II.

INTRODUCTION

The Basic Logic Gates and the Truth Table

A logic gate is an elementary building block of a digital circuit. Most logic gates
have two inputs and one output. At any given moment, every terminal is in one of
the two binary conditions low (0) or high (1), represented by the different voltage
levels. The logic state of a terminal can, and generally does, change often, as the
circuit processes data. In most logic gates, the low state is approximately zero volts
( 0V ), while the high state is approximately five volts positive (+5V).

The Exclusive-OR, or XOR Gate

The Exclusive-OR, or XOR function is an interesting and useful variation on the
basic OR function. Verbally, it can be stated as, "Either A or B, but not both." The
XOR gate produces a logic 1 output only if its two inputs are different. If the inputs
are the same, the output is a logic 0. This is summarize at Table 1 below.
The XOR symbol is a variation on the standard OR symbol. It consists of a plus
(+) sign with a circle around it. The logic symbol, as shown here, is a variation on
the standard OR symbol.
Unlike standard OR/NOR and AND/NAND functions, the XOR function always
has exactly two inputs, and commercially manufactured XOR gates are the same.
Four XOR gates fit in a standard 14-pin IC package.

INPUT
OUTPUT
A B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Table 1: Truth Table for XOR Gate

The “XOR” operator would produce an output of

low (0) if all inputs are the same otherwise its output
is high (1).
 Figure 1: Logic Diagram for XOR Gate

In the realm of digital logic there are several ways of stating this in a more
detailed and precise format. We will express the verbal statement, "NOT A and B, or
A and NOT B." into logic diagram.

The circuit required to implement this description is shown below:

Or we could express it by using only 4-input quad NAND opamp.

 EXPERIMENT No. 1
LOGIC IC Familiarization
OBJECTIVES
➢ Describe the operation of XOR gate
➢ Describe the operation of the exclusive-OR and exclusive-NOR gates

PROCEDURE

1. IC Testing
2. Draw / sketch the IC pin config

74LS86 - XOR

INPUT
OUTPUT Vout
A B
0 0 0 0.10 V
0 1 1 2.49 V
1 0 1 2.49 V
1 1 0 0.13 V

Table 2: Experimental Truth Table for XOR Gate

Figure 2: IC Pin Configuration of 74LS86

DESIGN PROBLEM

Design a logic circuit that will turn on a light for the ff. condition:

➢ Output is high if and only if one input is high or all is high.

INPUT OUTPUT
L P T W Y
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1

Table 3: Truth Table for the given Logic Condition

IV. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS / COMPUTATIONS

SOLUTION TO DESIGN PROBLEM

INPUT OUTPUT
L P T W Y MINTERMS
 0 0 0 0 0 ------
0 0 0 1 1 LPTW

0 0 1 0 1 LPTW

0 0 1 1 0 ------
0 1 0 0 1 LPTW

0 1 0 1 0 ------
0 1 1 0 0 ------
0 1 1 1 0 ------
1 0 0 0 1 LPTW

1 0 0 1 0 ------
1 0 1 0 0 ------
1 0 1 1 0 ------
1 1 0 0 0 ------
1 1 0 1 0 ------
1 1 1 0 0 ------
1 1 1 1 1 LPTW

Using MINTERMS in X

X=LPTW+LPTW+LPTW +LPTW +LPTW

X=LPTW+TW+TWL P+LP+LPTW

Figure 3: Logic Diagram of the Logic Expressions derived for X and Y.

V. EXPERIMENTAL DISCUSSION

The experiment entitled Exclusive –OR (XOR) is about the familiarization of the
XOR Gate, its corresponding op-amp configuration and as well as its behavior after
inputting input combinations of logic 1’s and 0’s. At the first part of the experiment,
we test the logic gates if it functioning properly by comparing its output with the
theoretical truth table of the corresponding logic gate. The logic gate used is a
74LS86 op-amp, it is a Quad 2 Input Exclusive OR Gate.

Figure 4:
This is the 74LS86 op-amp used in the experiment
and its corresponding pin configurations

We obtained only a low output (0.10V ~ 0.13V) when all inputs are all high and
when all inputs are all low, while we obtained a high output (2.49V) when the inputs
are different that means one input is low and the other input is high or vice versa.
Comparing it with the theoretical truth table we can say that it follows the theory
from the results obtained. The theory says that the “XOR” operator would produce
a logic 1 output only if its two inputs are different. If the inputs are the same, the
output is a logic 0.

The second part, is a design problem wherein we are asked to design a logic
circuit with the condition that it will turn on a buzzer for the condition of a) Output is
high if and only if one input is high or all is high. It is summarize in table 3 and using
minterms (shown on table next to table 3), minterms for the output Y we obtained a
logic expression X=LPTW+TW+TWL P+LP+LPTW, we haven’t simplified it further
in order to put emphasis on how to use the XOR gate. We then express these logic
expression to a logic diagram for the creation of the logic circuit (shown in figure 3).

Upon the creation of the circuit an error is encountered due to misplaced wire
and cause the circuit to produce wrong results. This is solve by taking the output
one by one from each logic gate in the logic diagram and test it if its correct or not.
This is done until the circuit produces required or correct output.

VI. CONCLUSION

Logic gates are widely used nowadays as a circuit so it must be understood.

There are many kind of logic gates that are widely used nowadays such as RTL,
DTL, TTL, and others. Some of these are now obsolete due to the fact that every
now and then newer things are being discovered and developed and replaced the
older ones.

There are many types of logic gates, The logic gate XOR would produce an
output of high (0) if and only if all inputs are the same, otherwise if the inputs are not
the same it will produce a logic 1 which agrees to the results of the experiments.

VII. RECOMMENDATION

In using breadboard it is much better to be organized in such a way that the

wires are not overlapping each other so when we encountered an error we can
determine it just by merely looking the circuit connections. It is wise also not to use
long wire connections since it will produce a voltage drop which may decrease the
supply voltage required by the IC.

In designing in logic circuits the smaller the number of IC logic gates the much
better. This could be solved using minterms and maxterms on the output. Knowing
also the official pin configuration is a must to be done first rather than determining
the pin configuration by trial and error.

In application of logic gates it is much better to consider at which application it is

used, such as the speed consideration, power consumption and others.

VIII. SUMMARY

The experiment entitled Exclusive – OR (XOR) is all about the function and
uses of XOR Gate. The logic gate XOR would produce an output of high (0) if and
only if all inputs are the same, otherwise if the inputs are not the same it will produce
a logic 1 which agrees to the results of the experiments. The test done on the circuit
is summarized on table 2. It indicates the corresponding low voltage for logic 0’s
and a corresponding high output voltage for logic 1’s.

As a final thoughts of the experiment XOR functionally used in some switching

applications, it is by far can be combined with other logic gates to produce the
corresponding circuit of choice.

Proper placing are also required to improve the circuit, it is wise to check
whether your program will fully functions or not.

IX. GLOSSARY

AND Gate - the “AND” operator would produce an output of high (1) if and only if all
inputs are high (1), otherwise it’s the output is low.

OR Gate - The “OR” operator would produce an output of low (0) if and only if all
inputs are low (0), otherwise it’s the output is high.

NAND Gate - The “NAND” operator would produce an output of low (0) if and only if
all inputs are high (1), otherwise it’s the output is high.

INVERT Gate - The “Inverter” would produce a low (0) output if the input is high (1)
and high(1) output if input is low (0). Thus it reverses input.

NOR Gate - The “NOR” operator would produce an output of high (1) if and only if
all inputs are low (0), otherwise it’s the output is low (0).

XOR Gate - The “XOR” operator would produce an output of low (0) if all inputs are
the same otherwise its output is high (1).

XNOR Gate - The “XNOR” operator would produce an output of high (1) if all inputs
are the same otherwise its output is low (0).

Gate - The most basic logic element. A combination of transistors which form a
circuit that performs a logic function, such as NAND or NOR.

Logic - Mathematical treatment of formal logic whereby a system of symbols (i.e.,

AND, OR, and NOT) is used to represent quantities and relationships.

– The study of the principles of reasoning, especially of the structure of

propositions as distinguished from their content and of method and validity in
deductive reasoning.

The science that investigates the principles governing correct or reliable inference.

Linear - Having an output that varies in direct proportion to the input.

Input – these can be either 0’s and 1’s or in others could be either high or low
depending on the characteristic of the diode.

An operational amplifier, which is often called an op-amp, is a DC-coupled high-

gain electronic voltage amplifier with differential inputs and, usually, a single output.
[1]
. Typically the op-amp's very large gain is controlled by negative feedback, which
largely determines the magnitude of its output ("closed-loop") voltage gain in
amplifier applications, or the transfer function required (in analog computers).

IV. REFERENCES

WEBSITES:

http://www.wavecor.co.uk/gloss.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_IC

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7400series

http://www.tpub.com/neets/book10/21.htm

http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-100539721.html

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_or

BOOKS:

Tomasi., “Electronic Communications Systems: Fundamentals Through

Advanced”, 5th ed., pp 511 – 556.

Mano, “ Digital Design”., 4th ed., chapter2-3, pp 40-98.

 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ECE DEPARTMENT

EXPERIMENT No. 2

EXCLUSIVE – OR
XOR

Grad
e
BARBOSA, Armando Jr. C.
20060134750

DATE PERFORMED: December 11, 2009

DATE SUBMITTED: January 8, 2010

ENGR. EDELITO A. HANDIG

INSTRUCTOR