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Design of Machine Elements- SHAFTS

Session delivered by:

Mr. Nithin Venkataram

M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru

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Session Objectives
At the end of this session students would have understood,
Introduction to shafts
Materials used in shaft.
Types of shaft.
Design criteria for shafts.

M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru

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Session Topics

Introduction
Materials used for shafts
Types of shaft.

Stresses in Shafts
Shafts Subjected to Twisting Moment Only
Shafts Subjected to Combined Twisting Moment
and Bending Moment

M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru

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Introduction

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A shaft is a rotating machine

element which is used to transmit
power from one place to another.
The power is delivered to the shaft by some tangential
force and the resultant torque (or twisting moment) set up
within the shaft permits the power to be transferred to
various machines linked up to the shaft.
The shaft must not only be strong enough to provide an
adequate FOS from static and dynamic stress view points
and it must also be sufficiently rigid to prevent torsional
and lateral deflection.
The shaft natural frequency of vibration must be
sufficiently remote from the operating frequency to avoid
resonance. M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru

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Material Used for Shafts

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The material used for shafts should have the following

properties :
1. It should have high strength.
2. It should have good machinability.
3. It should have low notch sensitivity factor.
4. It should have good heat treatment properties.
5. It should have high wear resistant properties.

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Types of Shafts

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The following two types of shafts are important from the

subject point of view:

1. Transmission shafts.
These shafts transmit power between the source and the
machines absorbing power.
The counter shafts, line shafts, over head shafts and all
factory shafts are transmission shafts.
These shafts carry machine parts such as pulleys, gears etc.

2. Machine shafts.
These shafts form an integral part of the machine itself.
The crank shaft is an example of machine shaft.
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Stresses in Shafts

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The following stresses are induced in the shafts :

1. Shear stresses due to the transmission of torque (i.e. due
to torsional load).
2. Bending stresses (tensile or compressive) due to the
forces acting upon machine elements like gears, pulleys
etc. as well as due to the weight of the shaft itself.
3. Stresses due to combined torsional and bending loads.

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Shafts Subjected to Twisting Moment Only

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When the shaft is subjected to a twisting moment (or

torque) only, then the diameter of the shaft may be
obtained by using the torsion equation.

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When the hallow shaft is considered, the polar moment of

inertia becomes

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The torque equation becomes

M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru

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Shafts Subjected to Bending Moment Only

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When the shaft is subjected to a bending moment only, then

the maximum stress (tensile or compressive) is given by the
bending equation

Substituting the values into bending equation

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Shafts Subjected to Combined Twisting

Moment and Bending Moment

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When the shaft is subjected to combined twisting moment

and bending moment, then the shaft must be designed on the
basis of the two moments simultaneously.
Various theories have been suggested to account for the
elastic failure of the materials when they are subjected to
various types of combined stresses
The following two theories are important from the subject
point of view
1. Maximum shear stress theory or Guest's theory. It is used for
ductile materials such as mild steel.
2. Maximum normal stress theory or Rankines theory. It is used for
brittle materials such as cast iron.
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According to maximum shear stress theory, the maximum

shear stress in the shaft

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Substituting the values

The expression under the root is known as equivalent

twisting moment and is denoted by Te.
From this expression, diameter of the shaft (d) may be
evaluated.
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According to maximum normal stress theory, the maximum

normal stress in the shaft,

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The expression on the RHS is known as equivalent

bending moment and is denoted by Me.
From this expression, diameter of the shaft (d) may be
evaluated.
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Shear force and bending moment diagram

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L
b

x1
x2
x3

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1. Positive Shear Force will cause a

clockwise rotation of the member on
which it acts.
2. Positive Bending Moment will cause
compression on the top surface of the
beam.
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Positive Shear

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Positive Moment

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Critical Point identification

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Critical Speed of shaft.

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For a central disc of weight W on the shaft of negligible

weight rotating in antifriction bearing and shaft is simply
supported.

Central disc of weight W on the shaft of negligible weight

rotating in sleeve bearing & shaft is assumed to be fixedended

Disc mounted at a distance a from left support and b from the

right support.

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Summary

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The following are explained,

Common shaft loading mechanisms
Shaft design characteristics
Attachments and Stress concentrations
Shaft Design: General considerations

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