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OUTLINE
Role and Function of Petrophysicist
Introduction to Well Logging
Logging History
Principles of Openhole Logging Tools GR, SP,
Neutron, Density, Acoustic, Resistivity, Induction

Other Sources of Subsurface Data

LEARNING OUTCOME
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Describe the basic principle of formation evaluation
and well logging

2. Explain the logging tools and their operating

principles.
3. Discuss the basic log response of respective logging
tool.
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ROLE OF PETROPHYSICIST

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WHO ARE PETROPHYSICIST?

Rock property and fluid type identifier.
Petrophysical data are derived mostly from indirect measurements.
Example:
Hydrocarbon intervals are related to high formation resistivity measured by logging tools.
Oil is differentiated from gas based from neutron response and neutron respond is related
to hydrogen counts in the formation
Productive rocks are differentiated from non-productive rocks based from a number of
different log data like gamma ray, density and neutron.

Thus, due to indirect measurements, petrophysics requires

interpretation of the data available to arrive at defining the reservoir
properties and the types of fluid in the borehole drilled.
Pore scale

Slab core scale

Cuttings

Bedding scale

Interpreted Log

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ROLE OF PETROPHYSICIST
Net to Gross
Porosity
Fluid Saturation

Lithology
Rock Types
Fluid Type/Contacts

Edited Sonic Log

Edited Density Log
Fluid Contents

Cased Hole Logs

Well Composite

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Elastic Moduli
Cement Evaluation
Casing Evaluation
Perforating Intervals

Saturation vs Height
Permeability
Flow Units
Fluid Type/Contacts

WHAT ARE LOGS?

Logs are referring to records run on an
uncased wellbore using electric
wireline truck and tools.
Logs can also refer to the drillers log,
mud logs, computer-generated logs,
and MWD (measurement while
drilling) logs.

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MWD/LWD

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INTRODUCTION TO WELL LOGGING

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THE WELL LOGS

Data records of formation rock properties
Continuously recorded versus well depth
Measured by logging tools lowered into the well
Conveyed by electric cable (called Wireline Logging)
Recorded during drilling (called Logging While Drilling).
Recorded by means of resistivity, nuclear, acoustic or magnetic

measuring devices
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TYPE OF WELL LOGS

0

Two main types of well logs:

Open hole logs

Well logs run inside a well while the formation is still exposed or open

Cased hole logs

Well logs run inside a casing or tubing, mainly for production/injection

profiling and reservoir monitoring purposes

Casing and cement evaluation logs, corrosion monitoring logs

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WHY DO WE RUN LOGS

To derive input parameters for calculating hydrocarbon
volumes as follows:

HCIIP = GRV x N/G x F x Sh x 1/FVF

GRV = Gross Rock Volume
N/G = Net to Gross Ratio
F = Formation Porosity
Sh = Hydrocarbon Saturation
FVF = Formation Volume Factor (Bo or 1/Bg)

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Hydrocarbon volume calculation

Definition of Net to Gross Ratio

THE ESSENTIALS WELL LOGS

0 Gamma Ray logs: to differentiate reservoir rock from non-

reservoir rock

0 Porosity logs: to determine net reservoir rock with

potential to store hydrocarbons

0 Resistivity logs: to calculate water saturation, which in

turn provides hydrocarbon saturation

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GAMMA RAY LOG

GR Log measures natural Gamma Rays and is used to

differentiate between reservoir and non-reservoir rock
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GAMMA RAY LOG

1. Discrimination between reservoir and non-reservoir rocks

2. Computation of clay content in reservoir rocks
3. Well to well correlation in a field
4. Identification of reservoir characteristics
5. Determination of depositional environment

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POROSITY LOG

Bulk density log measures formation density and is

used to compute formation porosity

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POROSITY LOG
1. Porosity can be computed using various porosity logs
2. Three main types of porosity logs
0
0
0

Bulk Density Log

Neutron Porosity Log
Sonic Porosity Log

3. Porosity logs can be used to determine the Net Porous Reservoir

Thickness
4. Determination of hydrocarbon type based on the combination of various

porosity logs
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RESISTIVITY LOG

0 Resistivity log measures formation resistivity and is used to identify

hydrocarbon bearing zones and compute hydrocarbon saturation

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RESISTIVITY LOG

1. Identification of hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs

2. Determination of Net Pay thicknesses
3. Calculation of hydrocarbon saturation
4. Identification of productive reservoirs
5. Estimation of formation permeability

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LOGGING HISTORY

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History Makes Us Appreciate:

0 Everything began one September day in 1927 when 2 French brothers

(Conrad and Marcel Schlumberger) saw their efforts crowned with

success when, in a well at the Pechelbronn field in France.
0 The carried out the 1st downhole electric log based on the principle of
surface resistivity measurements.
0 Since then, the range of available tools have continued to multiply and
improve to meet the ever growing demands of oil, mineral,
hydrogeological or geothermal prospecting.

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LOGGING HISTORY
Electrical Logging
Year

Description

1927

First electrical log was recorded in a well in the small oil field of Pechelbronn, in Alsace, a
province of north-eastern france.
Single graph of electrical resistivity of rock formations was recorded by station method.
sonde was stopped at periodic intervals in borehole, measurements made, and calculated
resistivity was hand-plotted on a graph this procedures was carried out from station to station
until entire log was recorded.
Resistivity log was used to detect HC present in the formation.

1929

Electrical resistivity logging was introduced on a commercial basis in Venuzuela, US, Russia and
Dutch East Indies.
Usefulness: for well to well correlation and identification of potential HC-bearing strata.

1931

Include SP measurement with Resistivity curve on electrical log.

Schlumberger brothers (Marcel & Conrad) perfected a method of continuous recording

1936

Photographic-film recorder was introduced

Electrical log consisted of SP curve, short normal, long normal & long lateral resistivity curves,
was predominant in logging activity from 1936 to late 1950s (curves were recorded
simultaneously after about 1946).

LOGGING HISTORY
Dipmeter Log
Year

Description

1930s

The development of dipmeter began with the anisotropy dipmeter tool.

1943

Three-arm dipmeter device, with an associated photoclinometer was introduced permitted

both direction and angle of formation dip to be determined (SP sensor at each arm).

1946

SP sensors were replaced by short resistivity devices made dip measurements possible in
wells where SP had little correlatable detail.

Mid1950s

First continuously recording electrical dipmeter sonde (used 3 microresistivity arrays and
contained a fluxgate compass) was introduced.

Today

A 4-arm dipmeter tool records 10 microresistivity curves simultaneously, and a triaxial

accelerometer and magnetometers provide highly accurate info on tool and deviation azimuth.
Processing data done exclusively with electronic computers.

LOGGING HISTORY
GR and Neutron Tools (first use of radioactive properties in well logging)
Year

Description

1941

Neutron log was first described by Pontecovo.

In combination with GR log, neutron log enhanced lithological interpretations and well-to-well
stratigraphic correlations.

1949

Attention to neutron log as a porosity indicator.

1962

SNP sidewall neutron porosity tool was introduced.

1936

CNL* compensated neutron tool was introduced.

Dual Porosity neutron tool combines those 2 neutron measurements into a single tool.

LOGGING HISTORY
Early Porosity Determination & Microresistivity Measurement
Year

Description

1950s

Microlog tool was introduced used a miniature linear array of 3 electrodes imbedded in the
face of an insulating pad, which is applied to the borehole wall.
Microlog recording is also useful to delineate permeable beds, and other microresistivity
devices help establish resistivity profile from the invaded zone near the borehole to the noninvaded virgin formation.

1951

Laterolog tool was introduced (the first focused deep-investigating resistivity device) focused
resistivity logs are well adapted for investigating of thin beds drilled with low-resistivity muds
(eg. Salt muds & highly resistive formations)

1953

Microlaterolog tool was developed for salt muds.

The MicroProximity log and MicroSFL* log have followed.

Today

DLL* dual lateral log tool (deep laterolog and shallow laterolog measurements) is the standard.
Usually run with a MicroSFL device as well

LOGGING HISTORY
Induction Log (replace original electrical log in freshwater muds)
Year

Description

1949

Induction log was developed, as an outgrowth of wartime work with mine detectors, for use in
oil-based mud.
However, its superiority over electrical log in freshwater muds was soon recognized.

1956

Combine a five-coil induction device with SP curve and a 16-in normal to make induction
electrical tool.

1959

Five-coil device was replaced by one with a six-coil array with deeper investigation.

1963

DIL* dual induction log was introduced, now is the standard deep induction, medium
induction, and shallow resistivity-measurements.
The shallow resistivity-measuring device is now a focused resistivity device a Laterolog 8 on
the 1963 tool and an SFL device on current tools
A new dual induction log, the Phasor* induction, provides improved thin-bed response, deeper
depth of investigation, and greater dynamic resistivity range.

LOGGING HISTORY
Sonic Log
Year

Description

Since
1930

Logging cables have been used to lower geophones into wells to measure long-interval acoustic
travel times from sound sources at the surface.

Late
1950s

Sonic log was accepted as a reliable porosity logs its measurement responds primarily to
porosity and is essentially independent of saturation.
Sonic log, coupled with focused resistivity logs (laterolog and induction) made possible
modern formation evaluation from well logs.
Sonic log measure porosity; focused resistivity logs measure true resistivity of non-invaded
virgin formation.
Subsequent improvements in sonic logging BHC borehole compensated sonic, LLS* longspace sonic, and the Array-sonic* tools.

LOGGING HISTORY
Density Log
Year

Description

Early
1960s

Logging of formation bulk density (measurement of formation porosity), was commercially

introduced.

1964

An FDC* compensated formation density log (compensated for the mudcake), was quickly
followed.

1981

Litho-Density* log provided an improved bulk density measurement and a lithology-sensitive

photoelectric absorption cross section measurement.

LOGGING HISTORY
Recovery of Physical Rock Samples & Formation Fluid Samples with Wireline Tools
Year

Description

1937

Sidewall coring, using a hollow, cylindrical bullet shot into formation and retrieved by pulling
it out, has existed since 1937.

1957

A formation tester was introduced recovered a sample of formation fluids and pore presure
was measured during the sampling process.
FIT formation interval tester and RFT* repeat formation tester have followed (RFT tool can
make unlimited number of pressure measurements and recover two fluid samples per trip.

1978
&
1985

Dielectric measurements have been developed to handle formation with freshwater formation,
or varies in salinity, or in which salinity is unknown.
EPT* electromagnetic propagation log was introduced in 1978
DPT* deep propagation log was followed in 1985.

THANK YOU!

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CONVEYANCE METHODS
Wireline conveyed logging

Drill pipe conveyed logging (TLC/PCL)

Logging While Drilling (LWD)
Coiled tubing conveyed logging
Slick line (piano wire) conveyed logging

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WIRELINE LOGGING
Well logging tools are lowered
into the well by means of an
electric cable attached to
the head of the tool string.
Power and tool commands are
sent downwards and data is
transmitted upwards, by means
of a telemetry tool.
IDW (Integrated Depth Wheel)
measures the length of cable
lowered into the well, thus
providing depth measurement

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PIPE CONVEYED LOGGING

Normal wireline logging tools are

attached to the drill pipe by means
of a side-entry sub and lowered
into the well.
Pipe Conveyed Logging System is
used in wells where the logging
tools cannot be lowered into the
well using a logging cable, due to
hole conditions.

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LOGGING WHILE DRILLING

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COILED TUBING CONVEYANCE

Logging tools, usually cased hole

logging tools, can be attached to
the end of a coiled tubing and
lowered into the well.
A special coiled tubing, with an
electric cable inside, is required
to transmit power and data to
and from the logging tools.

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