Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Objective
Objective is to quantify and arrive the cost of the project with minimum profit which is
going to be incurred by the promoter for the construction of G+3 Residential building.
1
1.4.1 Drawings
If the drawings are not clear and without complete dimensions the preparation of
estimation become very difficult. So, it is very essential before preparing an estimate.
1.4.2. Specifications
a) General Specifications: This gives the nature, quality, class and work and materials in
general terms to be used in various parts of wok. It helps no form a general idea of
building.
b) Detailed Specifications: These gives the detailed description of the various items of
work laying down the Quantities and qualities of materials, their proportions, the method
of preparation workmanship and execution of work.
1.4.3. Rates
For preparing the estimate the unit rates of each item of work are required.
1. For arriving at the unit rates of each item.
2. The rates of various materials to be used in the construction.
3. The cost of transport materials.
4. The wages of labour, skilled or unskilled of masons, carpenters, Mazdoor, etc.
1.5 Lumpsum
While preparing an estimate, it is not possible to work out in detail in case of
petty items. Items other than civil engineering such items are called lumpsum items or
simply L.S.Items.
The following are some of L.S. Items in the estimate.
1. Water supply and sanitary arrangements.
2. Electrical installations like meter, motor, etc.,
3. Architectural features.
4. Contingencies and unforeseen items.
In general, certain percentage on the cost of estimation is allotted for the above
L.S.Items Even if sub estimates prepared or at the end of execution of work, the actual
cost should not exceed the L.S.amounts provided in the main estimate.
Cost of land
legal expenses
cost of structure
cost for
cost for
preparation of
supervision
plan, estimate and
design
CHAPTER-2
MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS
Particulars of items
Earth work:
1. Earth work in Excavation
2. Earthwork in filling in foundation
trenches
3. Earth work in filling in plinth
Concrete:
1. Lime concrete in foundation
2. Cement concrete in Lintels
3. R.C.C.in slab
4. C.C. or R.C.C. Chujja, Sunshade
5. L.C. in roof terracing
(thickness specified)
6. Cement concrete bed
7. R.C. Sunshade (Specified
Width & Height)
Brick work:
1. Brickwork in foundation
2. Brick work in plinth
3. Brick work in super structure
4. Thin partition walls
5. Brick work in arches
6. Reinforced brick work
(R.B.Work)
Stone Work:
Stone masonry
Wood work:
1. Doors and windows frames
or chowkhats, rafters & beams
2. Shutters of doors and windows
(thickness specified)
3. Doors and windows fittings (like hinges,
tower bolts, sliding bolts, handles)
Units of
measurement
Units of
payment
cum
Per%cum
cum
cum
Per%cum
Per%cum
cum
cum
cum
cum
percum
percum
percum
percum
sqm
cum
persqm
per cum
cum
1rm
sqm
persqm
cum
cum
cum
sqm
cum
cum
per cum
per cum
per cum
per cum
per cum
per cum
cum
per cum
cum
per cum
sqm
per sqm
Nos.
per Nos.
Steel work
1. Steel reinforcement bars etc in R.C.C.
and R.B.work.
2. Bending, binding of steel Reinforcement
3. Rivets, bolts, & nuts, Anchor bolts, Lewis
bolts, Holding down bolts.
4. Iron hold fasts
5. Iron railing (height and types specified)
6. Iron grills
Quintal
Quintal
per quintal
per quintal
Quintal
Quintal
Quintal
Sqm
per quintal
per quintal
per quintal
per sqm
cum
per cum
sqm
sqm
sqm
per sqm
per sqm
per sqm
sqm
sqm
per sqm
per sqm
sqm
per sqm
sqm
sqm
per sqm
per sqm
Flooring:
1. 25mm cement concrete over 75mm lime
concrete floor (including L.C.)
2. 25mm or 40mm C.C. floor
3. Doors and window sills (C.C. or cement
mortar plain)
sqm
sqm
per sqm
per sqm
sqm
per sqm
11
1RM
per RM
12
1No
per 1No
13
Glass panels(supply)
sqm
per sqm
14
Nos.
per Nos.
10
Roofing
1. R.C.C. and R.B.Slab roof
(excluding steel)
2. L.C. roof over and inclusive of tiles or
brick or stone slab etc (thickness specified)
3. Centering and shuttering form work
4. A.C.Sheet roofing
Plastering, points finishing
1. Plastering-Cement or Lime
Mortar (thickness and proportion specified)
2. Pointing
3. White washing, colour washing, cement
wash (number of coats specified)
4. Distempering (number of coats specified)
5.Painting, varnishing(no of coats specified)
long wall or short wall, calculate first the centre line lengths of individual walls. Then the
length of long wall, (out to out) may be calculated after adding half breadth at each end to
its centre line length. Thus the length of short wall measured into in and may be found by
deducting half breadth from its centre line length at each end. The length of long wall
usually decreases from earth work to brick work in super structure while the short wall
increases. These lengths are multiplied by breadth and depth to get quantities.
CHAPTER-3
TYPES OF ESTIMATES
S.No
Description
Nos.
Length
Breadth
Depth/
(L)
(B)
Height
(D/H) m
of Item
Quantity
Explanatory
Notes
Item
No.
Description/
Particulars
Quantity
Unit
Rate
Per
(Unit)
Amount
3.2 Data
The process of working out the cost or rate per unit of each item is called as Data.
In preparation of Data, the rates of materials and labour are obtained from current
standard scheduled of rates and while the quantities of materials and labour required for
one unit of item are taken from Standard Data Book (S.D.B)
11
As per IS 3861-1966, the following areas include while calculating the plinth area of
building.
a) Area of walls at floor level.
b) Internal shafts of sanitary installations not exceeding 2.0m2, lifts, air-conditioning
ducts etc.,
c) Area of barsati at terrace level: Barsati means any covered space open on one side
constructed on one side constructed on terraced roof which is used as shelter during rainy
season.
d) Porches of non cantilever type.
Areas which are not to include
a) Area of lofts.
b) Unenclosed balconies.
c) Architectural bands, cornices etc.,
d) Domes, towers projecting above terrace level.
e) Box louvers and vertical sun breakers.
CHAPTER-4
MAIN ITEMS OF WORK
4.1 Earthwork
Earthwork in excavation and Earthwork in filling are taken out separately under
different items, and quantities are calculated in cu m. Foundation trenches are usually dug
to the exact width of foundation with vertical sides. Earth in excavation in foundation is
calculated by taking the dimensions of each trench length x breadth x depth. Filling in
trenches after the construction of masonry is ordinarily neglected. If the trench filling is
accounted, this may be calculated by deducting the masonry from the excavation.
Earthwork in plinth filling is calculated by taking by taking the internal
dimensions in between plinth wall (length x breadth) which are usually less than the
internal dimensions of the room by two off-sets of plinth wall i.e. 10 cm (4.5) and height
is taken after deducting the thickness of concrete in floor, usually 7.5cm (3). If sand
filling is done in plinth, this should be taken separately. The length and breadth for each
filling may be same as the internal dimensions of the room if there is no off-set in plinth
wall.
Excavated earth is used in trench filling and plinth filling and usually not paid for
separately, but may also be included under a separate item Return fill and ram or
backfill and paid at a lesser rate .Extra earth if required for filling is brought from
outside. If there is surplus earth after trench and plinth filling, this may be utilized in
leveling and dressing of site or carted away and removed.
14
Figure 2: P.C.C
4.3 Soling
When the soil is soft or bad, one layer of dry brick or stone soling is applied
below the foundation concrete. The soling layer is computed in sq m (Length x Breadth)
specifying the thickness.
15
4.5 Masonry
Masonry is computed in cu m (Length x Breadth x Height). Foundation and plinth
masonry is taken under one item, and masonry in superstructure is taken under a separate
item. In storied building the masonry in each story as ground floor above plinth level,
first floor, etc. is computed separately. In taking out quantities the walls are measured as
solid and then deductions are made for openings as doors, windows, etc. and such other
portions as necessary. Masonry of different types or classes, masonry with different
mortar, etc. are taken out under separate items.
16
Roof Beams:
Roof beams are horizontal members which transfers the loads from the slab to
columns. Based on the loads different sizes of roof beams are designed. The various
sizes of roof beams are used in our site those are 400x600, 400x750, 250x750mm etc.
Slabs:
Slab covers over roof beams which can take the live loads and transfers it to the
roof beams.
Generally the slabs are divided into two categories. When the ratio of long span
to short span is greater or equal to 2 then the slab is known as single way slab, when the
ratio of long span to short span is less than 2 then the slab is known as two way slabs.
R.C.C and R.B. work may also be estimated inclusive of steel and centering and
shuttering for the complete works, if specified.
Centering and shuttering (from work) are usually included in the R.C.C or R.B.
work, but may also be taken separately in sq m of surface in contact with concrete.
In R.C.C work plastering is not taken separately, but the exposed surface are
finished with thin rich cement sand mortar plastering to give smooth and even surface ,
which usually is not taken into consideration.
Reinforcement:
Steel reinforcements are used, generally, in the form of bars of circular cross
section in concrete structure. They are like a skeleton in human body. Plain concrete
without steel or any other reinforcement is strong in compression but weak in tension.
Steel is one of the best forms of reinforcements, to take care of those stresses and to
strengthen concrete to bear all kinds of loads. Grade Fe 415 is being used most
commonly nowadays. This has limited the use of plain mild steel bars because of higher
yield
stress and bond strength resulting in saving of steel quantity. Some companies
have brought Thermo Mechanically Treated (TMT) and Corrosion Resistant Steel (CRS)
bars with added features. Among these types we used TMT bars in our construction.
17
At one cross section, a maximum of 50% bars should be lapped. In case, required lap
length is not available at junction because of space and other constraints, bars can be
joined with couplers or welded (with correct choice of method of welding).
Anchorage Length
This is the additional length of steel of one structure required to be inserted
in other at the junction. For example, main bars of beam in column at beam column
junction, column bars in footing etc. The length requirement is similar to the lap length
mentioned in previous question or as per the design instructions
Figure 5: Anchorage
Cover Block
Cover blocks are placed to prevent the steel rods from touching the
shuttering plates and thereby providing a minimum cover and fix the reinforcements as
per the design drawings.
40mm
Beams
25mm
Columns
40mm
Retaining wall
Slabs
15mm
m under a separate head as this work is done with rich cement mortar. For R.C.C work
usually no plastering is allowed but for fair finish a thin plaster of rich cement mortar
may be allowed which should not be taken in the measurement separately.
Pointing Pointing in walls is calculated in sq m for whole surface and deductions
similar to plastering are made.
4.10 Columns
Columns are the vertical members which are used to transfer the loads from the
roof beams to the footings. Based on the loads different sizes of columns are designed.
The various sizes of columns are used in our site those are 750x400, 400x600, 250x900,
230x300mm etc.
22
23
CHAPTER-5
RATE ANALYSIS
5.1 Definition
In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors affecting the rate of
that item are studied carefully and then finally, a rate is decided for that item.This process
of determining the rate of an item is termed as the analysis of rate or rate analysis.
1.
Major factors : There are mainly two factors on which the rate of an item
depends namely.
i)
Materials
ii)
Labour
Hence, in ordinary procedure of rate analysis, only these two forces are taken into
account and the rate of an item is derived. The points to be remembered for these two
factors will now be briefly mentioned.
24
Materials :The quantities of various materials required for the construction of an item
can be easily worked out by knowing the specification of that item.The prices of various
materials required are fixed. But their prices are variable from place to place and from
time to time as they depend on the prevailing market conditions. Hence, before starting
the rate analysis of an item, it is essential to collect the prices of such materials from the
market at that instant.
It is the duty of the person framing the rate analysis to see that the materials available in
the market are in accordance with the specification of the item. It is also necessary to
include a certain percentage for waste of all materials to cover breakages, losses, cutting
waste, etc .However , the average percentage to be adopted for wastage will vary for
different trades and operations. With the help of the quantities of various materials and
prices of the materials, the cost of materials for a particular item can be calculated.
Labour: The labour force will be necessary to arrange the materials in a proper way so
that the item can be completed. For instance, heaps of bricks, cement and sand cannot be
used in the construction of brickwall, unless some masons, coolies and bhisties are
available. The amount of labour force required to carry out a unit of a particular item is
decided from the past experience or in case of a complicated item, it is decided by
carrying out a sample of that item. In any case , it is quite clear that the labour force
required will depend on the efficiency of the labourers and hence, this force will be
variable from place to place also, the price or wage of labour is a variable factor and will
vary from place to place, person to person and time to time.Hence the efficiency of the
labourer and the wage of the labourer should be properly studied before starting the rate
analysis for a particular item, By knowing the amount of labour force and the wage of
labourer, the cost of labour of a particular item is calculated.
2) Minor factors: These are the factors which come into force under special
circumstances and should, therefore, be given proper weight, when such conditions are to
exist following are some of such factors.
25
i) Special equipment : If the execution of an item requires the use of some special
equipment or plant, the cost of using such special equipment on the rental basis should be
included in the rate analysis of that item.
ii) Place of work : The site of work will also have some effect on the rate of an item
under certain conditions. If it is too far, more amount will have to be spent on carting
similarly, if it is situated in a highly congested area, it will not be possible to take the
materials directly to the site. The materials will have to be stacked on the main road and
then they will have to be taken in hand lorries. This will increase the cost of transport of
the materials and consequently, the rates of the items are to be modified.
iii) Nature of work : If the work consist of large quantities of the items , the rates may be
less and vice versa.
iv) Conditions of contract : If the conditions of contract are very stiff, the rates of the
various items will be high and vice versa.
v) Profit of the contractor : The usual percentage of the profit of the contractor is ten.
But if it is more or less, the rate of the item will be correspondingly affected. The profit
of the contractor will includes his overhead charges also. These overhead charges are to
be reasonably ascertained and suitably allocated to various jobs carried out concurrently
by the contractor. The overhead expences can broadly be divided into two categories.
a) Expenses relating to the works such as expenses incurred for tools, testing , supervision ,
insurance , amenities at site, power, plant , stores , etc.
b) Expenses relating to the office establishment such as expenses incurred for postage , rent
, travelling, satisfactory, taxes, telephone, etc.
vi) Specifications :If the specifications of work provide for rigid type tolerances and
superior quality turn out, the rates will be on the higher side.
vii) Site conditions : If the site conditions are such that difficulties will be experienced
during execution of work, such as foundations involving water troubles, the rates will be
on the higher side, on the other hand, if site conditions are ideally suited for the
construction activities, the contractor may quote slightly lower rates .
26
viii) Miscellaneous : The other remaining miscellaneous factors affecting rates of items
include time of completion of the project, climatic conditions , reproduction of the
contracting firm, discipline of the organization , etc.
From the above discussion, it is clear that the accuracy of rate analysis will depend on the
skill, knowledge, experience, precision and judgement of the person entrusted with the
work of rate analysis.
27
Normally, a clause in the conditions of contract is inserted, stating that , any extra
item that might occur during the execution of the work shall be paid as per rate in the
schedule of rates.
In some cases, the contractor may be asked to submit his tender by simply quoting
the percentage above or below the S.O.R for carrying out the construction work.
The schedule of rates consists of groups of items such as demolishing items,
excavation items, concrete items, brickwork items, etc. and also information, regarding
the present wages of labour and prices of different items , is given in it.
As the rates of items mentioned in the schedule of rates are likely to vary, the
schedule of rates is periodically revised, usually after three years.
The Central Public Works Department ( CPWD ) if the premier construction
organisation of the Govt.of India and it has been responsible for the planning and design,
construction and maintenance of a variety of building projects like mass housing
complexes, hospitals, educational institutions , sport complexes, highways, airports,
industrial buildings, bridges, etc. Hence, the schedule of rates serves as an important
document for the CPWD.
The CPWD schedule of rates contains the basic rates of materials, labour,
Carriage etc. of about 2500 items and the finished rates of about 3000 items of work
covered under different subheads like building work, road work, water supply and
drainage items etc. The rates of the finished items are worked out by the analysis of rates
with the standard requirements of material, labour and necessary sundries like water
charges, contractors profit, etc.
Due to continuous changes in the market rates of materials, wages of labour, cost
of carriage ,etc. the schedule of rates document requires revision frequently. The updating
of this document manually proved to be extremely difficult task, as it involved careful
analysis and thorough checking of several of items in the schedule. The use of computers
was found to be an ideal solution in the preparation and quick updating of this document
in minimum possible time without any chance of human errors.
28
The CPWD has evolved the coding procedure and file organization of the
computer programme for the schedule of rates document. This is an important step in the
modernisation of the public work system and perhaps,
organization to take this measure in the country. It is likely that in future, an integrated
package of an easily updatable all India schedule of rates can be developed and it will
serve as an important national document useful for all the construction agencies in the
country.
29
CHAPTER-6
ANALYSIS
PLANS
&
DRAWINGS
30
31
32
33
34
QUANTITY ESTIMATION
6.2.1. Foundations
a)Footing1:
Details of the Foundation 1:
Footing Size: 5'6"X 5' X 12"
Total Number: 4
Note: As per IS1200, Any footing must have a buffer of 600mm extra on either side from
the face of the footing.
Table 6.2.1.1 detailed estimation of foundation 1
S.No.
Item
Description
Length
(m)
5'6"+2(0.
6)
=2.88
6'0"
= 1.83
Earthwork
Excavation
P.C.C
(1:4:8)
R.C.C work
a)In Footing1 5'6"
= 1.68
b)In
Column1
21"
Until ground = 0.53
surface
Breadth
(m)
5'+2(0.6)
=2.72
Height
Or
Thickness
(m)
5'0"
=1.52
5'6"
= 1.68
6"
= 0.15
5'
= 1.52
12"
= 0.3
0.77
9"
= 0.23
3'6"
= 1.07
0.13
Total R.C.C.
0.90
35
Quantity
Remarks
(m)
11.91
0.46
H= 5'-6"-12"
= 3'6"
In Footing1:
Table 6.2.1.2 final quantities of foundation 1
Item
Earthwork
Excavation
P.C.C (1:4:8)
R.C.C Work
-In Footing
-In Column (Until
G.S)
Total R.C.C
Earthwork Refilling
Steel
b) Footing2:
For 1 unit
11.91 m3
Total No.
4
Total Quantity
47.64 m3
0.46 m3
1.84 m3
0.77 m3
0.13 m3
4
4
3.08 m3
0.52 m3
0.90 m3
10.55 m3
31.10Kg
4
4
4
3.6m3
42.2 m3
124.40 Kg.
1
2
3
Item
Description
Earthwork
Excavation
P.C.C
(1:4:8)
R.C.C
Work
a) In
Footing 1
b) In
Column1
Until
ground
surface
Length
Breadth
(m)
6'+2(0.6)
=3.03
6'6"
=1.98
Height
Or
Thickness
(m)
(m)
5'6"+2(0.6) 5'0"
=2.88
=1.52
6'
6"
=1.83
=0.15
6'
=1.83
5'6"
=1.68
12"
=0.3
Quantity
(m)
13.26
0.54
0.92
H=5'-6"12"=3'6"
0.15
24"
=0.61
9"
=0.23
3'6"
=1.07
Remarks
For 1 unit
13.26 m3
Total No.
8
Total Quantity
106.08 m3
0.54 m3
4.32 m3
0.92m3
0.15 m3
8
8
7.36 m3
1.2 m3
1.07 m3
11.65 m3
38.22Kg.
8
8
8
8.56 m3
93.2 m3
305.76Kg.
L1= 56-2x2+2x9x0.012
= 1.79m
Figure 7: Footing Plan
N0.0f bars = {(length of footing end cover) /centre to centre distance }+1
= (56-2x2)/6 +1 = 11.33 = 12
37
Total length of bar = no. of bars x length of one steel bar =21.48 m
Unit weight of steel = 7850 kg/m
Diameter of the bar = 12mm
Total weight of steel = unit weight of steel x area of the bar x length of the bar
= 7850 x (/4 x 0.012) x 21.48
=19.07 kg
Cost of steel = Rs 40/kg
Total cost of steel in footings = 40 x 19.07
= Rs 768.80
Similar calculations are made for footings in shorter span direction.
Table 6.2.1.5 barbending schedule of footings
S.NO
Description Shape
of item
Column
C1-4 nos
a) longer
direction
Diameter No
( mm)
Length
( m)
Total
length
(m)
Unit
weight
Total
weight
(kg)
(kg/m)
12
40
1.8
72
0.89
64.08
b) shorter
direction
Column
C2-8 nos
a)longer
direction
12
44
1.54
67.76
0.89
60.30
12
88
1.94
170.72
0.89
151.94
b)shorter
Direction
12
96
1.8
172.8
0.89
153.79
Total
430.16
= 47.64+106.08
38
= 153.72 m3
Total quantity of p.c.c (1:4:8) =1.84+4.32
= 6.16 m3
Total Quantity Of R.C.C. = 3.6+8.56
= 12.16 m3
Total Earthwork Refilling = 42.2+93.2
= 135.4 m3
Total Steel Quantity In Footings = 430.16kgs (Excluding Column part)
39
Description
of item
Beam 1
Beam 2
2
No.
Length
Width
(m)
55'6''
=16.92
(m)
9''
=0.23
Depth
Or
Height
(m)
12''
=0.3
26'6''
=8.08
9''
=0.23
12''
=0.3
3.35
21''
=0.53
9''
=0.23
12''
=0.3
-0.15
24''
=0.61
9''
=0.23
12''
=0.3
Quantity
Total
quantity
(m)
(m)
2.33
Deductions
at junctions
of beam1&2
At column1
At column 2
( Table -6.2.2.1)
Filling inside
plinth beams
40mm HBG
Metal &
earth filling
15.54
0.8
5.19
94.73
Total
94.73
(Table 6.2.2.2)
7.62
- 0.34
Total
Diameter N0.
Length
Total
length
Unit
weight
Total
quantity
16
17.16
137.28
1.58
216.9
Extra bar
16
10.71
42.84
1.58
67.68
Beam 2
Main bar
16
24
8.32
199.68
1.58
315.5
Extra bar
16
12
7.51
90.12
1.58
142.39
Stirrups
456
1.11
506.16
0.39
Total
197.4
939.87
40
Table 6.2.3.1
Description NO.
of item
Length
Breadth
(m)
(m)
Height
Quantity
Or depth
(m)
(m)
Total
quantity
(m)
Earth work
excavation
Long wall
21.34
0.8
0.5
17.07
Short wall
10.6
0.8
0.5
8.48
Total
25.55
R.R
masonry
Long wall
20.94
0.4
0.5
8.38
Short wall
11
0.4
0.5
4.4
Total
12.78
Earth work
refilling
Long wall
21.34
0.4
0.5
8.54
Short wall
10.6
0.4
0.5
4.24
Total
12.78
Brick work
Long wall
20.77
0.23
1.5
14.33
Short wall
Deduction
of gate
10.83
0.23
1.5
7.47
0.23
1.5
-1.38
Total
20.42
Plastering
(C.M 1:4)
External
64.34
1.5
96.51
Internal
62.96
1.5
94.44
Total
41
190.95
m
6.2.4 Columns:
a)In columns above ground surface :
Total Height of Column = (No. of Floors * Floor Height) - (No. of beams on column
*beam Thickness)
= (4*3m) - (3*18'')
= 10.63m
From N.G.L. to Plinth top, Height = 12''
Therefore Total Height of Column above G.S or G.L = 10.63+ 12'' =10.93 m
(G.S = Ground Surface)
Table 6.2.4.1 C.C. work in columns
Column
No.
C1
C2
Specification Length
9 X 21
9 X 24
Breadth
Height
Quantity
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m3)
9=0.23m 21=0.53m 10.93m
1.33
9=0.23m 24=0.61m 10.93m
1.53
42
Total
No.
Total
Quantity
(m3)
4
5.32
8
12.24
Total
17.56
Description
Of item
Main bars
upto plinth
level for
Shape
( Table -6.2.4.2 )
Diameter
Nos.
(mm)
a)Column
C1-4 nos
b)Column
C2-8 nos
(m)
Total
Length
(m)
Unit
Weight
(kg/m)
Total
Weight
(kg)
20
24
2.28
54.72
2.46
134.61
16
16
2.13
34.08
1.58
53.84
25
32
2.36
75.52
3.85
290.75
20
48
2.28
109.44
2.47
270.31
40
2.288
91.52
0.39
35.7
80
2.3
184
0.39
71.76
20
24
14.01
336.24
2.47
830.51
16
25
16
32
14.01
14.01
224.16
448.32
1.58
3.85
354.17
1726
20
48
14.01
672.48
2.47
1661
12
352
2.432
856
0.89
761.84
12
352
2.432
856
0.89
761.84
Stirrups
upto plinth
level for
a)column
c1-4 nos
b)column
c2-8 nos
Main bars
from plinth
level to
G+3 for
a)Column
C1-4 nos
b)Column
C2-8 nos
Length
Stirrups
from plinth
level to
G+3 for
column
C1-4 nos
column
C2-8 nos
43
6.2.5 Beams
Table 6.2.5.1 C.C. work in roof beams
S.NO. Description
of item
1
Beam 1
Beam 2
NO.
3
Small beam1
(b/w 5&6)
Small beam1
(b/w 1&2)
Length
Breadth
Height
Quantity Total
quantity
51'
=15.55
9''
=0.23
12''
=0.30
3.21
34'
=10.36
9''
=0.23
12''
=0.30
4.29
10'3''
=3.12
9''
=0.23
12''
=0.30
0.22
11'6''
=3.51
9''
=0.23
12''
=0.3
0.24
Total
44
7.96
=
= 2*( 13/4 + 9 -1 + 2*9* 0.016)
= 2.96 m
We have 2 extra bars for this beam so,
Total length of extra bars in this beam
= 2* 2.96
= 5.92 m
45
46
Description of
item
Shape
Diameter
No
(mm)
1
Length
(m)
Total
length
(m)
Unit
weight
(kg/m)
Total
weight
(kg)
BEAM 1
Main bars
16
12
17.92
215.04
1.58
339.76
Extra bars
16
10.71
64.26
1.58
101.53
16
3.82
15.28
1.58
24.14
16
2.55
5.1
1.58
8.06
Main bar
16
3.97
15.88
1.58
25.09
Extra bar
16
2.74
5.48
1.58
8.66
Beam1
288
1.2236
355.97
0.39
138.83
Small beam1
b/w 6&5
21
1.236
25.96
0.39
10.12
Small beam1
b/w 1&2
BEAM 2
23
1.236
28.43
0.39
11.09
Main bar
20
24
10.6
254.4
2.47
628.37
Extra bar
20
12
10.16
121.92
2.47
301.14
SMALL
BEAM 1
(b/w 6&5)
Main bar
Extra bar
SMALL
BEAM 1
(b/w 1&2)
STIRRUPS
STIRRUPS
47
8mm@6''c/c
8mm@7''c/c
264
1.54
406.56
0.39
158.56
264
0.32
84.48
0.39
32.95
138
1.54
212.52
0.39
82.88
138
0.32
44.16
0.39
17.22
Total
1888.4
48
6.2.6 Slabs
In Ground Floor:
slab dimensions :
Length= 55'6''
Breadth=34'
slab area = total slab area - openings of lift -opening of stair case
total Slab Area =55'6'' X 34' = 175.29 m2
Lift dimensions :
L = 6'
B = 4'6''
Lift Area = 6' X 4'6'' = 2.51 m2
Stair case dimensions
L = 12'6''
B = 6'
Staircase area = 12'6'' X 6' = 6.97 m2
Slab area = 175.29- 2.51 - 6.97 = 165.81
Thickness of the Slab = 4.5
Slab Quantity = 165.81X 4.5 = 18.95 m3
Therefore Ground Floor Slab Quantity = 18.95 m3
For all the floors, Slab Properties are the same and henceforth same quantity
Total Slab Concrete Quantity = 75.8 m3
49
= 6.2+( 0.42*0.008*2)
= 6.21 m
No. of bars = (length of slab- 2*end cover )/spacing of bars +1
= (20- 2*0.02)/ 6 +1
= 40.73=41 numbers
Unit weight of steel = 7850 kg/m
Area of bar = /4 *0.008
Total weight of steel = unit weight *area*length
=7850* /4 *0.008 *254.4= 100.4kg
50
Shape
Diameter No.
Length
(mm)
(m)
Total
length
(m)
Unit
weight
(kg/m)
Total
Weight
(kg)
Along
shorter span
1)b/w 1&2
a) straight
bar
b) crancked
bar
16
13
10.46
135.98
1.58
214.85
16
13
10.48
136.24
1.58
215.26
16
13
10.46
135.98
1.58
214.84
16
12
10.47
125.64
1.58
198.51
16
5.05
35.35
1.58
55.85
16
5.06
30.36
1.58
47.97
16
14
10.46
146.44
1.58
231.38
16
14
10.47
146.58
1.58
231.6
16
12
10.46
125.52
1.58
198.32
16
12
10.448
125.76
1.58
198.7
2) b/w 2&3
a) straight
bar
b) crancked
bar
3) b/w 3&4
a) straight
bar
b) crancked
bar
4) b/w 4&5
a) straight
bar
b) crancked
bar
5) b/w 5&6
a) straight
bar
b) crancked
bar
51
Along
longer span
1) b/w
staircase &
lift
a) straight
bar
b) crancked
bar
2) side of
lift
a) straight
bar
b) crancked
bar
3) side of
staircase
a) straight
bar
b) crancked
bar
17
17.4
295.8
0.39
115.36
17
17.44
296.48
0.39
115.63
12
7.65
91.8
0.39
35.8
12
7.67
92.04
0.39
35.9
26
7.65
198.9
0.39
77.57
26
7.67
199.42
0.39
77.77
Total
Total weight of steel in slab for one floor
2265.11
= 2265.11 kg
Total weight of steel required for building in slabs = number of slabs X total weight of
steel in single slab
= 4 X 2265.11
= 9060.44 kg
52
Description of
item
External walls
(9")
a) long wall
(along beam
B1)
b)short wall
(along beam
B2)
Internal walls
(4'')
a)main bed
room
1)long wall
Nos.
Length
Breadth
(m)
(m)
55'6''
=16.92
Height
Or
depth
(m)
Quantity
Total
quantity
(m)
(m)
9''
=0.23
2.7
21
32'6''
=9.91
9''
=0.23
2.6
23.7
12'10''
=3.91
4"
=0.1
2.7
2.1
11'
=3.35
4''
=0.1
2.6
1.74
12'10''
=3.91
4''
=0.1
2.6
2.03
2)short wall
b)kitchen
1)long wall
2) short wall
7'10.5''
=2.4
4''
=0.1
2.7
2.6
c)Toilet wall
4'
=1.22
4''
=0.1
2.7
1.32
d) Balcony wall
10'
=3.05
4''
=0.1
1.83
e) C.Bed Room
1)long wall
12'7''
=3.81
4''
=0.1
2.7
1.03
2) short wall
10'
=3.05
4''
=0.1
2.6
0.8
53
f) C.Bed Room
1) long wall
11'4''
=3.45
4''
=0.1
2.7
0.93
2)short wall
10'
=3.05
4''
=0.1
2.6
0.8
Total
DEDUCTIONS
DOORS
a) main door
b) door (D)
C) door (D1)
WINDOWS
a) window (W)
b)window (W1)
c)window(W2)
d) kitchen
window (K/W)
5
VENTILATOR
(V)
COLUMNS
a) column (C1)
b) column (C2)
2
2
3'6''
=1
9"
=0.23
6'9''
=2
-0.92
3'
=0.91
4''
=0.1
6'9''
=2
-0.73
2'6''
=0.76
4''
=0.1
6'9''
=2
-1.22
6'
=1.8
9''
=0.23
4'
=1.2
-1
4'
=1.2
4''
=0.1
4'
=1.2
-1.3
3'
=0.9
4''
=0.1
4'
=1.2
-0.11
2'
=0.6
2'
=0.6
4''
=0.1
4''
=0.1
1'6''
=0.45
1'6''
=0.45
21''
=0.53
9''
=0.23
2.6
-1.27
29''
=0.74
9''
=0.23
2.6
-3.5
54
-0.05
-0.05
59.88
= 60
BALCONY
a)Wide balcony
b)kitchen
balcony
c) staircase
landing
10'
=3.05
9''
=0.23
1.68
-3
7'9''
=2.36
9''
=0.23
1.83
-2
6'
=1.83
9''
=0.23
1.83
-0.77
Total
deduction
-15.92
=(-)16
=
= 66000
55
6.2.8 PLASTERING
Table 6.2.8.1 plastering work
S.no.
Decsription of
item
Nos.
Length
Breadth
(m)
(m)
Height
or
depth
(m)
Quantity
Total
quantity
(m)
(m)
18mm cement
plastering 1:4
in walls
1
b) short wall
c) slab
d) column
2
Kitchen room
a)long wall
b)short wall
c)slab
3
Toilets
(6' X 4')
a) long wall
b)short wall
c) slab
12'6''
=3.81
10'
=3.05
46.48
11'
=3.35
10'
=3.05
40.87
12'6''
=3.81
11'
=3.35
25.53
4'5''
=1.35
8'6''
=2.59
14
9'
=2.74
10'
=3.05
33.43
7'10.5''
=2.4
10'
=3.05
29.28
9'
=2.74
7'10.5''
=2.4
13.15
6'
=1.83
10'
=3.05
22.33
4'
=1.22
10'
=3.05
14.88
6'
=1.83
4'
=1.22
56
4.47
Toilets
(6'2'' X 4')
a)long wall
6'2''
=1.88
10'
=3.05
22.94
b) short wall
4'
=1.22
10'
=3.05
14.88
c) slab
6'2''
=1.88
Dining hall
(10' X 8'4.5'')
a) long wall
b)short wall
c)slab
Dining hall
(10' X 9'7.5'')
a) long wall
b)short wall
c)slab
7
Living hall
(20'4.5'' X
12'3'')
a) long wall
b)short wall
c) slab
Living hall
(20'4.5'' X 11')
a)long wall
4'
=1.22
4.59
10'
=3.05
10'
=3.05
9.3
8'4.5''
=2.55
10'
=3.05
15.56
10'
=3.05
8'4.5''
=2.55
7.78
10'
=3.05
10'
=3.05
9.3
9'7.5''
=2.93
10'
=3.05
17.87
10'
=3.05
9'7.5''
=2.93
8.94
20'4.5''
=6.21
10'
=3.05
18.94
12'3''
=3.73
10'
=3.05
22.75
20'4.5''
=6.21
12'3''
=3.73
20'4.5''
=6.21
23.16
10'
=3.05
57
18.94
b) short wall
c) slab
8
C.BED ROOM
(11' X 10')
a) short wall
b) short wall
c) slab
d)columns
C.BED ROOM
(12'3'' X 10')
a)long wall
b) short wall
c)slab
d) column
Lift
a) long wall
b) short wall
10
Wide corridor
a) long wall
b) short wall
2
2
11'
=3.35
10'
=3.05
20'4.5''
=6.21
11'
=3.35
11'
=3.35
10'
=3.05
20.8
10'
=3.05
10'
=3.05
10'
=3.05
20.44
11'
=3.35
20.44
18.61
10.22
4.5''
=0.11
8'6''
=3
1.32
12'3''
=3.73
10'
=3.05
22.75
10'
=3.05
10'
=3.05
18.61
10'
=3.05
12'3''
=3.73
11.38
4.5''
=0.11
8'6''
=3
1.32
6'
=1.83
10'4.5''
=3.16
11.57
4'6''
=1.37
10'4.5''
=3.16
8.66
16'6.5''
=5.04
10'
=3.05
30.74
6'
=1.83
10'
=3.05
5.58
58
c) slab
11
WIDE
BALOCNY
a) long wall
4
b) short wall
2
c) slab
2
d) short long
wall
2
12
e) short long
wall top
Kitchen wash
a) long wall
b) short wall
c) slab
13
d) short long
wall
e) short long
wall top
Out side
a) long wall
b) short wall
16'6.5''
=5.04
10'
=3.05
15.37
10'
=3.05
10'
=3.05
18.61
3'
=0.91
10'
=3.05
11.10
10'
=3.05
3'
=0.91
10'
=3.05
5.55
3'
=0.91
10'
=3.05
9''
=0.23
5.55
1.4
8'1''
=2.46
10'
=3.05
15
3'6''
=1.07
10'
=3.05
13.05
8'1''
=2.46
3'6''
=1.07
8'1''
=2.46
5.26
3'
=0.91
8'1''
=2.46
9''
=0.23
4.48
1.13
55'6''
=16.92
10'4.5''
=3.16
106.93
34'
=10.36
10'4.5''
=3.16
Total
65.48
910.72
59
Deductions
DOORS
1) M.D
2)D
3)D1
WINDOWS
1) W
2)W1
3)W2
4) K/W
5) V
16
18
3'6''
=1.07
6'9''
=2.06
-8.82
3'
=0.91
6'9''
=2.06
-15
2'6''
=0.76
6'9''
=2.06
-25.05
6'
=1.83
4'
=1.22
-8.93
4'
=1.22
4'
=1.22
-26.8
4'
=1.22
3'
=0.91
-2.22
3'
=0.91
2'6''
=0.76
-2.77
2'
=0.61
1'6''
=0.46
-1.12
OUT SIDE
OPENINGS
a) wide
balcony
2
b) kitchen
wash
10'
=3.05
7'
=2.13
-13
7'10.5''
=2.4
7'
=2.13
-10.22
Total
deducti
on
-113.91
60
Description of
item
Stair case
R.c.c bed
Landing area
6'
1.83
3'6''
1.07
5''
0.127
0.25
Total
0.96
Reinforcement in staircase
Table 6.2.9.2 bar bending schedule of stair case
S.NO.
Description
of item
Main
reinforcement
Distribution
reinforcement
shape
diameter NO.
Length
Total
length
Unit
weight
Total
quantity
12
14
3.68
51.52
0.89
45.85
32
0.86
27.53
0.39
Total
10.73
56.58
61
6.2.10 LINTELS
Table 6.2.10.1 C.C. work in lintels
S. NO
Description
of item
NO.
Over
M.D
D
D1
W
W1
W2
K/W
V
2
4
8
2
9
1
2
2
Length
Breadth
Height
Quantity
Or depth
Total
quantity
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
1.37
1.22
1.07
2.13
1.52
1.22
1.22
1.07
0.23
0.1
0.1
0.23
0.23
0.1
0.1
0.23
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
(m)
0.06
0.05
0.09
0.1
0.31
0.01
0.02
0.05
TOTAL
0.69
6.2.11 SKIRTING
Table 6.2.11.1 - skirting
S.NO.
Description NO.
of item
M.BED
C.BED
Living,
dining hall
Kitchen
Wide
balcony
K/wash
Toilets
Length
Breadth
Height
(m)
(m)
2
2
(RM)
14.32
13.56
2
2
25.11
10.29
50.22
20.58
2
2
4
7.92
7.06
6.1
15.84
14.12
24.4
Total
62
Quantity Total
quantity
(RM)
(RM)
28.64
27.12
180.92
N0.
( table 6.2.12.1)
Length
Breadth
(m)
(m)
Depth
Or height
(m)
Quantity
(m)
Total
quantity
(m)
1
Common bed
room
(12'3'' X 10')
12'3''
=3.73
10'
=3.05
11.38
Dining hall
(10' X 9'7.5'')
10'
=3.05
9'7.5''
=2.93
8.94
Living hall
(20'4.5'' X
11')
20'4.5''
=6.21
11'
=3.35
20.8
10'
=3.05
3'
=0.91
5.55
9'
=2.74
7'10.5''
=2.4
13.15
7'10.5''
=2.4
3'6''
=1.07
5.13
6'
=1.83
4'
=1.22
4.47
6'2''
=1.88
4'
=1.22
4.47
Wide balcony
Kitchen
Kitchen wash
area
Toilets
(6' X 4')
Toilets
(6'2'' X 4')
1
20'4.5''
=6.21
12'3''
=3.73
23.16
Living hall
(20'4.5'' X
12'3'')
10'
=3.05
8'4.5''
=2.55
7.78
Dining hall
(10' X 8'4.5'')
11'
=3.35
10'
=3.05
10.22
Common bed
room
(11' X 10')
16'6.5''
=5.04
6'
=1.83
9.22
Wide corridor
(16'6.5'' X 6')
Total
63
124.27
64
65
66
67
68
RESULTS
Table 7.1.1
S.No
Description of item
1
Earth work excavation
2
P.C.C bed concrete quantity
3
Total R.C.C work
4
Total Cement mortar
a) for bricks
b) plastering
c) under tiles
5
Total bricks
6
Steel
8mm dia bars
12mm dia bars
16mm dia bars
20mm dia bars
25mm dia bars
Total Steel
7
Total cement bags ( 50kg / bag)
8
Fine aggregates (sand ) in tones
9
Coarse aggregates in tones
Quantity
179.27 m
6.16 m
148.48 m
36.02 m
15.96 m
7.88 m
78130
3986.5kg
2137.24kg
10408.56 kg
6614.47 kg
2106.75 kg
25,251kgs
1045 bags
150 tonnes
122 tonnes
1m 20mm aggregate
1m of cement
= 1440 kg
1m of sand
= 1602 kg
= 42, 000
Total area
= (40' X 70')
= 311.11 sq. yards
= Rs 1,30,66,667/-
= Rs 65,92,902/-
Total cost
= Rs 1,96,59,569/69
CONCLUSION
The estimate also gives an idea of the time required for the completion of the
work, i.e. the probable time of completion can also be calculated. Also before the start of
any work, at least probable cost has to be found out, here estimation and costing plays an
important role. The estimate is also required for inviting tenders and to arrange contract
and to control the expenditure during execution.
The primary object of an estimate is to enable one to know, beforehand, the cost
of work. The actual cost is known only after the completion of the work from the account
of completed work. The estimate may be prepared approximately as a preliminary
estimate by various methods without going into the details of different items of work, to
know the approximate cost or rough cost.
Estimation and Analysis of Rates of various Items of Building are calculated and
presented in this documentation. All the calculations are based on the Design Drawings
provided, Standard Schedule of Rates, Andhra Pradesh, 2013-14 and Standard Data
Book. Reading the drawings, which is the essential feature of a Civil Engineer, has been
learned all through this project.
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REFERENCES
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