Coasts

What is a constructive wave? (1)

These are long waves with little energy, better at depositing material on the beach. Swash is greater
than backwash.
What is a destructive wave? (1)
Shorter waves with lots of energy, drags sediment down the beach. Stronger backwash than swash.
Explain the formation of a stump (6)
Hydraulic action and abrasion erode the headland creating an undercutting of cliff base, which then
forms a wave cut notch. An overhang is created as the wave cut notch depends and the overhang
cannot be supported so it collapses and the headland retreats. This leaves a rocky platform in from =
wave cut platform. The erosion of hydraulic action and abrasion occurs along faults which then
produces a cave. The cave emerges either side to produce an arch. With continued erosion the arch
widens and it cannot be supported the roof collapses forming a stack. More erosion undercuts the
stack forming a stump as it collapses.
Describe the method of coastal protection shown (2) [picture of rock armour]
Large rocks placed at the bottom of the cliff to absorb the wave energy, they are effective at
dispersing the waves energy.
Suggest how rock armour will protect the housing built along the coast (3)
These are large rocks which are placed at the bottom of the cliff. The rocks are randomly arranged and
can absorb the waves energy which prevents undercutting of the cliff so less erosion and less collapse.
Therefore the cliff wont retreat back.
Explain the formation of a wave-cut platform (6)
The wave cuts a wave cut notch in the headland as it exploits a point of weakness. The force of
gravity and weight of the rock causes it to collapse. Process starts again. After a series of cliff
collapses a wave cut platform is left which is exposed during low tide.
Describe one method of a coastal protection (2)
Sea Wall These are hard concrete walls which are built to reflect wave attack on the coast
preventing erosion from the land behind often very expensive and ugly.
Explain how some coastal defences work (4)
Gabions Metal cages containing pebbles and cobbles placed at the bottom of the cliff. They are used
to absorb the waves energy and dissipate wave energy shielding the cliff from the erosion. It also lets
the water percolate out from the cliff face, reducing the risk of landslide and mudflow.
Revetments These are sloping, slatted, timber walls set at about 45*. They are made from hard
woods and the slats in them means water is partly reflected but partly dissipated + some of the water
percolates between the slats. They stop undercutting and collapse of the cliff.
Explain how and why cliff collapse occurs in some coastal locations. (4)
Hydraulic action and abrasion erode the headlands back. Often in areas of dense jointing lies a fault
which is vulnerable to erosion from the waves. Wave cut notch + platforms are often created
sometimes forming stacks and stumps.

With the aid of a diagram, explain what happens in long shore drift? (6)
The prevailing wind (where the wind usually blows from) causes waves to approach the coast at an
angle. Therefore the waves carry the sediment up the beach at the same angle, (45* normally). The
backwash however carries the sediment back down the beach at 90* to the beach. It is a zigzag motion
which as it is repeated will carry sediment up the beach.

For a holiday resort you have studied, describe some of the solutions to problems
caused by tourism. (4)
In Tynemouth, Tyne and Wear; overcrowding, cleanliness, maintaining the appeal and competition of
beaches were the problems they faced. The local council improved road signs around the sea front to
reduce bottlenecks. One way system was put in place to reduce the risk of hold up on narrow roads.
The uninviting walkway from the Metro Station was cleaned and better sign posted. Special, cheap,
day tickets are offered on bank holidays to encourage visitors to the beach by public transport, rather
than car. Free car parking was provided. New shops and restaurants were put in place and a new Blue
Reef Aquarium was installed to attract tourists. Dogs were banned from the Long Sands between
March and October to provide a clean and safe environment for tourists. During the summer there was
a team of 30 lifeguards to help keep the area safe.

Rivers
Explain how levees are formed (6)
As river floods the velocity is reduced so sediment is deposited. Larger heavier sediment are
deposited closer to the channel, great thickness of alluvium can build up. Natural embankments
build up. Repeated flooding is needed to make them form properly and the river must be carrying a
large load.
Describe effects of flooding (4)
Roads flooded, peoples houses so lose personal possessions. Cant work so lose money. Costly to
repair stuff. Electricty and phone lines are disconnected. Trees uprooted. Homeless. Things may
collapse like houses.
Explain one way how flooding may be prevented (2)
Levees can be man made so that the banks are higher than the water level so it cannot flood and go
over top. Dams.
Suggest two possible causes of river flooding (2)
Heavy persistant rain fall.
Dam Failure. Levee failure.

Suggest two ways in which a settlement could be protected from flooding (2)
Dam formed.
Levees formed.
What is a flood plain (1)
The flat area of land next to a river which is often flooded.
With the aid of diagrams, explain the formation of an oxbow lake (6)
Inside deposits, outside thalweg erodes bank. Slip of slope formed. Continues to happen. Gap gets
thinner. Deposition increases. Neck of land gets cut off during flooding. Water takes new route.
Deposition continues. Ox bow lake is formed as its fully cut off from river.
Describe the causes of a river flood that you have studied (4) [case study]
What is a meander (1)
Bend in a river
Draw and label a cross-section through the meander (3)
Explain how the features of a meander are formed (4)
Thalweg. Deposition. Continues. Bend gets more dramatic.
What is a soft management strategy? (1)
Cheaper, no building or large engineering.
Describe flood plain zoning and how/why it can be sustained (6)
Label two features of the waterfall (2)
Explain the formation of a waterfall and gorge (6)
Crops = fertile.
Houses well away so cannot be effected by flooding.
Marshes are left as a flood plan which will be flooded and more or less allowed to be. Roads also
away from the rivers to will not be effected.

Tectonic Activity
Using examples of earthquakes, explain why some cause more deaths than others (6)
LEDCS/MEDCS recovery, prediction, buildings, medical, emergency services.
Label a volcano (3)
Crater, vent, subduction zone, magma, lava.
Using one or more examples of a volcanic eruption, describe the effects on the physical
environment. (4)
Landslides = towns fuckered. Pinatubo, 10ft deep of mud by lahars. Cloud of gas, steam and dust
across ground flattening trees. Melted the snow caused mudflows to be quick picking up
material/bridges/trees. No plantlife/wildlife survived. Rivers/lakes contaminated. Eg Mount St
Helens.
Explain the characteristics of shield volcanoes and how they are formed (6)
Formed by constructive plate boundaries moving apart causing magma to rise to make mid-oceanic
ridge. Shield volcano formed which has shallow sides, wide base, non-violent + runny lava.
Describe one advantage of living near a volcano (2)
Tourism + fertile land
Using an example of a volcanic eruption of an earthquake, describe the short term responses to
the disaster (4)

Suggest why the loss of life is so great in an LEDC (4)

Poor medical, emergency, recovery, prediction building.
Describe the advantages of living near to volcanoes (3)
Explain how one type of volcano is formed (6)
Describe the short term and long term responses to an earthquake or volcanic eruption you have
studied (6)

Population
Describe some of the push factors that cause people to migrate to cities (4)
Poor living standards in rural areas. Danger to war in rural areas. Unemployed in rural areas as
machinery replaced jobs. Lack of services in rural areas.
People move from one country to another. Using examples, describe the advantages to the two
countries involved. (6)
Recipient broadens the culture with languages etc. More labour (eg when England wanted people
to come in from India etc) Brings money to the country, spending money etc. New skills and ideas
brought in.
Other country less pressure on goods like food, water etc. Money sent back by migrants is
important foreign exchange. Families improve local economy by spending in local shops and
services.
What is meant by population density (2)
The amount of people living in a certain area (at a certain time).

Explain the physical factors, other than climate why may lead to an area have low population
density (4)
Land if steep its difficult to build on for there being infertile soils. If theres a war going on people
will flee from the area. If a natural disaster has occurred recently people will have to move from
there.
Using one or more examples, explain what countries are doing to cope with rapid population
increase. (6)
There have been many examples from where countries try to reduce the rapid population increase.
For example in Chine there has been the one child policy where only one child is allowed per
family. The marriage age has been raised to 23 for women and 25 for men. Bonuses were given to
those who didnt have children and women had to be sterilised if they had 2 children. In India clinics
were opened to educate families about fertility and contraception. In Kerela women were educated
about contraception and the marriage age was raised from 15
18. Woman had to be sterilised if
they had 3 children. These are example of Anti-Natalist Policies and there have been a range in
results. China did reduce the growth rate but not as quick as they wanted because in the rural areas
this policy was relaxed.

Explain how and why the natural increase in population changes through years. (4)
If a natural disaster has occurred and families become very poor then children can become an
economical asset to them. They can work on the land from a very low age. A natural disaster may
cause people to em-migrate from the country. Or if theres widespread unemployment they may
also em-migrate from the country to find work somewhere else. A war maybe cause many deaths,
and also cause people to leave the country. England had a lot of widespread unemployment so
encouraged many people to come over from India to work here.
Countries may enforce a pro-natalist policy or an anti-natalist policy which can increase the growth
rate or decrease it. In france in the 1980s they gave incentives to families and gave support to
increase the growth rate. Whereas in China they enforced the one child policy. Etcc. And in India
and Kerela they taught about the importance of contraception in order to reduce the growth rate.
Give two reasons for the changes in population structure after 1850 (2) [graph shows that it lower
b and d rates]
Birth Rates- Perhaps a policy was enforced. (E.G China.)
Death Rates technology was improved and so was medical care.
Describe how government of MEDCs try to cope with changes in population structure. (6)
Talk about the 2 policies discussed before?
Describe voluntary migration (2)
This is when somebody or family choose to leave a country/enter a country by their own choice. EG
to find a better lifestyle.

Describe forced migration (2)

People are forced to enter/leave a country. For example if there has been a war, or when Africans
were made to be slaves in America.
Describe the advantages to migrants and their families of moving to a new country (4)#
Economical Better lifestyle, more money because find a job. Stable employment.
Social Can learn new language. Meet new people.
Describe one why which LEDCs have tried to cope with rapid population increase (4)
China. One child policy. Any women who has had 2 children must be sterilised. Bonuses were given
to those who didnt have a child. Contraception and family planning advice was widespread. Legal
age of marriage was increased to 23forW and 24forM. Abortion was legal in late pregnancy.
Explain the distribution of the areas of low population density in the world. (9)
Cold Climate too cold to find sufficient food. Survival is hard.
Arid Environments Soil is dry, infertile and theyre a shortage of water. People cannot survive or be
supported because its far to hot.
High Mountainous Environments Steep slopes, infertile and rocky lands means hard to build on.
Communication lines/wires cannot get up there. Oxygen depleted atmosphere means it may be hard
to survive.

Tropical Rainforests Very time and energy consuming to get rid of dense vegetation for settlement.
Areas become barren as the high rainfall rapidly leaches the soil of its nutrients. So its difficult to
support large numbers of people. There are also many insects and tropical disease so its hard to live
there.
What is the meaning of the term natural increase of population (1)
The relationship between the birth rate and the death rate of a country or area.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages to a country or region of receiving immigrants. (6)
Advan An extra source of labour and may bring new skills to the country. Broadens the culture and
brings money too. E.g MNC going to an LEDC which can bring money to the country (Shell Nigeria.)
Disadvan May bring a strain on resources. May cause increase in unemployment and may struggle
to provide housing, food and medical care (LEDCS). May increase racial tension, violence and
discrimination.
Explain how physical factors cause some parts of the world to have high population densities (4)
Coastal areas sea ports, fishing industries
Alluvial plains fertile land, good to build on
Cities many industries, jobs
Natural resources industries there, so large amount of jobs
temperate lowland areas good temp to live an build unlike desert.
Describe the Demographic Transition Model (4)
stage 1 high BR and high DR
stage 2 DR drops, but BR stays high
stage 3 DR is now at bottom and BR starts to decline.
Stage 4 - BR and DR are now at bottom and fluctuate.
Give two ways that population structure changes when a country has entered Stage3 of the
Demographic Transition Model. (2)
It shows contraception is now become widespread and women are being educated about
contraception. A child is no longer seen as an economic asset to a family. The DR stay low which
shows medical care has been improved vastly and less people die at a younger age. Theres also an
improvement in food production. The population structure would now becoming an aging
population which is what an MEDC has normally, it has low and declining BRs and low DRs with a
rising life expectancy.
Describe how governments are attempting to cope with the problem of an ageing population in
MEDCs.(4)
Governments increase levels of taxation to help fund pensions and health care. They encourage
people to pay privately for pension and health to relieve the burden on the state. They offer
incentives to employers and employees who work on after retirement. They encourage immigration
to boost the youthful and working population which is what England did as they encouraged people
to come from places like India. In Romania they banned contraception, reduced the marriage age to
15, made abortion illegal and gave extra tax to those who werent married by the time they were 25.

Explain why there may be small areas of high population density in an area that is otherwise
sparsely populated. (4)
Depends on the land steep land means difficult to build on. If its high up then communication lines
cannot get up there and there is oxygen depleted atmosphere. Coastal areas are high in population
as people use port etc to bring money in and a fishing industry can be set up there. In a city there are
many industries so there are a lot of jobs available hence its very populated in cities. Alluvial plains
are very easy and fairly cheap to build on so population density is high in these areas. Similarly to
coastal areas, places that are close to natural resources are high in population as industries are set
up here and so theres a lot of jobs available.
Using examples, explain why some countries have high birth rates and others have low
birth rates. (4) 2003
High birth rates traditions. Lack of education about contraception. Labour intensive so need people
to work on land.
Low birth rates traditions. Women are educated. Governments may enforce policies. Dont need
large families.
LEDCs often have youthful populations, whereas MEDCs populations are often ageing.
Describe the problems which may result from this.(6)
Youthful over population which can lead to a strain on food and water supply. Housing may
become very crowded and cities too. This may become hard as not enough money.
Ageing lack of labour in future years. More older people which means more pensions so
governments may have to rise taxes to pay for this. Elderly need a lot of health care and so the
country may struggle to pay for this. May be hard to pay for old peoples home and hospitals etc.