A

Report
on
SUMMER VOCATIONAL
TRAINING
UNDERTAKEN

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED

Bachelor of Technology
in

COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

BY

CHHATRAPAL SHARMA

TO THE FACULTY OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
ALIGARH-202001, UP (INDIA)

Page 1

Table of contents

Certificate

Acknowledgement

Declaration

Introduction to BSS
a) Base Trans-receiver Station (BTS)
b) Base Station Controller (BSC)

The Component of GSM Network

a) Mobile Station (MS)
b) Base station sub system (BSS)
c) Network and Switching sub System (NSS)

Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)

Home Location Register (HLR)

Authentication Centre (AC)

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

GSM System Architecture

Difference b/w 2G, 3G, 4G.

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CERTIFICATE

No:-GMTD/ALG/ADMN./Summer Training/2014-15

Date:-07-06-2014

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

It is certified that CHHATRAPAL SHARMA Student of B.tech (Computer
Science & Engg.) Institute of Technology & Management Aligarh has completed
his/her four weeks summer training Satisfactory w.e.f.07-06-2014 to 06-07-2014.

AGM (Admin.)
O/o GMTD, Aligarh

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A training work owes its success from commencement to completion, to the people in love
with researches at various stages. Let me in this page express my gratitude to all those who
helped us in various stage of this study. First, I would like to express my sincere gratitude
indebtedness to Mr. Rohit Rahat Masih (HOD, Department of Computer science and
Engineering/Information Technology of ITM ) for allowing me to undergo the summer
training of 30 day at BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMTED.
I am grateful to our guide Mr. Rahmat Hasan, for the help provided in completion of the
project, Without their friendly help and guidance it was difficult to complete the assigned
task.
I am also thankful to all faculty members of Department of IT, for their true help, inspiration
and for helping me to preparation of the final report and presentation.
Last but not least, I pay my science thanks and gratitude to all the staff Members of
BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMTED for their support and for making our training
valuable and fruit.

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DECLARATION

I Chhatrapal Sharma hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this
project/training titled BTS System by me, in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) Degree in Computer Science and Engineering .
BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMTED, is an authentic record of my own work carried
out under the guidance of Mr.Rahmat Hasan (Engg.).
To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in this report has not been submitted to
any other University/Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Date:-

Chhatrapal Sharma
Roll. No:-1234110801

Mr.Rohit Rahat Masih

(HOD of CS/IT&E)

(Industrial Training In_Charge)

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Base station subsystem

The base station subsystem (BSS) is the section of a traditional cellular telephone network
which is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a mobile phone and the
network switching subsystem. The BSS carries out transcoding of speech channels, allocation
of radio channels to mobile phones, paging, transmission and reception over the air interface
and many other tasks related to the radio network.

Base transceiver station

The base transceiver station, or BTS, contains the equipment for transmitting and receiving
radio signals (transceivers), antennas, and equipment for encrypting and decrypting
communications with the base station controller (BSC). Typically a BTS for anything other
than a picocell will have several transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to serve several different
frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in the case of sectorised base stations).
A BTS is controlled by a parent BSC via the "base station control function" (BCF). The BCF
is implemented as a discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations.
The BCF provides an operations and maintenance (O&M) connection to the network
management system (NMS), and manages operational states of each TRX, as well as
software handling and alarm collection.
The functions of a BTS vary depending on the cellular technology used and the cellular
telephone provider. There are vendors in which the BTS is a plain transceiver which receives
information from the MS (mobile station) through the Um air interface and then converts it to
a TDM (PCM) based interface, the Abis interface, and sends it towards the BSC. There are
vendors which build their BTSs so the information is preprocessed, target cell lists are
generated and even intracell handover (HO) can be fully handled. The advantage in this case
is less load on the expensive Abis interface.

Base station controller

The base station controller (BSC) provides, classically, the intelligence behind the BTSs.
Typically a BSC has tens or even hundreds of BTSs under its control. The BSC handles
allocation of radio channels, receives measurements from the mobile phones, and controls
handovers from BTS to BTS (except in the case of an inter-BSC handover in which case
control is in part the responsibility of the anchor MSC). A key function of the BSC is to act as
a concentrator where many different low capacity connections to BTSs (with relatively low
utilisation) become reduced to a smaller number of connections towards the mobile switching
center (MSC) (with a high level of utilisation). Overall, this means that networks are often
structured to have many BSCs distributed into regions near their BTSs which are then
connected to large centralised MSC sites.
The BSC is undoubtedly the most robust element in the BSS as it is not only a BTS controller
but, for some vendors, a full switching center, as well as an SS7 node with connections to the
MSC and serving GPRS support node (SGSN) (when using GPRS). It also provides all the

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required data to the operation support subsystem (OSS) as well as to the performance
measuring centers.
A BSC is often based on a distributed computing architecture, with redundancy applied to
critical functional units to ensure availability in the event of fault conditions. Redundancy
often extends beyond the BSC equipment itself and is commonly used in the power supplies
and in the transmission equipment providing the A-ter interface to PCU.
The databases for all the sites, including information such as carrier frequencies, frequency
hopping lists, power reduction levels, receiving levels for cell border calculation, are stored in
the BSC. This data is obtained directly from radio planning engineering which involves
modelling of the signal propagation as well as traffic projection

Network switching subsystem

Network switching subsystem (NSS) (or GSM core network) is the component of a GSM
system that carries out call switching and mobility management functions for mobile phones
roaming on the network of base stations. It is owned and deployed by mobile phone operators
and allows mobile devices to communicate with each other and telephones in the wider
public switched telephone network (PSTN). The architecture contains specific features and
functions which are needed because the phones are not fixed in one location.
The NSS originally consisted of the circuit-switched core network, used for traditional GSM
services such as voice calls, SMS, and circuit switched data calls. It was extended with an
overlay architecture to provide packet-switched data services known as the GPRS core
network. This allows mobile phones to have access to services such as WAP, MMS, and the
Internet.

Mobile switching center (MSC)

The mobile switching center (MSC) is the primary service delivery node for GSM/CDMA,
responsible for routing voice calls and SMS as well as other services (such as conference
calls, FAX and circuit switched data).
The MSC sets up and releases the end-to-end connection, handles mobility and hand-over
requirements during the call and takes care of charging and real time pre-paid account
monitoring.
In the GSM mobile phone system, in contrast with earlier analogue services, fax and data
information is sent directly digitally encoded to the MSC. Only at the MSC is this re-coded
into an "analogue" signal (although actually this will almost certainly mean sound encoded
digitally as PCM signal in a 64-kbit/s timeslot, known as a DS0 in America).
There are various different names for MSCs in different contexts which reflects their
complex role in the network, all of these terms though could refer to the same MSC, but
doing different things at different times.
The Gateway MSC (G-MSC) is the MSC that determines which visited MSC the subscriber
who is being called is currently located at. It also interfaces with the PSTN. All mobile to

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mobile calls and PSTN to mobile calls are routed through a G-MSC. The term is only valid in
the context of one call since any MSC may provide both the gateway function and the Visited
MSC function, however, some manufacturers design dedicated high capacity MSCs which do
not have any BSSs connected to them. These MSCs will then be the Gateway MSC for many
of the calls they handle.
The MSC connects to the following elements:

The home location register (HLR) for obtaining data about the SIM and mobile
services ISDN number (MSISDN; i.e., the telephone number).
The base station subsystem (BSS) which handles the radio communication with 2G
and 2.5G mobile phones.
The UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN) which handles the radio
communication with 3G mobile phones.
The visitor location register (VLR) provides subscriber information when the
subscriber is outside its home network.
Other MSCs for procedures such as handover

Home location register (HLR)

The home location register (HLR) is a central database that contains details of each mobile
phone subscriber that is authorized to use the GSM core network. There can be several
logical, and physical, HLRs per public land mobile network (PLMN), though one
international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)/MSISDN pair can be associated with only one
logical HLR (which can span several physical nodes) at a time.
The HLRs store details of every SIM card issued by the mobile phone operator. Each SIM
has a unique identifier called an IMSI which is the primary key to each HLR record.
Another important item of data associated with the SIM are the MSISDNs, which are the
telephone numbers used by mobile phones to make and receive calls. The primary MSISDN
is the number used for making and receiving voice calls and SMS, but it is possible for a SIM
to have other secondary MSISDNs associated with it for fax and data calls. Each MSISDN is
also a primary key to the HLR record. The HLR data is stored for as long as a subscriber
remains with the mobile phone operator.
Examples of other data stored in the HLR against an IMSI record is:

GSM services that the subscriber has requested or been given.

GPRS settings to allow the subscriber to access packet services.
Current location of subscriber (VLR and serving GPRS support node/SGSN).
Call divert settings applicable for each associated MSISDN.

The HLR is a system which directly receives and processes MAP transactions and messages
from elements in the GSM network, for example, the location update messages received as
mobile phones roam around.
The HLR connects to the following elements:

The G-MSC for handling incoming calls

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The VLR for handling requests from mobile phones to attach to the network
The SMSC for handling incoming SMSs
The voice mail system for delivering notifications to the mobile phone that a message
is waiting
The AuC for authentication and ciphering and exchange of data (triplets)

Authentication center (AuC)

The authentication center (AuC) is a function to authenticate each SIM card that attempts to
connect to the GSM core network (typically when the phone is powered on). Once the
authentication is successful, the HLR is allowed to manage the SIM and services described
above. An encryption key is also generated that is subsequently used to encrypt all wireless
communications (voice, SMS, etc.) between the mobile phone and the GSM core network.
If the authentication fails, then no services are possible from that particular combination of
SIM card and mobile phone operator attempted. There is an additional form of identification
check performed on the serial number of the mobile phone described in the EIR section
below, but this is not relevant to the AuC processing.
Proper implementation of security in and around the AuC is a key part of an operator's
strategy to avoid SIM cloning.

Visitor location register (VLR)

The visitor location is a database of the subscribers who have roamed into the jurisdiction of
the MSC (Mobile Switching Center) which it serves. Each main base station in the network is
served by exactly one VLR (one BTS may be served by many MSCs in case of MSC in
pool), hence a subscriber cannot be present in more than one VLR at a time.
The data stored in the VLR has either been received from the HLR, or collected from the MS
(Mobile station). In practice, for performance reasons, most vendors integrate the VLR
directly to the V-MSC and, where this is not done, the VLR is very tightly linked with the
MSC via a proprietary interface. Whenever an MSC detects a new MS in its network, in
addition to creating a new record in the VLR, it also updates the HLR of the mobile
subscriber, apprising it of the new location of that MS. If VLR data is corrupted it can lead to
serious issues with text messaging and call service
The VLR connects to the following elements:

The V-MSC to pass required data for its procedures; e.g., authentication or call setup.
The HLR to request data for mobile phones attached to its serving area.
Other VLRs to transfer temporary data concerning the mobile when they roam into
new VLR areas. For example, the Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

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Equipment identity register (EIR)

The equipment identity register is often integrated to the HLR. The EIR keeps a list of
mobile phones (identified by their IMEI) which are to be banned from the network or
monitored. This is designed to allow tracking of stolen mobile phones. In theory all data
about all stolen mobile phones should be distributed to all EIRs in the world through a
Central EIR. It is clear, however, that there are some countries where this is not in operation.
The EIR data does not have to change in real time, which means that this function can be less
distributed than the function of the HLR. The EIR is a database that contains information
about the identity of the mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized or
defective mobile stations. Some EIR also have the capability to log Handset attempts and
store it in a log file.

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10

GSM System architecture

The GSM network is divided into two systems. Each of these systems are comprised of a
number of functional units which are individual components of the mobile network. The two
systems
are:

Switching
System
(SS)

Base
Station
System
(BSS)
In addition, as with all telecommunications networks, GSM networks are operated,
maintained and managed from computerized centers.

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11

AUC
BSC
BTS
EIR
HLR
MS
MSC
NMC
OMC
VLR

Authentication Center
Base Station Controller
Base Transceiver Station
Equipment Identity Register
Home Location Register
Mobile Station
Mobile services Switching Center
Network Management Center
Operation and Maintenance Center
Visitor Location Register

The SS is responsible for performing call processing and subscriber related functions. It
includes the following functional units:
Mobile services Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
The BSS performs all the radio-related functions. The BSS is comprised of the following
functional units:
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
The OMC performs all the operation and maintenance tasks for the network such as
monitoring network traffic and network alarms. The OMC has access to both the SS and the
BSS.

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12

Difference b/w 2g,3g,4g

It's hard to believe nowadays, but in a simpler time, cellphones really were called "cell
phones," not dumbphones, smartphones, feature phones, or superphones. They bulged in your
pocket -- if they fit in your pocket at all, that is -- and they made calls. That's it. None of this
social networking, messaging, browsing, Instagramming, Flash 10.1 nonsense. They didn't
upload 5 megapixel photos to Flickr, and they most certainly didn't turn into wireless
hotspots.
Of course, those bleak days are mercifully behind us now -- but as carriers around the world
start to light up a promising new generation of high-speed wireless networks, things are
beginning to get a little confusing. Just what is "4G," anyway? It's one higher than 3G, sure,
but does that necessarily mean it's better? Why are all four national carriers in the US
suddenly calling their networks 4G? Is it all the same thing? Answering those questions
requires that we take a take a little walk through wireless past, present, and future... but we
think
it's
a
walk
you'll
enjoy.
First things first: "G" stands for "generation," so when you hear someone refer to a "4G
network," that means they're talking about a wireless network based on fourth-generation
technology. And actually, it's the definition of a "generation" in this context that has us in this
whole pickle in the first place; it's the reason why there's so much confusion. But more on
that in a bit -- first, let's take a trip down memory lane into the primordial ooze that gave rise
to the first generation way back in the day.
1G
Our journey begins in the early 1980s with the introduction of
several groundbreaking network technologies: AMPS in the
US and a combination of TACS and NMT in Europe. The
meanings of those acronyms are unimportant -- there won't be
a quiz later. All you really need to know is that unlike earlier
systems, these new standards were given enough spectrum for
reasonably heavy use by subscribers, were fully automated on
the carrier's end without requiring any human operator
intervention, and used electronics that could be miniaturized
enough to fit into smallish packages (think Motorola
DynaTAC -- early prototype pictured right). Though there
were several generations of mobile telephone services before
these that date all the way back to the 1950s, the trifecta of
AMPS, TACS, and NMT is commonly considered to be the
first generation -- "1G," if you will -- because they made
cellphones practical to the masses for the very first time. They were robust, reliable, and

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13

would eventually come to blanket the entirety of many industrialized nations around the
world.
Thing is, no one was thinking about data services in the 1G days; these were purely analog
systems that were conceived and designed for voice calls and very little else. Modems existed
that could communicate over these networks -- some handsets even had them built-in -- but
because analog cellular connections were susceptible to far more noise than conventional
landlines, transfer speeds were ridiculously slow. And even if they'd been fast, it wouldn't
have really mattered; per-minute rates on AMPS networks in the 80s made cellphones
luxuries and Wall Street powerbroker business necessities, not must-haves for the everyman.
Besides, the technology didn't exist for an awesome smartphone that could consume that
much data anyhow. Oh, and YouTube had yet to be invented. The stars simply hadn't yet
aligned.
2G
The early nineties saw the rise of the first digital cellular
networks, which had a number of obvious benefits over the
analog networks they were supplanting: improved sound
quality, better security, and higher total capacity, just to name
a few biggies. GSM got off to an early start in Europe, while
D-AMPS and an early version of Qualcomm's CDMA known
as IS-95 took hold in the US. (You might remember D-AMPS
better as "TDMA," though that's technically not descriptive
enough -- GSM also employs the TDMA multiplexing
scheme, even though the two standards are incompatible.) No
one disputes that these systems collectively represented the
second generation of wireless networks -- they were
authentically different and revolutionary. Furthermore, a solid
decade had gone by at that point since the first 1G networks
had gone live. This stuff was definitely borne of a new
generation.
Still, these nascent 2G standards didn't have intrinsic, tightly-coupled support for data
services woven into them. Many such networks supported text messaging, though, so that
was a start -- and they also supported something called CSD, circuit-switched data. CSD
allowed you to place a dial-up data call digitally, so that the network's switching station was
receiving actual ones and zeroes from you rather than the screech of an analog modem. Put
simply, it meant that you could transfer data faster -- up to 14.4kbps, in fact, which made it
about
as
fast
as
an
earlyto
mid-nineties
landline
modem.
At the end of the day, though, CSD was a hack -- a way to repurpose these voice-centric
networks for data. You still had to place a "call" to connect, so the service wasn't always
available. The experience was very similar to using a dial-up modem at home: either you
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14

were online, or you weren't. Services like push email and instant messaging to your phone
were basically science fiction. Furthermore, because a CSD connection was a call, you were
burning minutes to get connected -- and these technologies were in play at a time when
monthly minute buckets on cellular plans were measured in the dozens, not the hundreds or
thousands. Unless you had a company writing a check for your wireless bill every month,
using CSD for anything more than an occasional novelty wasn't practical.
2.5G: you know you're in trouble when you need a decimal place
The 4G identity crisis we're dealing with today really started
well over a decade ago, around the time that standards bodies
were hard at work finalizing 3G technologies. The General
Packet Radio Service -- GPRS -- marked a watershed
moment in cellular history when it was hammered out in
1997, because it offered a bolt-on for GSM networks that
permitted "always-on" data services. No more dial-up CSD
silliness -- as long as your account and phone were
appropriately configured, you could seamlessly use data
whenever and however you needed it. For all practical
purposes, your handset was permanently connected to the
internet. It was also much faster than anything CSD could
offer: over 100kbps in theory (though we don't recall ever
getting anything much above 40kbps in practice during the
service's heyday). GPRS also marked one of the first times
that operators could effectively bill by the kilobyte, rather than by the minute. Kind of a good
news / bad news situation there, we suppose.
Needless to say, GPRS was a big deal -- especially
The 4G identity crisis we're dealing since it came right at the time when people started
with today really started well over a really checking their email accounts incessantly. In
decade ago, around the time that fact, it was transformational. AT&T Wireless,
standards bodies were hard at work Cingular, and VoiceStream (which would later
finalizing 3G technologies.
become T-Mobile USA) all deployed the service, as
did virtually every GSM operator in the world. It
didn't earn the right to add a generational notch, though. You see, by the time GPRS was on
the market, the UN's International Telecommunications Union had already put together its
IMT-2000 standard, an official list of specifications that a "true" 3G technology would have
to meet. Most importantly, IMT-2000 required stationary speeds of 2Mbps and mobile speeds
of 384kbps -- benchmarks that GPRS couldn't meet even on its best day.
And that's the story of how GPRS got stuck as a tweener: better than 2G, not good enough to
be 3G. It was important enough so that it might have earned the right to be called 3G had the
ITU not already drawn the line, but that's how the cookie crumbles. Turns out it would just be
the first of many, many generational schisms over the next decade.

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15

3G, 3.5G, 3.75G... oh, and 2.75G, too

In addition to the aforementioned speed requirements, the ITU's official 3G specification also
called out that compatible technologies should offer smooth migration paths from 2G
networks. To that end, a standard called UMTS rose to the top as the 3G choice for GSM
operators, and CDMA2000 came about as the backward-compatible successor to IS-95.
Following the precedent set by GPRS, CDMA2000 offered CDMA networks an "always-on"
data connection in the form of a technology called 1xRTT. Here's where it gets a little
confusing: even though CDMA2000 on the whole is officially a 3G standard, 1xRTT is only
slightly faster than GPRS in real-world use -- 100kbps or so -- and therefore is usually
lumped in with GPRS as a 2.5G standard. Fortunately, CDMA2000 also defined the more
advanced 1xEV-DO protocol, and that's where the real 3G money was at, topping out at
around
2.5Mbps.
The first CDMA2000 and UMTS networks launched between
2001 and 2003, but that wasn't to say that manufacturers and
standards organizations were standing still with the 2G
technology path, either. EDGE -- Enhanced Data-rates for GSM
Evolution -- was conceived as an easy way for operators of
GSM networks to squeeze some extra juice out of their 2.5G
rigs without investing serious money on UMTS hardware
upgrades and spectrum. With an EDGE-compatible phone, you
could get speeds over double what you got on GPRS; not bad at
the time. Many European operators didn't bother with EDGE,
having already committed to going big with UMTS, but
Cingular -- likely looking to buy itself time -- jumped at the
opportunity and became the first network to roll it out in 2003.
So where would EDGE fit, then? Depends who you ask. It's not
as fast as UMTS or EV-DO, so you might say it's not 3G. But it's clearly faster than GPRS,
which means it should be better than 2.5G, right? Indeed, many folks would call EDGE a
2.75G technology, eliciting sighs from fraction-haters everywhere. The ITU doesn't help
matters, officially referring to EDGE as an ITU-2000 Narrowband technology -- basically, a
2G
standard
capable
of
eking
3G-esque
speeds.
As the decade rolled on, CDMA2000 networks would get a nifty software upgrade to EV-DO
Revision A, offering slightly faster downlink speeds and significantly faster uplink speeds -the original specification (called EV-DO Revision 0) only allowed for uploads of about
150kbps, impractical for the rampant picture and video sharing we're all doing with our
phones and laptops these days. Revision A can do about ten times that. Can't very well lump
an upgrade that big in with 3G, can you? 3.5G it is, then! Ditto for UMTS: HSDPA would
add significantly faster downlink speeds, and HSUPA would do the same for the uplink.

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16

Further refinements to UMTS would produce HSPA+, dual-carrier HSPA+, and HSPA+
Evolution, ranging in theoretical speeds from 14Mbps all the way past a mind-boggling
600Mbps. So, what's the deal? Is it safe to say we've hit a new generation yet, or is this just
3.75G the same way that EDGE was 2.75G?
Lies, damn lies, and 4G
Just as it did with the 3G standard -- IMT-2000 -- the ITU has taken ownership of 4G,
bundling it into a specification known as IMT-Advanced. It's no slouch, either: the document
calls for 4G technologies to deliver downlink speeds of 1Gbps when stationary and 100Mbps
when mobile, roughly 500-fold and 250-fold improvements over IMT-2000, respectively.
Those are truly wild speeds that would easily outstrip the average DSL or cable broadband
connection, which is why the FCC has been so insistent that wireless technology plays a key
role in getting broadband data to rural areas -- it's more cost-effective to plant a single 4G
tower that can cover several dozen miles than it is to blanket farmland with fiber optics.
Unfortunately, those specs are so aggressive that no
commercialized standard in the world currently meets them.
Historically, WiMAX and Long-Term Evolution (LTE), the
standard generally accepted to succeed both CDMA2000 and
GSM, have been thought of as "4G technologies," but that's
only partially true: they both make use of a newer, extremely
efficient multiplexing scheme called orthogonal frequencydivision multiple access (OFDMA, as opposed to the older
CDMA or TDMA we've been using for the past twenty
years) and they both lack a dedicated voice network -- 100
percent of their spectrum is used for data services, which
means that voice calls would be treated as VoIP (not unlike Skype or Vonage). Considering
how heavily data-centric our mobile society has become, that's a good thing.
Where WiMAX and LTE fall short, though, is in raw speed. The former tops out at around
40Mbps and the latter around 100Mbps theoretical, while practical, real-world speeds on
commercial networks so far have tended to range between around 4Mbps and 30Mbps -- well
short of IMT-Advanced's lofty (and, arguably, most important) goal. Updates to these
standards -- WiMAX 2 and LTE-Advanced, respectively -- promise to do the job, but neither
has been finalized yet... and production networks that make use of them are still years away.
That said, you could still easily argue that the original WiMAX and LTE standards are
authentically different enough from the classically-defined 3G standards to call them a true
generational upgrade -- and indeed, most (if not all) of the carriers around the world that have
deployed them have referred to them as "4G." It's an obvious marketing advantage for them,
and the ITU -- for all the good it's trying to do -- has no jurisdiction to stop it. Both
technologies (LTE in particular) will be deployed to many, many more carriers around the

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17

globe over the next several years, and the use of the "4G" moniker is only going to grow. It
can't be stopped.
The story's not over, though. T-Mobile USA, which
Arguably, it was T-Mobile's move has no publicly-announced plans to upgrade its HSPA
that really sparked a fundamental network to LTE any time soon, decided late last year
rethinking of what '4G' means to to start branding its HSPA+ upgrade as "4G," too. In
the phone-buying public.
principle, the move makes some sense: the 3G
technology path will ultimately scale to speeds well beyond what mere LTE can achieve
today, eventually coming within spitting distance of IMT-Advanced. There are many markets
where T-Mobile's 21Mbps HSPA+ network is faster than Sprint's WiMAX network. And
neither Sprint, Verizon, nor MetroPCS -- the three American carriers with live WiMAX /
LTE networks -- are offering VoIP yet; they're still falling back on their 3G airwaves for
voice, and will continue to do so for some time. Furthermore, T-Mobile will upgrade to
42Mbps
this
year,
still
without
touching
LTE!
Arguably, it was T-Mobile's move that really sparked a fundamental rethinking of what "4G"
means to the phone-buying public. AT&T, which is in the process of upgrading to HSPA+
and will start offering LTE in some markets later this year, is calling both of these networks
4G -- and naturally, neither Sprint nor Verizon have even thought about backing down on
their end. All four US national carriers seem entrenched at this point, having successfully
stolen the 4G label from the ITU -- they've taken it, run with it, and reshaped it.

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18

Conclusion
The conclusion of the training report we can manage the radio recourses for the BTS and
Handles call setup using the Base station controller.
BSNL provides world-class State-of-art technology telecom services to its customers on
demand at competitive prices world class telecom infrastructure in its area of operation and to
contribute to the growth of the countrys economy.
In future we will apply and implement these processes for secure and better communication.
In this training we analyze that the process of Base trans receiver System is perform by using
the all equipment of the Base trans receiver System.

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References
[1] Mobile computing.
[2] www.bsnl.co.in
[3] www.newbsnl.co.in

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