University of Toronto

Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering

FINAL EXAMINATION April, 2005
SECOND YEAR -- ENGINEERING SCIENCE
Program 5

AER202S

FLUID MECHANICS

Examiner: J. W. Davis
_________________________________________________________
Instructions:

(1)

Closed book examination; except for a non-programable calculator, no aids are

permitted
(2)
Write your name and student number in the space provided below.
(3)
Answer as many questions as you can. Parts of questions may be answered.
(4)
The questions are NOT assigned equal marks.
(5)
Boldface quantities represent vectors.
(6)
Use the overleaf side of pages for additional or preliminary work.
(7)
Do not separate or remove any pages from this exam booklet.
(8)
Use g = 10 m/s2, Dwater = 1000 kg/m3.
____________________________________________________________________

Family Name:________________________________________________________
Given Name:________________________________________________________
Student #:________________________________________________________

Page 1 of 6

1)

[9 marks] Under certain circumstances, wind blowing past a rectangular speed limit sign can
cause the sign to oscillate with a frequency T. Assume that T is a function of the sign width,
b, sign height, h, wind velocity, V, air density, D, and an elastic constant, k, for the supporting
pole. The constant, k, has dimensions of Force Length. Develop a suitable set of A terms
for this problem.

2) a)

[5 marks] Evaluate the integral:

y = x2.

2) b)

[6 marks] Evaluate the integral:

( x + y )dR , where R is the region bounded by y = x and

( x 2 + y 2 )dV , where V is the hemispherical region that

lies above the x-y plane and below the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 .

3)

[10 marks] Given a function z = f(x, y) and a transformation x = x(u, v), y = y(u, v) such that
z = g(u, v), show that:

4)

[7 marks]

Evaluate the integral:

0 # y #1.

5)

f ( x , y )dydx =

g (u, v )

( x, y)
dudv
( u, v )

1 + y 2 dS over the surface S: z = y2, 0 # x #1,

[10 marks] Use the mean value theorem for integrals to show:
d
dt

2 ( t )

1 (t )

f ( x )dx = f ( 2 (t ))

d 2 (t )
d 1 (t )
f ( 1 (t ))
dt
dt

Page 2 of 6

6)

[15 marks]

Verify Stokes Theorem:

v v
F dr =

F dS
S

for the vector field:

v
F = ( x 2 + y 2 )i$ + y 2 $j + ( x 2 + z 2 ) k$ , where S is the triangular surface with vertices

(2, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0) and (0, 0, 2).

7)

[10 marks] A rectangular gate with an areal density of 100 kg/m2 and having a width of 2m
and length of 3m is held in place by a horizontal flexible cable as shown in the figure. Water
fills the channel before the gate to a depth of 2 m. Determine the tension in the cable by
considering both the forces due to the mass of the gate, and the water pressure. Friction in the
hinge is negligible.

8) a)

[3 marks] State the Hydrostatic Axiom, and explain in words what it means.

8) b)

[3 marks] A tank in the form of a right circular cylinder having its axis vertical and having
cross-sectional area A1 has a contoured orifice of exit area A2 in its side near the bottom. As
shown in the diagram, the tank is closed at the top, except that a large pipe having crosssectional area A3 extends vertically downward into the tank interior in such a way that it admits
atmospheric air at a height H above the orifice axis. If the tank is filled with water to a height
h above the pipe exit, assuming frictionless flow, calculate the volume flux out of the orifice.

8) c)

[2 marks] A glass of water contains a large ice cube which slowly melts. Due to its lower
density, part of the ice cube will always be above the surface of the water. Compare the depth
of water in the cup after the ice has completely melted to its original depth.

Page 3 of 6

9)

[8 marks] A parabolic mirror for a telescope is created by rotating a cylindrical tank (0.5 m
diameter) containing liquid mercury, D = 13,600 kg/m3. It is required that the free surface of
the mercury be 10 cm higher at the outside edge than at the centre. Starting from the forces
acting on a fluid particle, find the required rotating speed of the cylinder.

Hint: In cylindrical coordinates, a gradient is given by:

10)

[8 marks] Water (D = 1000 kg/m3) flows through the horizontal Venturi meter as shown in the
figure, with flowrates between 0.005 and 0.05 m3/s. Determine the range in pressure
difference, p1 - p2, measured on the gauge.

11)

[10 marks] Show from first principles that the general form of conservation of mass takes the
form:

v
+ (v) = 0
t
12)

[10 marks] A smooth contoured, gradually converging nozzle of exit area AN has its axis
directed vertically upwards as shown in the diagram. It is attached to a pipe of cross-sectional
area AP = 2 AN which delivers water at a volume flow rate Q. The nozzle height is H, and its
interior volume is V. By assuming inviscid flow as in a filament, find the net force exerted on
the nozzle.

Page 4 of 6

13)

[12 marks] A closed channel of width H is connected to a contraction which reduces the width
to H/3 as depicted in the diagram. The incompressible fluid approaching the contraction has
the velocity distribution v(r, t) = u(y)ix, where u increases linearly from UB at y = 0 to UT at
y = H. By assuming that the flow is frictionless and steady and that, downstream of the
contraction the streamlines are parallel to ix, find the pressure decrease pU - pD through the
contraction.

14)

[8 marks] A viscous liquid of constant D and : falls due to gravity within a tube of radius R.
The flow is fully developed (that is, steady), with a single velocity component v = -u(r)k. Find
the velocity profile of the fluid in the tube.

Page 5 of 6

15)

[15 marks] A droplet of liquid fuel has an initial diameter of D0. As it burns in air, it loses
mass at a rate proportional to its current surface area. If the droplet takes a time tb to burn
completely, show that its diameter D varies with time according to:

D = D0 1

t
tb

If the droplet falls in laminal flow under gravity, show that the distance x it has descended is
governed by the differential equation:

d2x
1 18 3DD0 dx
+

g= 0
tb
dt
dt 2 D 2
where D is the droplet density (D >> Dair) and : is the viscosity of air. If the droplet is always
at its terminal velocity, show that the distance L it will fall before complete combustion is:

D02 gt b
L=
54
Hint: Assume Stokes law applies: FD = 3 UD

Page 6 of 6