GTG by Khosrawi

M.
Khosravy
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Performance Evaluation Targets

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Enhance Turbine Efficiency

Increase Output
Improve Heat Rate
Recover Lost Performance
Improve Exhaust Temperature
Maximize Compressor Efficiency an Airflow
Reduce Fuel Costs
Avoid Forced Outages
Improve Maintenance Planning
Improve Relative Firing Temperature
Standard Methods of
Performance Evaluation
ASME PTC 22: Gas turbine power plants performance test
code
ISO 2314 : Gas turbines - Acceptance tests

JIS B8401 : Gas turbine Open cycle performance test
BS 3135 : Specification for gas turbine acceptance test
DIN 4341 : Acceptance rules for gas turbines
..
ASME PTC 22
This Code provides for the testing of gas turbines
supplied with gaseous or liquid fuels (or solid fuels
converted to liquid or gas prior to entrance to the gas
turbine).
Tests of gas turbines with emission control and/or
power augmentation devices, such as injection fluids
and inlet air treatment, are included.
It may be applied to gas turbines in combined cycle
plants or with other heat recovery systems.
ASME PTC 22
This Code provides for comparative (back to
back) tests designed to verify performance
differentials of the gas turbine, primarily for
testing before and after modifications,
uprates, or overhauls.
ASME PTC 22
The Code does not apply to the following:
1. Gas turbines where useful output is other than power to drive a generator
or other load device
2. Environmental compliance testing for gas turbines for stack emissions
and sound levels. Procedures developed by regulatory agencies, ANSI, or
other PTC Committees are available to govern the conduct of such
testing.
3. Overall plant power output and thermal efficiency of gas turbine
combined cycle and cogeneration facilities. Refer to PTC 46.
4. Performance of specific components of the gas turbine
5. Performance of auxiliary systems of the gas turbine power plant, such as
inlet cooling devices, fuel gas booster compressors, etc.
Required Instruments to Perform

Periodic Performance Tests
Pressure measurement (PTC 19.2)

Temperature measurement (PTC 19.3)
Fluid meters (PTC 19.5)
Flue gas analyses (PTC 19.10)
Measurement of shaft power (PTC 19.7)
Brayton Cycle
Unlike diesels, operate on STEADY-FLOW
cycle
Open cycle, unheated engine
1-2: Compression
2-3: Combustion
3-4: Expansion through
Turbine and Exhaust
Nozzle
(4-1: Atmospheric
Pressure)
Basic
Components
Basic
Components
Compressor
Draws in air & compresses it
Combustion Chamber
Fuel pumped in and ignited to burn with compressed
air
Turbine
Hot gases converted to work
Can drive compressor & external load
Compressor
Combustion Chamber
air
Turbine
Compressor
Combustion Chamber
air
Turbine
Companies Data Sheets

Output
El. efficiency Pr. ratio
Exh. flow Exh.temp.
(MW)
(%)
(kg/s)
deg C
(-)
SGT-100
4.35-5,25
30.0
13
17.7
527
SGT-200
SGT-300
SGT-400
SGT-500
SGT-600
SGT-700
SGT-800
6.75
7.70
12.9
17.0
24.8
29.1
45.0
31.5
30.7
34.0
32.1
34.2
36.0
37.0
12.3
13.9
16.9
12
14
18
20
29.3
29.8
39.7
92
80
91
122
466
545
570
375
543
518
546
Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas Turbine Engines
Ideal Brayton Cycle

In reality, gas turbines operate on an open cycle
Fresh air is continuously drawn into the compressor and exhaust gases are
thrown out
Ideal Brayton Cycle (cont.)

The open gas-turbine cycle can be modeled as a closed cycle
The combustion process is replaced by a constant-pressure heat-addition
process and the exhaust process is replaced by a constant-pressure heatrejection process
Ideal Brayton Cycle (cont.)

The idealized closed loop cycle is the Brayton cycle, which consists of the
following four internally reversible processes
12
23
34
41
Isentropic compression
Constant-pressure heat addition
Isentropic expansion
Constant-pressure heat rejection
Thermodynamic Analysis
The four processes of the Brayton cycle are executed in steadyflow devices
When changes in kinetic and potential energies are neglected,
the energy balance for one of the processes can be expressed as
(qin qout ) + (win wout ) = hexit hinlet

Therefore, heat transfers to and from the working fluid are
qin = h3 h2 = c p (T3 T2 )
qout = h4 h1 = c p (T4 T1 )
Thermal Efficiency
The thermal efficiency of the ideal Brayton cycle under the coldair-standard assumptions becomes
wnet
qout
th, Brayton =
= 1
qin
qin
= 1
= 1
c p (T4 T1 )
c p (T3 T2 )
T1 (T4 T1 1)
T2 (T3 T2 1)
Processes 12 and 34 are isentropic, and P 2 = P 3 and P 4 = P 1

T2 P2
=
T1 P1
( k 1) k
P3
=
P4
( k 1) k
T3
=
T4
Thermal Efficiency (cont.)

Substituting these expressions into the thermal efficiency
relation yields
th, Brayton = 1
Where r P is the pressure ratio
P2
rP =
P1
( k 1) k
rP
Thermal Efficiency (cont.)

The thermal efficiency
increases with both the
pressure ratio (r P ) and the
specific heat ratio (k)
The plot to the right shows
the thermal efficiency as a
function of the compression
ratio
The two major application
areas of gas-turbine engines
are aircraft propulsion and
electric power generation
Deviation of Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles from Idealized Ones

The deviation of actual compressor and turbine behavior can be
accurately accounted for by utilizing the isentropic efficiencies
of the turbine and compressor
wa h3 h4 a
T =
ws h3 h4 s
ws h2 s h1
C =
wa h2 a h1
The actual and isentropic states
of a gas-turbine cycle are:
A Problem
A simple Brayton cycle using air as the working fluid has

a pressure ratio of 8. The minimum and maximum
temperatures in the cycle are 310 and 1160 K. Assuming
an isentropic efficiency of 75 percent for the compressor
and 82 percent for the turbine, determine
(a) The air temperature at the turbine exit.
(b) The net work output.
(c) The thermal efficiency.
Use constant specific heats at room temperature.
Actual GT Evaluation
Our study of gas power cycles will involve the study of
those heat engines in which the working fluid remains in
the gaseous state throughout the cycle. We often study
the ideal cycle in which internal irreversibilities and
complexities (the actual intake of air and fuel, the actual
combustion process, and the exhaust of products of
combustion among others) are removed.
We will be concerned with how the major parameters of
the cycle affect the performance of heat engines. The
performance is often measured in terms of the cycle
efficiency.
Wnet
th =
Qin
DATA ADQ.
SYSTEM
NETWORK
Gas Turbine
SIMULATION BY COMPUTER
(thermodynamical and analytical models)
Enviromental
Data and Load
(by a control
system demand)
(optionally
Control Set
Point)
REAL TIME THERMAL BALANCE

(AS A DYNAMIC REFERENCE STATE)
ACCEPTABLE PERFORMANCE TEST

STATE
MEASURE POINTS
Data collection at
determinate operation
condition
Codes ASME PTC
Data validation and/or
Filtration
DATA
Environmental condition and compressor admition
P, T, Tw
IGV
Compressor exit and air extractions
P, T
Fuel admission in the combustor
P, T, HHV,LHV,
HHV,LHV,, m
Combustor (TG admission)

admission)
TG combustion gases exit
P, T
Gases in HRSG exit
P, T, xi
Steam generated by HRSG
P, T, m
Steam admission at APAP-TV Y BPBP-TV
P, T
Steam exit at APAP-TV and steam admission at BPBP-TV.
P, T
Exhaust steam
Condenser exit conditions and feet water.
P, T, m
Suction and exit condenser and feet pumps.
P, T
Electric generator, pumps, fans and auxiliary.
Volt.
Volt. and Amp.
Amp.
Measure variables (directly or indirectly) in plant

EQUALIZED RECONCILIATION METHOD

Anomalies Classification
Environmental Condition: variation in envioronmental
conditions (P, T, Humidity)
Extern
Fuel Quality: variation in fuel quality (HHV, LHV, density, viscosity)
Intrinsic: anomalies (erosion, roughness)

Intern
Induced: anomalies generated by other components

Loop Control: intervention by control system
RECONCILIATION METHOD
Module Declaration
Toutcompressor (HHVpGT, Tinturb, wfuelGT, yCO2dry, yO2dry, yCOdry, tamb,
RHamb, pamb, Wwaterfuel, Wsteaminjection, tsteamincc, psteamincc)
n
Thermodynamic Model
HR = HR (M 1,c , M 2,c , M 3,i , M 4,i , M 5,i : HR ,W )
W =W ( M 1,c , M 2,c , M 3,i , M 4,i , M 5,i : HR ,W )

n
Input data from acceptable performance test

TITtest ,TSH test ,BASE ,COMP test , PCOMB ,test
m
&
GAS TURBINE
Key
Description
.
p[bar]
Optimal
T[C]
Actual
Optimal
h[kJ/kg]
Actual
Optimal
[kg/s]
Actual
Optimal
Actual
00
Environmental Conditions
0.9687
0.9687
19.9531
19.9531
20.2385
20.2385
274.1395
268.5795
01
Compressor admition
0.9687
0.9502
19.9531
21.6406
20.2385
21.9727
274.1395
268.5795
02
Compresor exit
20.3244
19.8250
479.2276
517.8233
500.6305
543.1487
107.6584
109.5478
03
Combustor EV inlet
2.9027
3.3380
04
Expansor HP Admission
05
---
---
---
---
---
---
19.8244
19.1159
1190.1877
1162.1420
1385.4273
1349.7632
110.5612
112.8859
Expansor HP exit
8.9673
11.7578
968.0208
968.0208
1105.1069
1105.1069
112.8511
138.8969
06
Combustor SEV inlet
---
3.4643
3.0720
07
Expansor LP Admission
7.9673
10.7109
1129.0320
1221.7390
1307.7281
1425.5865
147.3154
141.9710
08
Expansor LP exit
0.9837
0.9799
634.8411
634.8411
699.7636
699.7636
280.5065
274.9895
09
Gas exhaust
0.9687
0.9687
94.6566
94.6566
98.8792
98.8792
280.5065
274.9895
20.3244
20.3228
479.2276
517.8233
500.6136
543.1304
33.2900
26.0131
20.2562
20.2562
333.6875
333.6875
343.5631
343.5631
33.2900
26.0131
13.5479
12.9809
394.3492
394.3492
408.3841
408.3841
133.1911
133.0186
11.7078
11.7078
349.2500
349.2500
360.1055
360.1055
133.1911
133.0186
010
011
012
013
Air inlet cooler high

pressure
Air exit cooler high
pressure
Air inlet cooler low
pressure
Air exit cooler low
pressure
---
---
---
---
---
Pipe Line Hydraulic Calculation

By:
M. Khosravy
An Example !
A pipeline has 4 segments as follow:
Segment
No.
1
2
3
4
Length (Km)
15
20
50
15
Elevation (+m)
20
40
10
0
Temp (C)
50
30
40
20
Question #1
If the pipe diameter and inlet/outlet pressure are
known, what is the flow velocity of natural gas in it?
Outside diameter
Wall thickness
Inside diameter
Inlet pressure
Inlet temperature
Outlet pressure
Outlet temperature
Do
t
Di
P1
T1
P2
T2
52
0.25
51.5
1152
50
883
20
Inches
Inches
inches
Psi
C
Psi
C
The Solution is :
Q(SCF/D) 2,415,957,168
velocity
27.34
68.41
MMSCM/Day
ft/s
If the pipe efficiency consider 92% and effective

roughness of 0.0018.
The average erosion velocity is 59.2 ft/s so
calculated velocity is OK.
Question #2
If we want to branch and use gas along pipeline as
follow, what is the suit pipe diameter according to
desire pressure drop?
Seg.
No.
Distance
(Km)
Flow Rate
(MMSCM/D)
Inside Diameter
(inches)
Elevation
H (+m)
Inlet Press.
(Psi)
Outlet Press.
(Psi)
Pav
Psi
15
68.41
47.9556502
20
1152
1100
1126.2
20
68.41
44.3131359
40
1100
1000
1050.8
50
40
44.5039698
10
1000
900
950.88
15
30
44.1098344
900
883
891.53
Question #3
If the flow rate and inlet pressure with pipe diameter
are known for each segments, how we can calculate
pressure drop in each segments?
Seg.
No.
Distance
(Km)
Flow Rate
(MMSCM/D)
Inside
Diameter
(inches)
Elevation
H (+m)
Inlet
Press
. (Psi)
Outlet
Press.
(Psi)
Pav
Psi
Ave.
Temp.
(C)
15
68.41
47
20
1152
1094.201
1123.348
50
20
68.41
47
40
1100
1025.954
1063.407
30
50
40
47
10
1000
925.6103
963.2841
40
15
30
47
900
887.7554
893.8917
20
RPA Hydraulic Module Calculate

All Of Them !!!
It can be also help you to find thermo
physical properties of natural gas.
You can use any friction factor

correlation in RPA!
16
0. 9
2.457. ln
A2
k
0.27.
D
Re
A3
8.
4. log
3.7065
A2
1.2613
Re .
D=inside diameter in feet
k
D
Re
k=Roughness in feet
Re
1
16
12
12
37530
A3
Re= Reynolds number
k=Roughness in feet
f
k
Re= Reynolds number

A4
1.1098
7.149
2.8257
0.8981
Re
2
.4
k=Roughness in feet
k
4. log
5.0452 .
3.7065
Re
log A 4

Re= Reynolds number
Pipe Line Hydraulic Calculation

By:
M. Khosravy
An Example !
A pipeline has 4 segments as follow:
Segment
No.
1
2
3
4
Length (Km)
15
20
50
15
Elevation (+m)
20
40
10
0
Temp (C)
50
30
40
20
Question #1
If the pipe diameter and inlet/outlet pressure are
known, what is the flow velocity of natural gas in it?
Outside diameter
Wall thickness
Inside diameter
Inlet pressure
Inlet temperature
Outlet pressure
Outlet temperature
Do
t
Di
P1
T1
P2
T2
52
0.25
51.5
1152
50
883
20
Inches
Inches
inches
Psi
C
Psi
C
The Solution is :
Q(SCF/D) 2,415,957,168
velocity
27.34
68.41
MMSCM/Day
ft/s
If the pipe efficiency consider 92% and effective

roughness of 0.0018.
The average erosion velocity is 59.2 ft/s so
calculated velocity is OK.
Question #2
If we want to branch and use gas along pipeline as
follow, what is the suit pipe diameter according to
desire pressure drop?
Seg.
No.
Distance
(Km)
Flow Rate
(MMSCM/D)
Inside Diameter
(inches)
Elevation
H (+m)
Inlet Press.
(Psi)
Outlet Press.
(Psi)
Pav
Psi
15
68.41
47.9556502
20
1152
1100
1126.2
20
68.41
44.3131359
40
1100
1000
1050.8
50
40
44.5039698
10
1000
900
950.88
15
30
44.1098344
900
883
891.53
Question #3
If the flow rate and inlet pressure with pipe diameter
are known for each segments, how we can calculate
pressure drop in each segments?
Seg.
No.
Distance
(Km)
Flow Rate
(MMSCM/D)
Inside
Diameter
(inches)
Elevation
H (+m)
Inlet
Press
. (Psi)
Outlet
Press.
(Psi)
Pav
Psi
Ave.
Temp.
(C)
15
68.41
47
20
1152
1094.201
1123.348
50
20
68.41
47
40
1100
1025.954
1063.407
30
50
40
47
10
1000
925.6103
963.2841
40
15
30
47
900
887.7554
893.8917
20
RPA Hydraulic Module Calculate

All Of Them !!!
It can be also help you to find thermo
physical properties of natural gas.
You can use any friction factor

correlation in RPA!
16
0. 9
2.457. ln
A2
k
0.27.
D
Re
A3
8.
4. log
3.7065
A2
1.2613
Re .
k
D
Re
k=Roughness in feet
Re
1
16
12
12
37530
A3
Re= Reynolds number
k=Roughness in feet
f
k
Re= Reynolds number

A4
1.1098
7.149
2.8257
0.8981
Re
2
.4
k=Roughness in feet
k
4. log
5.0452 .
3.7065
Re
log A 4

Re= Reynolds number
Thank You for

Your Attention

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Performance Evaluation Targets

Enhance Turbine Efficiency

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ISO 2314 : Gas turbines - Acceptance tests

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Required Instruments to Perform

Pressure measurement (PTC 19.2)

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Companies Data Sheets

El. efficiency Pr. ratio

Exh. flow Exh.temp.

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Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas Turbine Engines

Ideal Brayton Cycle

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Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas Turbine Engines

Ideal Brayton Cycle (cont.)

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Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas Turbine Engines

Ideal Brayton Cycle (cont.)

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Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas Turbine Engines

(qin qout ) + (win wout ) = hexit hinlet

Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas Turbine Engines

Processes 12 and 34 are isentropic, and P 2 = P 3 and P 4 = P 1

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Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas Turbine Engines

Thermal Efficiency (cont.)

Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas Turbine Engines

Thermal Efficiency (cont.)

Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas Turbine Engines

Deviation of Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles from Idealized Ones

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A simple Brayton cycle using air as the working fluid has

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REAL TIME THERMAL BALANCE

ACCEPTABLE PERFORMANCE TEST

Environmental condition and compressor admition

Compressor exit and air extractions

Fuel admission in the combustor

Combustor (TG admission)

TG combustion gases exit

Gases in HRSG exit

Steam generated by HRSG

Steam admission at APAP-TV Y BPBP-TV

Steam exit at APAP-TV and steam admission at BPBP-TV.

Condenser exit conditions and feet water.

Suction and exit condenser and feet pumps.

Electric generator, pumps, fans and auxiliary.

Measure variables (directly or indirectly) in plant

EQUALIZED RECONCILIATION METHOD

Intrinsic: anomalies (erosion, roughness)