Organ donation frequently asked questions

Almost anyone can be an organ or tissue donor. Find out how and why and what you
can do to save lives.
Frequently asked questions

What is organ and tissue donation? Few deaths in hospitals each year occur in such a
way that organ donation is possible – that is, in the
Organ donation is a medical procedure. It involves
Intensive Care Unit of a hospital, where a ventilator
removing organs and tissue from a donor and
can artificially keep organs functioning until they
transplanting them into someone who, in many
can be donated.
cases, is very ill or dying. The donation saves life or
significantly improves quality of life. An important part of increasing Australia’s donor
rate is ensuring that Australian families know each
Most transplants occur when the donor dies. In
others’ wishes about organ and tissue donation.
some cases living donors may give one of their
kidneys or part of their liver to a recipient. Many people think that deciding to become an
organ donor is a private decision. They do not
Australia’s transplant success rates are among the
always realise that even if you have registered your
world’s highest. One organ and tissue donor can
decision on the Australian Organ Donor Register,
save the lives of up to 10 people and improve the
your family’s consent is still required.
lives of dozens more. For example:

ÖÖ a lung transplant can save the life of a child

ÖÖ a kidney transplant can mean a person no
longer needs to spend several hours, several
times a week, hooked up to a dialysis machine
ÖÖ a corneal transport can give the gift of sight.
Around 1700 people are on official organ transplant
waiting lists at any one time.
The first step to becoming an organ and tissue
donor is to discover the facts. You can then make an
informed decision and register your wishes on the
Australian Organ Donor Register. Every Australian
family should know family members’ wishes about
donation, in case the situation arises.
Why is there a shortage of organs and
tissue?
Australia has one of the lowest organ donation
rates in the developed world. The Australian
Government’s World’s Best Practice National
Reform Package on Organ and Tissue Donation for
Transplantation aims to increase the number of
organ and tissue donors.
Who can donate?
Almost anyone can donate organs and tissues.
Age, health and lifestyle are no restriction.
The determining factors are where and how the
donor dies and the condition of the organs and
tissues. Specialised health professionals assess each
person at the time of death to decide which organs
and tissues are suitable for donation.
People who drink or smoke may not be able to
donate their liver or lungs but may still be able to
donate other organs and tissues. People in their
80’s have saved the lives of much younger people.
People with cancer have been able to donate
tissues.
Only a few medical conditions, such as
transmissible diseases like HIV, may prevent
someone being a donor. A person may not be able
to donate for 12 months after having a tattoo.

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Frequently asked questions
What can I donate?
In Australia you can donate your organs – heart,
lungs, liver, kidneys and pancreas – and tissues –
heart valves and pericardium, corneal and eye tissue,
bone and related musculoskeletal tissue and skin.
Can I decide what I donate?
Yes. You record which organs and tissue you want to
donate on the Australian Organ Donor Register. It is
important that you discuss your wishes with family.
How do I register to be a donor?
Join the Australian Organ Donor Register, the
national register administered by Medicare
Australia.
To join the register, go to www.medicare.gov.au or
www.donorregister.gov.au, call 1800 777 203 or visit
any Medicare office.
Does my family need to know if I’m a
donor?
Yes, this is very important. Donation will not go
ahead without the consent of your family. About
40% of families don’t consent to organ donation.
Mostly, this is because they did not know the
wishes of their loved one.
Can I register if I’m under 18 or can I
register my children?
You can register an “intent to be an organ and
tissue donor” with the Australian Organ Donor
Register from the age of 16. You can only fully
register from the age of 18.
Children cannot be registered by their parents, but
that does not prevent them from being donors as
the family can approve donation.
If you are under 18, or have children, a frank
discussion about donation ensures the family is
prepared if they need to make the decision.
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Is organ and tissue donation against
my religion?
Most religions, including all major religions, support
organ and tissue donation and transplantation as acts
of generosity and merit because they benefit others.
How does the donation process work?
When someone dies in circumstances where they
can become an organ donor, the intensive care
medical team raises the possibility of donation with
the family.
Sometimes the family raises the topic of donation.
The Australian Organ Donor Register is checked.
If the person registered ‘no’, donation will not
proceed. If the person registered ‘yes’ or had not
registered, a DonateLife™ donor coordinator will
meet the family to talk about donation.
The family is given time to make a decision. If they
agree to donation, there is some paperwork to
confirm the donation and which organs and tissue
may be retrieved.
After the organs and tissues are donated, the donor
coordinator keeps in touch with the family to tell
them about the success of the transplants and to
provide support during their time of grief.
Can I choose who gets my organs and
tissue?
No. Organ and tissue donation for transplantation
is based on the concept of altruism. There are strict
guidelines for selecting recipients, based on who is
the best match for the organ and tissue.
The only exception is if you decide to be a ‘living
donor’ and give a kidney or part of your liver to a
family member or friend.
If you participate in the Australian Paired Kidney
Exchange program as a living donor, you will not be
able to choose the recipient, but you will know your
family member or friend will receive a kidney.
Frequently asked questions
How do doctors know I’m dead?
There are two causes of death – brain death and
cardiac death. Most people die a cardiac death,
where they stop breathing and have no heart beat.
Most cardiac deaths mean organ donation is not
possible, though tissues can be donated.
Brain death occurs when the brain is so badly
damaged that it stops functioning permanently,
usually as the result of bleeding in the brain, stroke,
infection or an injury to the head. Your organs
will not be removed until two senior doctors have
separately tested and confirmed that you are brain
dead.
If you die a brain death in hospital, you can be kept
on a ventilator that keeps your organs functioning
until donation can take place.
Can I have a normal funeral?
Yes. Funeral arrangements are not affected by
organ donation. Organ and tissue donations will
happen quickly after you die. You will be able to
have an open casket funeral. Your body will appear
as if you had undergone normal surgery. You will be
clothed for the funeral, so stitches won’t be visible.
What support will my family get?
The Intensive Care Unit team caring for you and
the DonateLife™ donor coordinator will give your
family as much support as they need during and
after the decision to donate.
Your family will also have access to free
bereavement counselling.
The DonateLife™ donor coordinator will be the
point of contact for your family from the time
donation is first discussed. This coordinator will
provide information about donation, answer any
questions, help with paperwork and coordinate the
medical procedures required prior to donation.
The DonateLife™ donor coordinator is an advocate
for you and your family. They provide the link
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between your family and the medical team and
will help your family after the donation, particularly
with arranging a private farewell and, if the family
wishes, a viewing of the body.
Later, the coordinator will contact your family with
information on the outcome of the donation and
details of support offered in your state or territory.
The coordinator will give information on how to
write to recipients if the family wishes.
How long do people wait for
transplants?
Waiting times are usually between six months and
four years but there are cases where the recipient
must wait even longer.
There is a strong awareness that in most cases
the longer the delay in receiving a transplant, the
greater the risk of deteriorating health.
What is Australia’s transplant
success rate?
Australia has one of the highest transplant
success rates in the world.
Since 1965, more than 30,000 Australians
have received life-saving or life-improving
organ and tissue transplants.
Despite the hundreds of life-saving organ
transplant operations performed each
year, Australia meets only one third of its
transplant demand.
Tissue transplants and grafts are more
common, including about 1700 corneal
transplants each year.
Transplants not only improve the quality
of people’s lives but also cut the nation’s
medical bill by reducing the number of long-
term treatments.
Organ and tissue
Frequently asked donation
questionsin Australia

How many transplants happen in that state. If there is no suitable recipient, the organ
Australia? is offered to transplant units in other states and
territories in a pre-determined order designed to
In 2008, 889 Australians received organs from 259 promote equity.
deceased donors. In addition, 353 people received a
kidney and 3 people received a part liver from living
donors.
It’s important to share
In all, 812 kidneys were transplanted, 179 livers, 85
hearts (including 5 heart/lung transplants), 218 lungs, your wishes on organ
32 pancreas, 11 pancreas islets and 1696 corneas. Two and tissue donation.
hundred people donated their heart tissues. Forty
people benefited from skin grafts and nearly 4000
musculoskeletal grafts were distributed.
Criteria include:
Donors and transplant recipients vary in age from ÖÖ how long the person has been waiting for a
small babies to the elderly. transplant

Australia has one of the highest transplant success ÖÖ the person’s medical condition
rates in the developed world, but one of the lowest
organ donation rates. ÖÖ the urgency for a transplant

As of 1 January, 2009, there were 1,716 people on
organ transplant waiting lists, with over 60% of
these waiting for a kidney transplant. Unfortunately,
two people die each week while waiting for an
organ transplant. Only one third of the demand is
met each year.
Each year, thousands of people need a tissue graft.
ÖÖ how well the tissue/organs match the person
ÖÖ whether the organ can be made available to the
person in time.
Organs such as the heart, lungs, liver and pancreas
are matched to recipients by blood group, size
compatibility and urgency. Age and sex are not
relevant.

Kidneys are matched by blood group and tissue

How are transplant recipients chosen?
The process that allocates organs to transplant
recipients is designed to be as fair and equitable
as possible. At present, allocation is guided by
protocols developed by the Transplantation Society
of Australia and New Zealand (TSANZ) and the
Australasian Transplant Coordinators Association
(ATCA).
compatibility through the computerised National
Organ Matching Service, administered by the
Australian Red Cross Blood Service. Kidneys are
offered to the best suited recipient, regardless of
where they live.
There are no formal waiting lists for tissues, though
shortages can occur.

Transplant waiting lists are managed by different
groups according to the organ involved and the state
or territory where the recipient resides.
When organs (other than kidneys) become available
for donation, they are offered to transplant units in
The Authority is working with TSANZ and other
stakeholders to develop a new national framework
for organ and tissue allocation. It is expected that
national coordination will improve the availability of
organs.

For more information visit www.donatelife.gov.au

Make sure you and your loved ones discuss Australian Organ and Tissue Authority
your wish to be an organ donor. Some 2000 Level 5, 51 Allara Street Canberra ACT 2600
Australians waiting for donor organs wish PO Box 295 Civic Square ACT 2608
you would. Telephone 02 6198 9800 Facsimile 02 6198 9801

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Your wish can save a life. But only if you tell someone!