Proof for Riemann H y p o t h e s i s.

(Mathew Cherian BE, MBA(Western Michigan University.)

on private independent research.)

Abstract: Proof of Riemann’s hypothesis , that the real part of the solution of ξ
function is ½ is proved. Historical development of this area of Mathematics from
Gauss, Legrange, Euler, Riemann to Hilbert is discussed. Initially. a surrogate
differential equation for ξ function is derived and taking the roots of the differential
equation, it is proved that the real trivial part of Riemann ξ function is ½. Also
Riemann’s ξ =∫ 1/Ln(x) between limits 2 and ‘n’, gives the number of Prime numbers
between 0 and that number x. So I choose the original ξ function of Riemann to prove
it. This is given in the book “God created Integers” by Prof. Stephen Hawkings
published by Penguin which is a good reference for this. A second part of the proof
requires that the non-trivial complex part of the root must lie on the ½ plane which is
also proved by proving the Eleptical nature of the ξ function. Please refer any books on
basic building blocks of conic sections and their relationships and roots for Parabolic,
Hyperbolic and Eleptical functions. There is a good book by Prof. Hardy on this, on’
Complex Numbers’.

Two differential equations are derived which are similar to each other with different
constant terms ‘c’. One is used to calculate the constant term of the other. This method
is employed to elicit the elliptical nature of Riemann ξ function which is widely used in
Engineering. The application of which is given in two different papers of mine
separately.

Subscription: Legrange and Gauss conjured that п(x) the function counting all the
primes less than x asymptotically approaches Li(x) meaning п(x)/Li(x) tend to 1,
where,
n
Li(x) = ∫ dx/ln(x)
2

Euler created a time series solution to the function Li(x) and Riemann named it the
ξ function adding his own solution to Euler’s work.

In Riemann’s words “a value x is the root of a function f(x) if f(x)=0. A root of the
function ξ(x) is real if and only if the root of the zeta function is complex number
with real part equal to ½”.

Proving the real part to be ½ was left undone by Riemann. Hilbert later on added,
finding the proof for Riemann hypothesis as one of the problem that remain un
resolved in Mathematics.
(Stephen Hawkings(Ref.))
Also Riemann’s Hypothesis conjures that all the non-trivial roots of Riemann’s ξ
function lie on the ½ plane, which also need be proved according to Prof. Calvin
Clawson(Ref).
So the conjunctures proved are 1)the trivial root of Riemann ξ function is at ½ and
2) the non-trivial roots are all on the ½ plane.

Proof

I start where Riemann left his hypothesis without the proof.

n
As said earlier Li(x) = ∫ dx/Ln(x)
2

Riemann conjured that the function ξ = ∫ 1/ln(x) has the real part of the root at ½
when s=2
We start with the time series expansion of Log function which is,
((x-1)/(x-2))+1/3((x-3)/(x-4))+1/5((x-5)/(x-6))+……..= Ln(x)
Now let this be reduced to the differential equation,
f”(x)+f’(x)+c= Ln(x)
Note:
Applying Taylor series, to the time series whose 3rd and 2nd term forms the first two
terms of the differential equation and the rest of the terms forming c, we have,
2. f “(x)/2!+ 1. f’(x)+c.
Here we see a = 1 and b =1 making the log function an Eliptical function, so the roots
must be Imaginary or Complex roots, which means the Integral of it’s reciprocal, also
must be Eliptical and so with complex roots

The above equation can be written as f”(x)+f’(x)+c=ln(x)--------(a1)

Inverting the above differential equation,
1/f”(x)+1/f’(x)+1/c= 1/Ln(x)
Integrating,
∫1/f”(x)+ ∫ 1/f’(x)+∫1/c= ∫1/ln(x)--------------(1)
Now, f(x)=ln(x),
F’(x)=1/x and f”(x)= -1/x2-------------------------------(2)
Substituting (2) in (1)
∫-x2+∫x+∫1/c=∫1/ln(x)
[-x3/3+x2/2+x/c=∫1/ln(x)------------------------(3)
(Heidelbrand(Ref,))
Here we see that c = 0.546 when x=2
Also c=0.546=ln√3 for 1.
Note: we see 0.546=√φ where φ is the Fibionacci number which is 1.61
Now for x=1 equation(3) become,
-13/3+12/2+1/0.546=2
for x=2, equation (3) becomes
-8/3+4/2+2/0.546=3,
And for x= 0.5 equation (3) becomes
-0.53+0.52+(0.5/0.546)=1

This shows that there is 1 prime number which is 0 before 0.5 and 3 prime numbers
before 2 which are 0.1 and 2.
We also know that there are 2 prime numbers before 1 which is 0 and 1 itself.
Now Riemann’s conjuncture that.
0.5
∫ 1/ln(x)=0=(2-1)-(3-2) integrating by taking intermediate limit 1, between 0.5 and 2
2
Thus the area under the Riemann ξ function between 0.5 and 2 is 0.

Note: It is interesting to note that we get the value of the area directly without using the
Cauchy-Riemann Integration.

which proves Riemann’s conjuncture.

Note:Now for numbers beyond 2 we simplify equation (3) as follows

[(-x3/3+x2/2+ x/c) – (-x3/3+x2/2)] where c = ln(x)/√φ and φ is the Fibionacci Number
1.61 which is (√5+1)/2, this direction we avoid for more simplicity
So,
Now take Equation (a1) directly as the Riemann ξ function, because this route too
produce results of the Table given below.
F”(x)+f’(x)+c =∫1/ln(x), since f(x) is taken to be ln(x) and so f”x= -1/x and f’(x)=1/x.
and c=(x/ln(x))√φ
-1/x+1/x+(x/ln(x))√φ =∫1/ln(x)-----------------------------(4)

Also, Equation (3)=Equation(4)

Ie; -x3/3+x2/2+x/c= (x/ln(x))√φ =∫ 1/ln(x)------------------(5)
Simplifying the above equation we get
(-2x3c+3x2c+6x) / 6c = (x/ln(x))√φ
And, x/c= ((x√φ / ln(x)) / lna(x)) + ((2x3 – 3x2)/6)
= (6x√φ + (2x3- 3x2)ln(x)) / 6ln(x)
There for,
c= (6x.ln(x)) / (6x.√φ + (2x3 – 3x2)ln(x))
If we use this c in Equation (3) we see that the results in the Table follows beyond 2.

The Table is the values of Riemann Li(x) calculated from above equation(4) along
with actual values of ξ function found from inspection from numbers selected
randomly
between 0.5 and 90.

X Actual Primes Riemann Li(x) calculated

0.5 1
1 2
2 3
5 5 4.14
10 6 5.666
20 9 8.6175
30 10 11.3522
80 22 23.4523
90 27 25.6904

The numbers come very close. To actual numbers 1 is added to include 1 as a Prime
which some may not agree. If that is subtracted too the numbers remain close. The
numbers between .5 and 2 is used to calculate the area between them
Riemann Li(x) for 0.5, 1 and 2 is calculated using Equation(3) and for others
Equation(4) for easier proof though even if we use equation Equation (4) for the
above too we will get closer results.

Now the Riemann Hypothesis Proof.

We can see that the differential equation,
d2y/dx2+dy/dx+(x/ln(x))√φ=∫1/ln(x) between limits 2 and n---------------(4) is
Equation (1) without loss of generality, where φ=1.61 which is the Fibionacci
Number.
Even equation(1) can give the same meaning since that is also a differential equation
of the eliptical form.
Since here a=1 and b =1 in the differential equation(4) the roots will be (b+/-√b2-
4ac)/2a.
So it is (1+/-√1-4c)/2= 1/2 +/- √1-4c/2 where we see that the roots are complex and if
we vary c from 1 to infinity and changing ‘a’ and ‘b’ proportionately we get infinite
number of complex roots with real part at ½.
Eg; 1)2 d2y/dx2+2 dy/dx+ (2/ln(x))√φ whose trivial root again is ½
Ie; (2+/√(22-4x2xc))/2x2 where the trivial part is ½+/-i(√22-4x2xc)/4, where
c=((2/ln2))√φ
2) 3d2y/dx2+3dy/dx+(3 +/-√32-4x3xc)/3x2= ½+/-i(√32-4x3xc)/6
.
.
.
99)99d2y/dx2+99dy/dx+(99+/-√992-4x99xc)=99/2x99+/- √992-4x99xc)/2x99=1/2+/-
i(√992-4x99xc)/2x99
.
.
.
And so on till infinity(∞) when we create different equations changing a=b=3 or
even equal fractions, till ∞, where c =(x/ln(x))√φ
½ is seen to be remaining constant for all roots only complex part varying. So all the
roots of Riemann ξ function lie on the complex plane at ½ from a small value to
infinity. We already proved that ½ is a root of Riemann ξ function and the
differential equation supplements it and also proves the Hypothesis with the
Eliptical function and hence Homogeneous differential equation . The fact is
Eleptical functions will have it’s roots in Complex number form.The equal constants
of the differential equation shows that the Riemann Zeta function is an Eleptical
function and so as described above all it’s trivial roots must be ½ and all non-trivial
roots lie on ½ plane up to infinity. Thus proved Riemann Hypothesis.
Conclusion
Riemann’s conjuncture was that the real part of the root is ½ when s=2 which
remain proved and the Zeta function gives the number of Primes before the value x
used for ascertaining it at any time which we proved for 0.5,1 and2 to be 1,2 and 3.
We also proved the Riemann Hypothesis that all complex roots of Riemannξ
function lie on the complex plane at ½(Ref:Clawson)

Ref: “God Created Integers” Prof. Stephen Hawkings PP 618

“Mysteries of Mathematics” Prof. Calvin Clawson
“Theory of Higher Functions”, Prof. Heidelbrand, Prentice Hall

Mathew Cherian B.E, MBA(Western Michigan University)

3-B Tranquil Residency
Kochin 682021
India.
Email:mathewcherian@inbox.com