Control Parameters

Parameter Name
DHA
DTHAMR
DTHNAMR
Value Range
ON,OFF
0 to 100
0 to 100
Default Value
OFF
30
15
Recommended Value
ON
30
15
Unit
%
%
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Dynamic Power Control

Dynamic Power Control
In this chapter well talk on both BTS and MS Dynamic Power Control.
The aim with Power Control is to increase the number of connections while
maintaining good C/I (Carrier to Interference Ratio).
Why Power Control is important ?
Decreases the total interference in the system ( Interference
)
So when Traffic increases (no. of MSs) then good C/I can be
maintained.
Wh T
When
Traffic
ffi iis normal,l C/I is
i improved.
i
d
When Interference is low, MSs with poor quality will be able to
successfully complete their calls.
ii. Decreases the consumption of the MS battery and the BTS backup batteries
when the main supply is down.
i.
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Dynamic BTS Power Control

The Algorithms for both BTS and MS dynamic power control are the same.
Th below
The
b l
graph
h shows
h
th
the relation
l ti b
between
t
BTS o/p
/ power and
d th
the
measured (received) signal strength at the MS vs. the path loss between BTS
and MS.
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For the area before point 1, the received power at the MS in the DL is very
good and sufficient,
sufficient however the BTS cant
can t make any sort of down regulation
and sends with power less than its minimum power.
As the MS is moving away from the BTS, the received power is decreasing,
so after crossing point 1, the BTS will start up regulating its power in steps to
compensate for the path loss.
At point 2, the BTS cant up regulate its power for a value above the max.
allowed power level even if the received power in the MS is deteriorated or the
path loss increased.

For Quality measurements the below graph shows the up regulations in the
BTS o/p power when quality is deteriorated (SS is not into consideration here)
As the Quality got worse ( 0

7), the BTS will try to increase its power to
compensate for the quality drop.
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Algorithm::
Algorithm
The Dynamic BTS Power Control algorithm is done on 3 stages
stages::
1. Preparation of the Input Data.
2. Filtering of measurements.
3. Calculation of Power Order.

Algorithm:
1) Preparation of The Input Data
Dynamic Power Control is made on TCHs time slots as well as on the SDCCH
time slots
slots, while the BCCH frequency with all its time slots is sent with max
max.
power with no power control.
Type of Measurements:
Measurement
Source
SS_DL
Quality_DL
power level used by the BTS_DL
MS
MS
BTS
Both SS_DL and Quality_DL measurements will be used in the equation

through which the next power order is calculated.
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Algorithm:
REGINTDL: A parameter that defines the minimum time period between two
consecutive power orders in the DL.
DL Measured in SACCH periods (0
(0.48
48
Seconds) from 1 to 10 SACCH periods i.e. Regulating Interval in DL. (It is a
BSC parameter)
The BTS is able to changes its output power , the resolution in o/p power is in
the form of steps of 2 dBs and maximum change is 30 dBs.
(ex: 2dBs, 4dBs,. , max to 30 dBs)
When power control is in use the BTS output power level will be given as:
Down Regulation: BTS o/p power (dBm) = BSPWRT 2*PLused ,
Up Regulation: BTS o/p power (dBm) = BSPWRMIN 2*PLused ,
where PLused = 0to 15
PLused is the power regulation step

Algorithm:
SSDESDL: A parameter that defines the desired Signal Strength in DL which
we aim to maintain using power control
control. Measured in dBm
The SS measured will be checked against SSDESDL to know if Down
regulation in the BTS power or up regulation is needed
QDESDL: A parameter that defines the desired Quality in DL which we aim to
maintain using power control. Measured in dtqu ( 0 to 70)
The Quality measured will be checked against QDESDL to know if Down
regulation in the BTS power or up regulation is needed.
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Algorithm:
The equation used to calculate the power order in the next SACCH period
contains information on SSDESDLSS
SSDESDL SS_DL
DLmeasuredd and
QDESDLQuality_DLmeasured.
SSDESDL SS_DLmeasured is measured in dBm, while QDESDL
Quality_DLmeasured is measured in dtqu so to be used in the same equation
some sort of mapping should be done,
i.e. QDESDLQuality_DLmeasured should be represented in the form of dBs as
well.
QDESDL (dtqu)
Quality_DLmeasured
dB transformation C/I
calculation (dB)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
23
19
17
15
13
11

Algorithm:
SS Compensation
We aim to get the SS of the pure TCH time slot compensated for both
frequency hopping when BCCH frequency is included and compensated for
power control.
i.
Compensating for frequency hopping:

When the MS is using a TS on BCCH carrier
SS_DLTCH = SS_DLMeasured [ BSPWR (BSTXPWR - 2*PLused) ]
SS_DLTCH = SS_DLMeasured ( BSPWR BSTXPWR + 2*PLused )
When the MS is using a TS on TCH frequency
SS_DLTCH = SS_DLMeasured
By Averaging the results then:
SS_DLTCH = SS_DLMeasured ( BSPWR BSTXPWR + 2*PLused )/ Nf ,
Nf = no. of hopping frequencies
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Algorithm::
Algorithm
SS Compensation
ii Compensating for power control:
ii.
SS_DLCompensated = SS_DLTCH + 2*PLused
Now in further calculations SS_DLCompensated will be used, where SSCompensated
is the signal strength compensated for both frequency hopping and power
regulations.
Quality Compensation
Qualityy_DLCompensated is calculated in the same wayy such that:
Q
Quality_DLCompensated = Quality_DLmeasured (in dBs) + 2*Plused
Where the Quality_DLmeasured (in dBs) is the Quality_DLmeasured (0 7) after
transforming it into dBs

Algorithm:
2) Filtering of Measurements
Filtering for both SS and Quality is done with exponential non-linear filters in
order to eliminate variations of temporary nature and get partial results
results.
(A) Filtering of SS Measurements
SS_DLFiltered (k) = b* SS_DLCompensated (k) + a* SS_DLFiltered (K-1), k is the
SACCH period
a & b (b=1-a) are the non-linear filters coefficients and a will define the
length of the filter L, where each filter length L corresponds to certain value
of a .
But how the length of the nonnon-linear filter is calculated?
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Algorithm:
(A)Filtering of SS Measurements
SS DLFiltered (k) = b
SS_DL
b* SS_DL
SS DLCompensated (k) + a
a* SS_DL
SS DLFiltered(K-1),
(K 1)
k is the SACCH period
If SS_DLCompensated (k) < SS_DLFiltered(K-1)
If SS_DLCompensated (k) > SS_DLFiltered(K-1)
then L = SSLENDL
where,
SSLENDL = 3 15 SACCH periods
then L = SSLENDL *UPDWNRATIO/100 where,

UPDWNRATIO = 100 700
In this case up regulation is needed and

it should be done very fast in order to not
lose the connection.
In this case Down regulation is needed and it

should be done in a smooth way, coz decreasing
the power suddenly may harm the connection.

Algorithm:
(B) Filtering of Quality Measurements
Quality DLFiltered (k) = b
Quality_DL
b* Quality_DL
Quality DLCompensated (k) + a
a* Quality_DL
Quality DLFiltered(K-1),
(K 1)
If Quality_DLCompensated (k) < Quality_DLFiltered(K-1)
If Quality_DLCompensated (k) >Quality_DLFiltered(K-1)
then L = QLENDL where,

QSLENDL = 1 20 SACCH periods
then L = QSLENDL *UPDWNRATIO/100 where,

QSLENDL = 1 20 SACCH periods
In this case up regulation is needed and it

should be done very fast in order to not lose the
connection.

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Algorithm:
SS_DLFiltered(K-1) is set initially = SSDESDL, that will lead to start power
regulations immediately after the first valid measurement report
report.
Also Quality_DLFiltered(K-1) is set initially = QDESDL, that will lead to start
power regulations immediately after the first valid measurement report.
SSDESDL: has value range from -110 to -47 dbm and recommended value is
-90 dbm
QDESDL: has value range from 0 to 70 dtqu and recommended value is 30
dtqu

Algorithm:
Till now we finalized two stages from the algorithm:
2
2. Filtering of measurements
measurements.
SS_DLmeasured
Q_DLmeasured
(Quality Units)
Compensation
Filtering
SS_DLFiltered
SS_DLCompensated
Quality units to
dB transformation
Compensation
_ measured((dB))
Q_DL
Filtering
Q_DLFiltered
Q_DLCompensated
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Algorithm:
3) Calculation of Power Order (PU)
This will be done on three stages:
(A) Calculating
C l l ti the
th two
t
basic
b i Power
P
Orders.
Od
(B) Applying the Power Orders constraints.
(C) Conversion of output data.

Algorithm:
(A) Calculating the two basic Power Orders
pui = i * (SSDESDL - SS_DLFiltered) + i * (QDESDL - Q_DLFiltered)
i = 1,2 and 1 & 1 are parameters to compensate for the path loss and quality.
1 = LCOMPDL/100, 1 = QCOMPDL/100, 2 = 0.3, 2 = 0.4
PU1 is calculated according to settings of 1 & 1 ( The operator will set the
proper values from his point of view for LCOMPDL & QCOMPDL),
Default values: LCOMPDL=5 and COPMDL=55
PU2 is calculated according to recommended settings of 2 & 2 based on
trials and field measurements.
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Algorithm:
pui = i * (SSDESDL - SS_DLFiltered) + i * (QDESDL - Q_DLFiltered)
PU1 and PU2 both of them aim to maintain the SS within the desired value
g to SSDESDL and to maintain the Quality
y within the desired
defined according
value defined according to QDESDL but each will calculate the path loss in
different way.
PU_used = max (PU1, PU2), max of pu1 and PU2 will be used as the desired
power order in the next measurement report coz the max of both of them will
mean lower down regulation/higher up regulation.

Algorithm:
(B) Applying Power Order constraints
Th highest
The
hi h t allowed
ll
d power order
d PU_used
PU
d = zero, which
hi h means kkeeping
i th
the
output power at maximum value with no power control.
The lowest allowed power order is given by the minimum of the following:
PU_used= minimum (30 dB, BSPWRT- minimum BTS o/p power)
i.e. it is not allowed to decrease the o/p power or increase it by a value > 30dB
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Algorithm:
(C) Conversion of output data
pu_used
d will
ill b
be iinterpreted
t
t d iinto
t fi
finall fform
from 0 15
PL
PL_used
d which
hi h ttakes
k values
l
PL_used =Integer(-pu_used/2)
Ex: if PL_used = 3 and Down regulation for power is required, then in the next
measurement report the BSC will inform the BTS to decrease its current
power by 2* PL_used = 6 dBs

Parameters Summary
Dynamic BTS Power Control Parameters
Parameter Name
Value Range
Default Value Recommended Value
SSDESDL
110 to 47
90
90
Unit
dBm
QDESDL
0 to 76
30
30
dtqu
SSLENDL
3 to 15
SACCH period (0.48 Seconds)
QLENDL
1 to 20
LCOMPDL
0 to 100
QCOMPDL
0 to 100
55
55
UPDWNRATIO
100 to 700
200
300
REGINTDL
1 to 10
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Dynamic MS Power Control

The Objective of the MS power control algorithm is to adjust the output power
of the MS so that a desired signal strength is received in the BTS
BTS.
The below graph shows the relation between MS o/p power and the measured
(received) signal strength at the BTS vs. the path loss between BTS and MS.

For the area before point 1, the received power at the BTS in the UL is very
good and sufficient,
sufficient however the MS cant
can t make any sort of down regulation
and sends with power less than its minimum power.
As the MS is moving away from the BTS, the received power is decreasing,
so after crossing point 1, the MS will start up regulating its power in steps to
compensate for the path loss.
At point 2, the MS cant up regulate its power for a value above the max.
allowed power level even if the received power in the MS is deteriorated or the
path loss increased.
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For Quality measurements the below graph shows the up regulations in the
MS o/p power when quality is deteriorated (SS is not taken into consideration
here).
As the Quality got worse ( 0

7), the MS will try to increase its power to
compensate for the quality drop.

Algorithm::
Algorithm
The Dynamic MS Power Control algorithm is done on 3 stages
stages::
2. Filtering of measurements.
3. Calculation of Power Order.
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Algorithm:
Dynamic Power Control is made on TCHs time slots as well as on the SDCCH
time slots
slots, while the BCCH frequency with all its time slots is sent with max
max.
power with no power control.
Type of measurements:
Measurement
Source
SS_UL
Quality_UL
power level used by the MS_UL
BTS
BTS
MS
Both SS_UL and Quality_UL measurements will be used in the equation

through which the next power order is calculated.

Algorithm:
REGINTUL: A parameter that defines the minimum time period between two
consecutive power orders
orders. Measured in SACCH periods (0
(0.48
48 Seconds) from
1 to 30 SACCH periods.
The BTS is able to changes its output power in the form of steps of 2 dBs
(ex: 2dBs, 4dBs,. , max to 16 dBs)
When power control is in use the MS output power level will be given as:
PWR_used = min(MSTXPWR,MSPWRMAX)
(
,
) 2*PLused , where
PLused = 0 to 8
and PWR_used is the power used by the MS during the connection
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Algorithm:
SSDESUL: A parameter that defines the desired Signal Strength in UL which
we aim to maintain using power control in the UL
UL. Measured in dBm
The SS measured will be checked against SSDESUL to know if Down
regulation in the MS power or up regulation is needed
QDESUL: A parameter that defines the desired Quality in UL which we aim to
maintain using power control in the UL. Measured in dtqu ( 0 to 70)
The Quality measured will be checked against QDESUL to know if Down
regulation in the MS power or up regulation is needed.

Algorithm:
The equation used to calculate the power order in the next SACCH period
contains information on SSDESULSS
ULmeasuredd and
SSDESUL SS_UL
QDESULQuality_ULmeasured.
SSDESUL SS_ULmeasured is measured in dBm, while QDESUL
Quality_ULmeasured is measured in dtqu so to be used in the same equation
some sort of mapping should be done,
i.e. QDESULQuality_ULmeasured should be represented in the form of dBs as
well.
QDESUL (dtqu)
10
20
30
40
50 60 70
Quality_ULmeasured
dB transformation (dB) 23 19
17
15
13
11
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Algorithm:
SS Compensation
Compensating for power control:
SS_ULCompensated = SS_ULmeasured + 2*PLused
Now in further calculations SS_ULCompensated will be used, where
SSCompensated is the signal strength compensated for power regulations.
Quality Compensation
Quality_ULCompensated is calculated in the same way such that:
Quality ULCompensated
Quality_UL
Quality ULmeasuredd (in dBs) + 2
2*PL
PLusedd
C
t d = Quality_UL
Where the Quality_ULmeasured (in dBs) is the Quality_ULmeasured (0 7) after
transforming it into dBs.

Algorithm:
Filtering for both SS and Quality is done with exponential non-linear filters in
order to eliminate variations of temporary nature and get partial results
results.
SS_ULFiltered (k) = b* SS_ULCompensated (k) + a* SS_ULCompensated(K-1), k is the
SACCH period.
a & b (b=1-a) are the non-linear filters coefficients and a will define the
length of the filter L, where each filter length L corresponds to certain value
of a
But how the length of the nonnon-linear filter is calculated?
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Algorithm:
SS ULFiltered (k) = b
SS_UL
b* SS_UL
SS ULCompensated (k) + a
a* SS_UL
SS ULFiltered(K-1),
(K 1) k is the
SACCH period
If SS_ULCompensated (k) < SS_ULFiltered(K-1)
If SS_ULCompensated (k) > SS_ULFiltered(K-1)
then L = SSLENUL
where,
SSLENUL = 3 15 SACCH periods
then L = SSLENUL *UPDWNRATIO/100

where,
In this case up regulation is needed and

it should be done very fast in order to not
lose the connection.

should be done in a smooth way, coz
decreasing the power suddenly may harm the
connection.

Algorithm:
(B) Filtering of Quality Measurements
Quality_UL
Quality ULFiltered (k) = b
b* Quality_UL
Quality ULCompensated (k) + a
a* Quality_UL
Quality ULFiltered(K-1),
(K 1)
If Quality_ULCompensated (k) < Quality_ULFiltered(K-1)
If Quality_ULCompensated (k) >Quality_ULFiltered(K-1)
then L = QLENUL where,

QSLENUL = 1 20 SACCH periods
then L = QSLENUL *UPDWNRATIO/100 where,

QSLENUL = 1 20 SACCH periods
In this case up regulation is needed and it

should be done very fast in order to not lose the
connection.

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Algorithm:
SS_ULFiltered(K-1) is set initially = SSDESUL, that will lead to start power
regulations immediately after the first valid measurement report
report.
Also Quality_ULFiltered(K-1) is set initially = QDESUL, that will lead to start
power regulations immediately after the first valid measurement report.
SSDESUL: has value range from -110 to -47 dbm and recommended value is
-92 dbm
QDESUL: has value range from 0 to 70 dtqu and recommended value is
30dtqu

Algorithm:
Till now we finalized two stages from the algorithm:
2
2. Filtering of measurements
measurements.
SS_ULmeasured
Compensation
Q_ULmeasured
(Quality Units)
Quality units to dB
transformation
SS_ULCompensated
Filtering
Q_ULmeasured(dB)
Q_ULFiltered
Filtering
SS_ULFiltered
Compensation
Q_ULCompensated
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Algorithm:
This will be done on three stages:
(A) Calculating
C l l ti the
th two
t
basic
b i Power
P
Orders
Od
(B) Applying the Power Orders constraints
(C) Conversion of output data.

Algorithm:
pui = i * (SSDESUL - SS_ULFiltered) + i * (QDESUL - Q_ULFiltered)
1 = LCOMPUL/100, 1 = QCOMPUL/100, 2 = 0.3, 2 = 0.4
pu1 is calculated according to settings of 1 & 1 ( The operator will set the
proper values from his point of view for LCOMPUL & QCOMPUL)
pu2 is calculated according to recommended settings of 2 & 2 based on
trials and field measurements.
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Algorithm:
pui = i * (SSDESUL - SS_ULFiltered) + i * (QDESUL - Q_ULFiltered)
pu1 and pu2 both of them aim to maintain the SS within the desired value
g to SSDESUL and to maintain the Quality
y within the desired
defined according
value defined according to QDESUL but each will calculate the path loss in
different way.
pu_used = max (pu1,pu2), max of pu1 and pu2 will be used as the desired
power order in the next measurement report coz the max of both of them will
mean lower down regulation/higher up regulation

Algorithm:
(B) Applying Power Order constraints
Th highest
The
hi h t allowed
ll
d power order
d pu_used
d = zero, which
hi h means kkeeping
i th
the
output power at maximum value with no power control.
The lowest allowed power order is given by the minimum of 16 dB i.e. it is not
allowed to decrease the o/p power or increase it by a value > 16 dB
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Algorithm:
(C) Conversion of output data
pu_used
d will
ill b
be iinterpreted
t
t d iinto
t fi
finall fform
from 0 8
PL
PL_used
d which
hi h ttakes
k values
l
PL_used =Integer(-pu_used/2)
Ex: if PL_used = 3 and Down regulation for power is required, then in the next
measurement report the BSC will inform the MS to decrease its current power
b 2* PL_used
by
PL
d = 6 dBs
dB

Parameters Summary
Dynamic BTS Power Control Parameters
Parameter Name
Value Range
g
Default Value Recommended Value
Unit
SSDESUL
QDESUL
110 to 47
0 to 76
92
30
92
30
dBm
dtqu
SSLENUL
3 to 15
QLENUL
1 to 20
LCOMPUL
QCOMPUL
UPDWNRATIO
0 to 100
t 100
0 to
100 to 700
6
75
200
6
75
300
REGINTUL
1 to 30
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GSM to UMTS Cell Reselection and Handover

All 3G user equipments (UEs) can support Multi RATs(Radio Access
Technology) i.e.
i e Both GSM and UMTS
UMTS.
With feature GSM-UMTS cell reselection and HO feature an operator can
make use of both GSM and UMTS systems to complement each other.
Multi RAT users can have good coverage even in areas where no UMTS
coverage and this can be accomplished using UMTS-GSM cell reselection
and HO.
COEXUMTS: Is a BSC parameter used to activate the feature GSM-UMTS
cell reselection and Handover.

New concepts will be introduced to understand how the feature works:
CPICH Ec/No:
E /N
Common Pilot Channel - Energy per chip/Noise level power density.
Used as a measure of the Quality of the neighbor UMTS cell.
CPICH RSCP:
Common Pilot Channel - Received Signal Code Power.
Used as a measure of the SS of the neighbor UMTS cell after
dispreading
dispreading.
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Measurements on UMTS Cells
In order to be able to make cell reselection or HO to a UMTS neighbor cell,
the multi RAT UE should be able to make measurements on this neighbor as
well as the ordinaryy GSM cells.
But when or at which conditions the UE will perform measurements on the
UMTS neighbors?
This will be based on the settings of the parameters QSI and QSC:
QSI: used to manage the conditions of measuring the UMTS cell in Idle Mode.
QSC: used to manage the conditions of measuring the UMTS cell in Active
Mode.

Measurements on UMTS Cells
When to start measuring the neighbor UMTS cell ?
QSI/QSC
Signal Strength of the serving GSM Cell
0 to 6
"Below" -98dBm to -74 dBm in steps of 4 dB
Always
8 to 14
"Above" -78dBm to -54 dBm in steps of 4 dB
15
Never
Example:
If QSC=8, then the UE is allowed to measure the neighbor UMTS cell only when
the SS of the serving GSM Cell > -78 dBm
SS(dBm)
-78 dBm
-90 dBm
GSM
GSM&UMTS
measurements measurements
GSM
measurements
GSM&UMTS
measurements
time
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(I) GSM to UMTS Cell Reselection:
This is controlled through set of parameters:
QSI: Which defines at which conditions the UMTS cell will be measured in idle
mode because there wont
mode,
won t be any kind of cell reselection without performing
measurements.
FDDQMIN: Defines the minimum quality of a UMTS cell inorder to be
candidate for cell reselection i.e. this condition should be satisfied CPICH
Ec/No >FDDQMIN condition#1
default value = 5 (-10 dB)
FDDRSCPMIN: Defines the minimum SS of a UMTS cell inorder to be
candidate for cell reselection i.e. this condition should be satisfied CPICH
RSCP >FDDRSCPMIN condition#2
default value= 6 (-102 dBm)

(I) GSM to UMTS Cell Reselection:
FDDQOFF: It is the key parameter to control the behavior of the cell
reselection provided that condition#1 and condition#2 are fulfilled
fulfilled.
If CPICH RSCP > RLA (S+N) + FDDQOFFS for at least 5 sec
condition#3
then Cell reselection will occur
RLA (S+N): It is the Received Level Average of the signal strength of the
serving+neighbor GSM cells measured in dBm, averaging is made on at least
5 measurements over a period of 3 5 seconds.
N.B: If the criteria for inter system cell reselection from GSM to UMTS is
fulfilled then the multi RAT UE will perform cell reselection to the UMTS cell
even if the criteria for selection another ordinary GSM cell is fulfilled.
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(II) GSM to UMTS Handover:
FDDMRR: The multi RAT UE is informed on how many UMTS cells (0 3) he
should report in the measurement report using this parameter.
Upon receiving the measurements from the multi RAT UE
UE, the BSC will
handle the GSM and UMTS cells separately by filtering out the UMTS
measurements before the GSM locating algorithm.
Filtering out the UMTS cells
Filtering
Basic Ranking
Urgency Condition
UMTS
Evaluation
% idle TCHs ISOLEV

Ec/No > MRSL
Aux. Radio features
GSM
Evaluation
Organizing the list

Add UMTS cells to Candidate list
Sending the list
and allocation
reply

QSC: Which defines at which conditions the UMTS cell will be measured in
active mode
mode, because there wont
won t be any kind of cell reselection without
performing measurements.
MRSL: It is a BSC parameter that gives the minimum threshold for the quality
(Ec/No) for a UMTS neighbor cell in order to be added to the HO candidate
list, recommended value=-9dB
ISHOLEV: It is a Cell parameter. The percentage of idle TCHs in the serving
GSM cellll will
ill b
be compared
d vs. ISHOLEV to
t decide
d id if the
th UMTS will
ill b
be added
dd d
to the HO candidate list or not.
143
11/23/2010

Conditions that should be fulfilled for a UMTS cell to be added to the HO
candidate list:
(1) No.
No of Idle TCHsGSM ServingCell
ISHOLEV or urgency conditions are
S i C ll ISHOLEV,
detected in the GSM serving cell either due to BQ or TA
(2) CPICH Ec/No UMTS Neighbor MRSL

Now all the valid neighboring UMTS cells will be sorted in order of decreasing
CPICH Ec/No in order to form the UMTS candidate list.
But how the two lists
lists, the GSM and UMTS will be sorted?
Ans.: this will depend on the urgency conditions and the load as follow:
Non-Urgency HO Condition
Urgency HO Condition
No Load
Load
No Load
Load
GSM list
UMTS list
GSM list
GSM list
UMTS list
UMTS list
GSM list
N.B: To have balance between the behavior in the idle & active modes it is
recommended to set the values for FDDQMIN (idle) = MRSL (active)
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Parameters Summary
GSM-UMTS Cell Reselection and HO Control Parameters
Parameter Name
COEXUMTS
QSI
QSC
FDDQMIN
FDDRSCPMIN
FDDQOFF
FDMRR
MRSL
ISHOLEV
Value Range
0(OFF),1(ON)
0 to 6(Below:-98dBm t o -74dBm)
7(Always)
8 to 14(Above:-78dBm to -54dBm)
15 (Never)
0 to 6(Below:-98dBm t o -74dBm)
7(Always)
8 to 14(Above:-78dBm to -54dBm)
15 (Never)
0 to 7 (-20dB, -6dB, -18dB, -8dB,
-16dB, -10dB, -14dB, -12dB)
0 to 15(-114 dBm to -84 dBm in steps of 2dBm)
0 to 15 (-inf, -28dB to 28dB in steps of 4 dB)
0 to 3
0 to 49
0 to 99
Default Value Recommended Value Unit

0(OFF)
1(ON)
15
15
0 (-20dB)
5(-10dB)
6(-102 dBm)
8(0 dB)
0
20
6(-102 dBm)
0(-inf)
1 or 2
30 (-9 dB)
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Trouble Shooting & KPIs monitoring

The Quality of service means that how the subscriber is satisfied with the
overall service.
service
To keep the quality of service good as much as possible, we have to enhance
the following:
(A) Accessibility: The ability of users to access the network.
(B) Retainability: The ability of users to successfully continue their connections
with the network until it is terminated in a normal way.
y
(C) Service Integrity: The ability to keep the quality of the service good enough
during the connection with the network.
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KPIs: Key Performance Indicators it is a general term used to define the
keys or observations through which you can judge if the performance is good
or not.
(A) Accessibility KPIs:

1.
2.
3.
4
4.
5.
Paging Success Rate

Random Access
SDCCH Congestion (Blocking)
TCH Bl
Blocking
ki
SDCCH Drop

(B) Retainability KPIs:
1.
2.
TCH Drop Rate

Handover Success Rate
(C) Service Integrity KPIs:

1.
2.
Rxqual (Received Signal Quality)

SQI (Speech Quality Indicator)
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1. Paging
On MSC level there is counters to count:
No. of attempts of paging to the Location Area.
No. of paging response to first paging.
No. of paging response to the repeated paging.
Using these counters we can form the equation to calculate the paging
success rate.

1. Paging
The Paging Success rate on certain LA as appeared from the statistics:
Paging Attempts
Paging Success Rate
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1. Paging
What are the causes of bad paging performance?
Implicit detach is not used: parameter ATT is set to Off
Low Signal Strength
Not optimized paging strategy
Use of combined BCCH mapping in high traffic location areas.
Location area dimensioning
Using of IMSI most of the time instead of TMSI

2. Random Access
A failure in the random access doesnt mean a call setup failure because the
MS sends many random access bursts each time it tries to access the
network.
There are counters to count the no. of accepted random access requests, and
the no. of discarded requests (incremented for random access requests that
are received with too high Time Advance) through which the random access
success rate can be calculated.
Causes of low random access success rate may be due to:
Too high Time Advance (TA)
High Interference
Bad BSIC Planning
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3. SDCCH Congestion
It is the failure of call/connection setup due to high signaling load.
There are counters to count the no. failed allocations due to SDCCH
congestion and the no. of call attempts through which the SDCCH congestion
rate can be calculated.
Causes of high SDCCH congestion? This is may be due to:
L
Location
ti A
Area b
border
d cell.
ll
High SMS Traffic.
Hardware Availability.
No. of configured SDCCHs is low.

4. TCH Blocking
It is the failure of setup a call/connection due to TCH congestion.
There are counters to count the no. of released connections on SDCCH due
to TCH congestion and the no. of assignment attempts on TCH channel
through which the TCH blocking rate can be calculated.
Causes of high TCH Blocking may be due to:
H d
Hardware
problem.
bl
Too few TCH resources defined.
Missing neighbor cell definition.
150
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4. TCH Blocking
The TCH Blocking as appeared from the Statistics
TCH Traffic
TCH Blocking
Defined TCH
Channels
TCH Blocking was solved after expansion (adding new frequency)


5 SDCCH D
5.
Drop
It is the failure of setup a call/connection due to SDCCH channel drop.
N.B: when a connection is dropped at call setup it will affect the accessibility
KPIs.
There are counters to count the no. of dropped connections on SDCCH and
the no. of successful MS channel establishments on SDCCH through which
the SDCCH drop rate can be calculated.
Causes of high SDCCH drop rate may be due to:
Bad Coverage.
Interference.
Hardware problems.
Wrong parameters settings (Offsets and Hysteresis).
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1 TCH Drop
1.
It is the drop of the connection on the traffic channel which was assigned to
the MS.
There are counters to count the no. of dropped connections and the initiated
connections on TCH channels through which the TCH drop rate can be
calculated.
Causes of high TCH drop rate may be due to:
Bad coverage
coverage.
Interference.
Hardware problems.
Missing Neighbors.
Wrong parameters' settings.

1. TCH Drop
The TCH drop as appeared from the statistics.
TCH Traffic
TCH Drop Rate
High drop rate was solved after fixing a hardware problem.

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1. TCH Drop
The TCH drop reasons as appeared from the statistics.
BQ Both Links
BQ Downlink
BQ Uplink
Low SS Both Links
L SS Downlink
Low
D
li k
Low SS Uplink
Sudden Lost
Main drop reason is due to BQ in downlink


1. TCH Drop
The TCH drop reasons as appeared from the statistics.
BQ Both Links
BQ Downlink
BQ Uplink
Low SS Both Links
L SS Downlink
Low
D
li k
Low SS Uplink
Sudden Lost
Main drop reason is due to low SS Both link

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2. Handover Success Rate
There are counters to measure the number of Handover attempts from cell to
cell and the Handover success rate.
Poor Handover Success rate may be due to:
Bad Frequency plan.
Wrong definitions and missing neighbors.
Wrong parameters settings.
Hardware problems.
Handover failure does not mean a drop call will occur.

1. Rxqual
It is obtained by averaging the Bit Error Rate over a certain period ~ 0.5 sec
and it is measured in both the Downlink and Uplink
Rxqual take values from 0 (Best)
quality of the radio environment.
7 (Worst) and gives indication for the
There are counters

Th
t
to
t measure the
th no. off samples
l that
th t received
i d with
ith Rxqual
R
l
0,1,2,.7
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2. SQI (Speech Quality Index)
Is a good measure for the end user perceived speech quality.
The algorithm used for calculation the SQI takes into account the BER, the
distribution of BER, the FER (Frame Erasure Rate) and the codec used (HR,
FR, EFR). The output values are measured on a dBQ scale.
T i ll th
Typically,
the SQI take
t k values
l
from
f
0 (Worst)
(W t)
30 (Best),
(B t) on HR connection
ti
SQImax=17dBQ, FR connection SQImax=22dBQ, EFR connection
SQImax=30dBQ
N.B: HR Half Rate, FR Full Rate, EFR Enhance Full Rate
155

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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

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PLMN Selection Criterion

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PLMN Selection Criterion

Automatic PLMN Selection Mode steps:

Manual PLMN Selection Mode:

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PLMN Selection Criterion

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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Cell Selection Criterion

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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Cell Selection Criterion

Scan RF Frequencies one by one and

Check if the chosen frequency is a

Tune to the next higher frequency that

Camp on the Cell

IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Cell Selection Criterion

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Cell Selection Criterion

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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

Cell Selection Criterion

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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

BCCH Data (System Information)

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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

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IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

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Normal Location Updating

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