SAVE ENERGY AND DIMINISH THE

POLLUTIONS BY INCREASING THE

EFFICIENCY OF GEARS
Petrescu R. V., Petrescu F. I., Popescu N.,

Abstract: The paper presents an original method to determine the efficiency of the gear. The
originality of this method relies on the eliminated friction modulus. The paper is analyzing the
influence of a few parameters concerning gear efficiency. These parameters are: z1 - the number of
teeth for the primary wheel of gear; z2 - the number of teeth of the secondary wheel of gear; 0 - the
normal pressure angle on the divided circle; - the inclination angle. With the relations presented in
this paper, one can synthesize the gears mechanisms. Today, the gears are present everywhere, in the
mechanicals world (In vehicles industries, in electronics and electro-technique equipments, in
energetically industries, etc). Optimizing this mechanism (the gears mechanism), one can improve
the functionality of the transmissions with gears; one save energy and one diminish the pollutions.

1. INTRODUCTION
Gears and gearing know today a very large spread and utilization. If one increase theirs efficiency
with one percent only, one obtains a very much economy of energy and one diminish substantially the
noises, the vibrations and the emissions of noxious. The paper suggests an increase of the gears
efficiency not only with one percent, but also with tentwenty percents. In this mode one save more
energy and one decrease substantially the pollutions.
In this paper the authors present an original method for calculating the efficiency of the gear.
The originality consists in the way of determination of the gears efficiency, because one hasnt
used the friction forces of couple (this new way eliminates the classical method). One eliminates the
necessity of determining the friction coefficients by different experimental methods as well. The
efficiency determinates by the new method is the same like the classical efficiency, namely the
mechanical efficiency of the gear. Precisely one determines the dynamics efficiency, but at the gears
transmissions, the dynamics efficiency is the same like the mechanical efficiency; this is a greater
advantage of the gears transmissions.
2. DETERMINING THE MOMENTARY DYNAMIC (MECHANICAL) EFFICIENCY
The calculating relations [2, 3], are the next (1-21), (see the fig. 1):
F Fm cos 1

F Fm sin 1
v v cos
2
1
1

v12 v1 sin 1
F F F

m
v1 v2 v12

(1)

with:

Fm - the motive force (the driving force);

F - the transmitted force (the useful force);

v1

F - the slide force (the lost force);

- the velocity of element 1, or the speed of wheel 1 (the driving wheel);

v2 - the velocity of element 2, or the speed of wheel 2 (the driven wheel);

v12 - the relative speed of the wheel 1 in relation with the wheel 2 (this is a sliding speed).

2002 Victoria PETRESCU

The Copyright-Law
Of March, 01, 1989
U.S. Copyright Office
Library of Congress
Washington, DC 20559-6000
202-707-3000

v2
F
Fm

v1

1
P
rp1

K1

rb1

v12
t

O1
0

Fig. 1. The forces of the gear

The consumed power (in this case the driving power):
Pc Pm Fm v1

(2)

The useful power (the transmitted power from the profile 1 to the profile 2) will be written:
Pu P F v2 Fm v1 cos 2 1

(3)

The lost power will be written:

P F v12 Fm v1 sin2 1

The momentary efficiency of couple will be calculated directly with the next relation:

(4)


P
P
F v cos 2 1
i u m 1
Pc Pm
Fm v1

2
i cos 1

(5)

The momentary losing coefficient [1], will be written:

P
F v sin 2 1
m 1
sin 2 1
i
P
F

m
m 1

2
2
i i cos 1 sin 1 1

(6)

One can easily see that the sum of the momentary efficiency and the momentary losing coefficient
is 1:
Now one can determine the geometrical elements of gear. These elements will be used in
determining the couple efficiency, .

3. THE GEOMETRICAL ELEMENTS OF THE GEAR

One determines the next geometrical elements of the external gear, [2,3], (for the right teeth,
=0):
The radius of the basic circle of wheel 1 (of the driving wheel), (7):
rb1

1
m z1 cos 0
2

(7)

The radius of the outside circle of wheel 1 (8):

ra1

1
m
(m z1 2 m) ( z1 2)
2
2

(8)

One determines now the maximum pressure angle of the gear (9):

cos 1M

1
m z1 cos 0
rb1 2
z cos 0

1
1
ra1
z1 2
m ( z1 2)
2

(9)

And now one determines the same parameters for the wheel 2, the radius of basic circle (10) and
the radius of the outside circle (11) for the wheel 2:
1
m z2 cos 0
2
m
ra 2 ( z2 2)
2

rb 2

Now one can determine the minimum pressure angle of the external gear (12, 13):

(10)
(11)

tg1m r
b1

1
m
2
2
2
2
2
N (rb1 rb 2 ) tg 0 ra 2 rb 2 m ( z1 z2 ) sin 0 ( z2 2) z2 cos 0
2
2

m
2
2
2 [( z1 z2 ) sin 0 z2 sin 0 4 z2 4 ]

tg1m [( z1 z2 ) sin0 z22 sin2 0 4 z2 4 ] /( z1 cos 0 )

(12)

(13)

Now one can determine, for the external gear, the minimum (13) and the maximum (9) pressure
angle for the right teeth. For the external gear with bended teeth (0) one uses the relations (14, 15
and 16):
tgt
tg1m [( z1 z2 )

tg 0
cos

sin t
sin 2 t
z
cos
z22
4 2 4]
2
cos
cos
z1 cos t
cos
z1 cos t
cos
cos 1M
z1
2
cos

(14)
(15)

(16)

For the internal gear with bended teeth (0) one uses the relations (14 with 17, 18-A or with 19,
20-B):
A. When the driving wheel 1, has external teeth:
tg1m [( z1 z2 )

sin t
sin 2 t
z
cos
z22
4 2 4]
2
cos
cos
z1 cos t
cos
z1 cos t
cos
cos 1M
z1
2
cos

(17)

(18)

B. When the driving wheel 1, have internal teeth:

tg1M [( z1 z2 )

sin t
sin 2 t
z
cos
z22
4 2 4]
2
cos
cos
z1 cos t
cos
z1 cos t
cos
cos 1m
z1
2
cos

(19)

(20)

4. DETERMINING THE EFFICIENCY

The efficiency of the gear will be calculated through the integration of momentary efficiency on
all sections of gearing movement, namely from the minimum pressure angle to the maximum pressure
angle, the relation (21), [2, 3]:
1

am

1
i d

cos 2 d

M
1
1
[ sin(2 ) ]

2 2
m

1
sin(2 M ) sin(2 m )
sin(2 M ) sin(2 m )

[
]
0.5
2
2
4 ( M m )

(21)

A form more precisely than relation (5), for the determining of momentary efficiency, is the
relation (22):

i cos 2 1

1
2
i cos 1

1 cos 2 1 (
tg 1 )

z1 2 z1

(5)
(22)

5. CONCLUSION
The input parameters are:
z1 = the number of teeth for the driving wheel 1;
z2 = the number of teeth for the driven wheel 2, or the ratio of transmission, i (i12=-z2/z1);
0 = the pressure angle normal on the divided circle;
= the bend angle.
The efficiency (of the gear) increases when the number of teeth for the driving wheel 1, z 1,
increases too and when the pressure angle, 0, diminishes; z2 or i12 are not so much influence about
the efficiency value;
One can easily see that for the value 0=200, the efficiency takes roughly the value 0.89 for any
values of the others parameters (this justifies the choice of this value, 0=200, for the standard pressure
angle of reference).
The better efficiency may be obtained only for a 0200.
But the pressure angle of reference, 0, can be decreased the same time the number of teeth for
the driving wheel 1, z1, increases, to increase the gears efficiency;
Contrary, when we desire to create a gear with a low z1 (for a less gauge), it will be necessary to
increase the 0 value, for maintaining a positive value for m (in this case the gear efficiency will be
diminished);
When increases, the efficiency, , increases too, but the growth is insignificant.
The module of the gear, m, has not any influence on the gears efficiency value.
When 0 is diminished one can take a higher normal module, for increasing the addendum of
teeth, but the increase of the m at the same time with the increase of the z1 can lead to a greater gauge.
The gears efficiency, , is really a function of 0 and z1: =f(0,z1); m and M are just the
intermediate parameters.

For a good projection of the gear, its necessary a z1 and a z2 greater than 30-60; but this condition
may increase the gauge of mechanism.
In this paper, one determines precisely, the dynamics-efficiency, but at the gears transmissions,
the dynamics efficiency is the same like the mechanical efficiency; this is a greater advantage of the
gears transmissions. This advantage, specifically of the gears mechanisms, may be found at the cams
mechanisms with plate followers too.
6. REFERENCES
1. Pelecudi, Chr., .a., Mecanisme. E.D.P., Bucureti, 1985.
2. Petrescu, V., Petrescu, I., Randamentul cuplei superioare de la angrenajele cu roi dinate cu
axe fixe, In: The Proceedings of 7th National Symposium PRASIC, Braov, Romania, vol. I,
pp. 333-338, 2002.
3. Petrescu, R., Petrescu, F., The gear synthesis with the best efficiency, In: The Proceedings of
ESFA03, Bucharest, Romania, vol. 2, pp. 63-70, 2003.
4. Petrescu, R., Petrescu, F., Gears design for the mechanisms highest efficiency. In: The
Proceedings of ICEGD05, Bucharest, Romania, vol. I, pp. 257-260, 2005.
5. Petrescu, R.V., Petrescu, F.I., Determining the dynamic efficiency of gears. In: The
Proceedings of SYROM05, Bucharest, Romania, vol. II, pp. 381-386, 2005.