Increase The Immunity Satellite TV Channels by Usingmulti-Bouquetshopping Techniques

IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)
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ISSN 2321-5984
A Publisher for Research Motivation........
Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2014
INCREASE THE IMMUNITY SATELLITE TV

CHANNELS BY USINGMULTIBOUQUETSHOPPING TECHNIQUES
Adil H. Aldalawie, Balasem Salem.S. , Ghassan A. QasMarrogy, Yzen S. Almashhadani
Dept. of CCE, Cihan University, Erbil, IRAQ
ABSTRACT
The jamming technique which is used to effects on the uplink of the satellite TV broadcast by using Jamming Mobile Ground
Station (J MGS) that leads to block the channel. To resist that jamming signal by adding extra circuits on transponder and
main ground/earth station (GS) and considering the channels which are effect by (JMGS).the circuits has been done to
swapping the frequency carrier of the bouquet as like frequency hopping techniques that mean the frequency carriers of the
bouquets can be switching between them in randomly, suggestion obtain a good results to reduce that effect of jamming on the
channels. The last part of this paper comparison between transponder with and without multi-bouquet hopping circuits of the
Signal power to jamming signal power. The permutations calculation has been done by using the program (MATLAB) and
select one set has long 100 possible of 8 channels for simple calculation.
Keywords:-Immunity, Satellite TV Channels, jamming technique
1. INTRODUCTION
There has been an increase in the number of complaints about the satellite TV jamming signals across the world. TV
satellite broadcasters such as the Voice of America (VOA), BBC, Deutsche Welle (DW), Al-Jazeera and France 24
have all seen transmissions of their international programmers jammed recently. Where most TV satellites are placed
in geostationary orbit (GEO), which is a circular orbit in equatorial plane of the earth, and it located above the equator
by 22,300 miles so that the orbital period is the same as that of the Earth. Consequently, from Earth these satellites
appear to be located at a stationary point in the sky. This enables the Earth station antennas to be simplified since they
are pointed in a fixed direction and do not have to track a moving object. Jamming technology is concerned about
interrupting the communications of the radio signals transmission by reducing the signal to noise ratio, this technology
is an act of sabotage that conducted by others, that work by sending a signal more strongly through the High Power
Amplifier (HPA) to the satellite in orbit (EIRPj>EIRPu), also intentional communications jamming is usually used and
aimed at the radio signals to interrupt the control of the channel. There are many reasons of jamming such as political,
economic and sometimes because of commercial competition, especially in the direct transport's events [1]. Many
papers discussed the satellite jamming technology through the years, where the author [2] simulated many experiments
for several jamming scenarios that shows Navigation inter-satellite links ISL with narrow-beam antennas and highpower ground jamming source, the influence to ISL can reach to the maximum when a continuous tracking jamming
mode is adopted far away from the upload station. In [3], the performance of the anti-jamming system in terms of BER
and PSNR by transceiving random data and images under various jamming environments was evaluated and simulated.
And in [4] efficient jammers were simulated and evaluated against the SAR satellite in the view of power and SAR
image. Satellites Communication may involve the important communication sub systems as well. In general, electronic
attack is the use of electromagnetic energy to interfere with communications, a process commonly known as jamming.
A jammer must operate in the same frequency band and within the field of view of the antenna it is targeting. Unlike
physical attacks, jamming is reversibleonce the jammer is disengaged, communications can be restored. An uplink
jammer is used to jam signals being received by a satellite by creating enough noise that the satellite cannot distinguish
between the intended signal and the noise. Uplink jamming of the control link can prevent a satellite from receiving
commands from operators on the ground. An uplink jammer must be roughly as powerful as the signal it is attempting
to jam, and it must be within the footprint of the satellite antenna it is targeting. Neither of these factors is particularly
challenging, especially considering that the footprint of a satellite antenna typically ranges from a few hundred miles to
more than 1,000 miles in diameter (5).In this instance, the satellites need to be monitored for position location in order
to instantaneously return an upwardly transmitting (uplink) ranging waveform for tracking from an earth terminal
station (6).The fig (1) shows the main block diagram of units in earth station (7), where the first part of the figure is the
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earth terminal, and its collectively refers to the terrestrial equipment complex concerned with transmitting signals and
receiving signals from the satellite, Also the earth terminal congurations vary widely with various types of systems
and terminal sizes. It can be xed and mobile land-based, sea-based, or airborne
Figure 1 Earth station scheme (7)

While the second part of satellite communications shown in figure (2) is called transponder, and it is a broadband RF
channel used to amplify one or more carriers on the downlink side of a geostationary communications satellite. Also
its a part of the microwave repeater and antenna system that is housed onboard the operating satellite (8).
Figure 2 main block diagram of transponder (8)

However, each satellite have a number of transponders (receiver-to-transmitter) aboard to amplify the received
signal from the uplink and then to convert the signal for transmission on the downlink. That is why its easier to jam
the uplink signal, these transponders perform a signal processing as a high power gain down converter, using a
traveling wave tube (high power) amplifier (HPA) (9). Most transponders are designed for a bandwidth of 72
MHz, being the standard use for the 14.5/11.8 GHz television relay service (1). The used configuration of the mobile
ground station is the same configuration for the frequency carrier of that channel that want to be threaded or stopped
and transmitted with certain powered bandwidth noise and it will stop the bouquet which is contains that channels.
Figure (3) shows the operation of (JMGS) scenarios (10).
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Figure 3 scenario of (JMGS) operation.

There is a gain margin for satellite communication that keeps the massage arrived to receivers with minimum error
rate(BER), that gain can cover any natural attenuation may be appeared during the path of the signal. But with
jamming signal that gain going to be mal function and the (BER) going high and a weak signal will appear to reduce
the effects of the jamming and increase the gain margin, the multi bouquets hopping circuits can do it.
2. UPLINK LINK BUDGET CALCULATION

The performance of any communication link depends on the quality of the equipment being used. Therefore a link
budget is a way of quantifying the link performance (11).The communication link between a satellite and the Earth
Station (ES) is exposed to a lot of impairments such as noise, rain and atmospheric attenuations.
Table 1: Uplink link budget analysis
Value
Transmitter
300
Transmitter Power
(54.77)
Feed loss
0.4
min path loss
0.6
Transmitted power
Transmit antenna
Diameter
250
Aperture Efficiency
0.5
Transmit Antenna Gain
EIRP
Slant Path
Satellite Altitude
35888.3
Fade margin
10
Worst path loss
Parameter
Received signal level

Adverse Weather
clean sky
Receiver (G/T)
Diameter 1.5 Meters& efficiency 0.5 with antenna noise and
waveguide loss and LNB noise
Effective Signal at RCVR
clean sky
Adverse Weather
Thermal Noise
Bandwidth (8 MHz)
Totals
Units
44.77
Watt
(dBm)
dB
dB
dBm
46.66
100.47
Cm
None
dBi
dBm
210.46
105.99
115.99
Km
dB
dB
dBm
dBm
23.48
dB/K
-82.52
-92.52
-114.4
9
dBm
dBm
dBm/MHz
dB
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C/N clean sky

22.88
dB
C/N Adverse Weather
12.88
dB
It is also prone to loss such as those resulting from antenna misalignment and polarization. It is therefore crucial to
design for all possible attenuation scenarios before the satellite is deployed (12). Table (1) is represent the uplink link
budget and shown the information of the earth station to satellite transmitting (13).
The following equations are used to calculate table (1).
Where:
Pr: power received
EIRP: effected radiation power
Gr: gain of antenna receiver
Lp: path losses
Gt: transmit antenna gain
Ae:effected area
: wave length
The fade margin is related to rain fading and it has a range between (5 15) dB for Ku-band depend on the size of drop
and the region in the word, its consider as average value which is 10 dB and that will include fogs, dusty and
atmosphere attenuation (14). The difference between the minimum received signal level and the actual received power
is called the link margin. The link margin must be positive, and should be maximized (should be at least 10dB or more
for reliable links) (12).
3. SYSTEM MODEL
In this paper, we proposed the way to improve the immunity factor agents up link jamming signal by using a
combination of multi-bouquets Hopping (MBH) as multiple inputs. Multiple output (MIMO) techniques by adding an
electronic circuits in earth station or replaced a part of the block of multiplexer which is shown in figure (1) and anther
electronic circuit is take or replace one part of input multiplexing block of one transponder which is shown in figure
(2).The additional two electronic circuits do the function of multi bouquets hopping in the 1stcircuits,and the 2nd
circuit will do de-processing of the first circuits that return back each bouquet in their correct position with respect their
carrier. The main function of this circuit is to use all frequencies (for our case 8 frequencies with the uplink frequency
carriers 14 14.5 GHz) which are in duty but that will carry or switch all bouquets (8 bouquets) on those frequencies
which allow to benet from that the channel which was affected by jamming signal going to be work again, That give
total bandwidth (fmax -fmin) which is give greater than the original bouquet bandwidth as shows in fig (4)
(a)
(b)
Figure 4(a) input bouquets, (b) output bouquets.
In the circuit design some considerations are applied to reach to the optimum solution for treating the jamming
problem, such as keep all bouquets and all channels work perfectly or keep the gain margin with acceptance level, The
circuit of MIMO contain a hardware and software, the hardware contain switches and microcontroller or
microprocessor which contain the sets of order to send the bouquets randomly on carrier frequencies.
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3.1 Design the bouquets hopping circuit

The bouquets hopping circuit has many properties should be fixe to obtain the good efficiency with low effects of
jamming, the circuit design as the following:
1. Fixed frequency carrier (14 to 14.5 GHz).
2. Switching of the bouquets with carrier frequencies in the main ground station before sending to satellite or
transponders.
3. Adding the circuit on (one more) transponder which is receive the hopping bouquets and regenerate the original
bouquets and retransmit through normal downlink.
4. The satellite will received multi-bouquets hopping and de-switching of point two.
The figure (5) shows the circuit has two parts, the first part is ground station part that will add to ground station while
the second part is the transponder part. the 1st block which represent multi input bouquets and multi output bouquets
(MIMO) which is contain two sets of N number of switches type single pole N through (SPNT) or multiplexer and
de- multiplexer and they are controlled by frequency hopping processor (FHP).
Figure 5 Bouquets hopping system

3.1.1 MIMO Switching System for Earth Station
the MIMO circuit connection as shows in Figure (6) is responsible to distribute bouquets on fake frequency carriers or
swap between bouquets and carriers .all that process will be in the ground station, so that, uplink will contain bouquets
has hopping technique on the same frequencies are already in duty but with random hopping .
Figure 6 MIMO circuit design for earth station
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3.1.1 MIMO Switching System for Earth Station

The system of satellite circuit will received the bouquets hopping bouquets and it which added to one transponder, the
figure (7) shows the circuit of transponder. The circuit will going to return all bouquets to their original frequency
carriers and this circuit contains de-multiplexer or swatches type N input pole single through (NPST) and controlled by
hopping processer and the function of this circuit is de-hooping and return to original frequencies to re-transmit
through downlink.
Figure 7 MIMO circuit for satellite (Left-to right connection)

The MIMO block there are 2* N numbers of switches (SPNT) and (NPST) and they are connect together, which N=8,
then the switches will be (SP8P)&(8PST), as shown in figure (6) all switch (SP8T) connect to all (8PST) and that
mean one of (SP8T)is connected to all (8PST) and the input of the switch (SP8T) will be out from one of (8PST) at
time and that under logic control state (command) from frequency hopping processor . Fig (5) is shown all possibility
of commend maps which are must be generate from FHP,and the generation of that command can be generated by
software (programming) or saving as set through lockup table.
For N= 8 the permutation of the output pattern from MIMO will be
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 PHYSICAL CONNECTION OF THE MIMO CIRCUITS
The earth station has one part of MIMO circuit ,the physical connection of the circuit is shown in figure (6), each
terminal of each switches at the input side (lift side) must be connect to terminal at the output side (right side) the
following table is shown the connection between the input switches and output switches .
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Table(2) Physical connectionof the MIMO circuit.
In/out
0
(000
)
SW1
1
(001
)
SW2
2
(010
)
SW3
3
(0
11)
SW4
4
(100
)
SW5
5
(101
)
SW6
6
(110
)
SW7
7
(111
)
SW8
SW1
SW 2
SW 3
SW 4
SW 5
SW 6
SW 7
SW 8
Logic
order
The order raw in table (2) represent the connection will select to generate hopping technique , the order (0) will give
same original distribution of bouquets no hopping technique , and order 1 will shift one step at the output ,bouquet no1
will take frequency carrier of bouquet no.2 and no.2 take frequency of no.3 and so on. The order 2 will shift 2 steps
and order 3 will shift 4 steps and so on. When the order coming from the processor as a random the bouquets will be
change in random (hopping randomly). The second MIMO circuit must be in the satellite , the same connection and
same order must be take but the circuit must be switched from left to right or back to front that mean ( input switches
will be output switches and output switch will be input switch) to return back to the original bouquet sequence (dehopping ).
Table (3) some of combinations of the permutation (8 channels swapping)
Out/in
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7
P8
P9
P10
P11
P12
P13
P14
P15
P16
P17
P18
P19
P20
Ch1
7
1
1
7
1
4
3
7
2
7
2
3
2
4
4
6
4
8
4
6
Ch2
4
2
8
2
2
6
4
4
1
8
4
1
1
3
2
1
7
4
6
8
Ch3
3
8
6
1
3
3
1
5
3
3
8
2
3
1
3
8
3
2
3
2
Ch4
5
7
4
3
6
2
8
1
8
6
1
5
4
7
8
4
2
6
5
3
Ch5
8
3
5
4
5
8
2
3
5
4
5
8
8
6
1
2
5
3
1
4
Ch6
6
4
3
5
4
1
7
2
6
5
6
7
5
5
6
5
1
1
8
1
Ch7
1
5
2
6
8
7
6
6
4
1
7
6
7
8
7
3
8
7
2
5
Ch8
2
6
7
8
7
5
5
8
7
2
3
4
6
2
5
7
6
5
7
7
By using equation (7), the probability of change or hopping between the bouquets and frequency carrier can be reach to
40320 change , for simplifying the study we can select one set contain 100 change and feeding as look up table to
processers in two part of the circuits. The table (3) shows such as that probability for example (20) changes, that
probability of the permutation which is given by Mat lab program. For more complicity, we can select a set which is
give high similarity to noise by calculate the cross correlation to select (lowest value of cross correlation) of
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combination to satisfy the high random behavior.

For spread spectrum principles, and frequency hopping techniques, there is a processing gain improve the signal to
noise ratio at the receiver part, that gain can be calculated by
The bandwidth total will be calculated from the deference of the minimum and maximum of the frequency carrier of
the transponder add the channel bandwidth. For 500 MHz bandwidth total PG will be 18 dB, for 72 MHz the PG is 9.5
dB and for 36 MHz the PG will be around 7.5 dB that mean we can reduce the jamming power at satellite or increase
the immunity agents jamming with 18 dB, 9.5 dB and 7.5 dB for 500 MHz,72 MHz and 36 MHz bandwidth of
transponder respectively. For the jamming signal level must greater than received signal level with gain margin, for
our calculation jamming signal level must over -84 dBm at least 3 dB, the receiver will attacked by a jamming signal
level around 80 dBm, but by using multi-bouquets hopping the immunity agents the jamming in the receiver will (7.5
or 18) dB depend on the transponder type, that mean the jammer must increase the power around 6 times. Faraway
from main goal of this paper , this method is give an idea to take over the disadvantage of frequency hopping which is
very low bandwidth efficiency, multi-bouquet hopping or we can also called multi-frequency carriers hopping can
reach to 100% bandwidth efficiency, all frequency carrier have duty to carry one bouquet at a time.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Multi-bouquet hopping system is a technique using to increase the immunity agents one channel or bouquet jamming
of satellite system, the immunity factor depends on the total bandwidth which is used in the transponder itself. By using
this method proposed to solve problem, the full bandwidth is used and 100% efficiency bandwidth, while in frequency
hopping technique the efficiency is very low. The frequencies carriers of the bouquets can be switching between them in
randomly, suggestion obtain good results and reduce that effect of jamming on the channels. Future work, time hop
must be calculated carefully to reach good performance and BER acceptable for all channels and bouquets.
References
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AUTHOR
Adil H. M. Aldlawie, received the B.Sc. degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Iraq,
Baghdad in al University of Technology in 1987, and the M.Sc. degree in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering in University of Technology in 2004. His research interests include Telecommunication,
Warfare System, Satellite Communications, and Electronics.
Balasem Salem Sumait, received his B.Sc. Degree in Electrical engineering from the College of
Engineering, University of Technology, in 2000, M.Sc. Degree in Electrical and Electronics
Communications, College of Engineering University of Technology, and PhD in 2013, his research
interest includes wireless communication.
Ghassan A. QasMarrogy, received the B.Sc. degree in Computer and Communication Engineering from
Iraq, Baghdad in al MANSOUR University College in 2009, and the M.Sc. degree in Electrical and
Electronic Engineering in Eastern Mediterranean University in 2013. His research interests include Data
and Telecommunication, Wireless Networks, MANETs, Cryptography and Multimedia Communications.
Yazen Saifuldeen Mahmood, received his B.Sc. Degree at 2003 in Computer and Software engineering
from the, Al-Mustansiria University, and in 2010, M.Sc. Degree in wireless communication engineering
from department of Electrical Engineering, in Jordan University of Science and Technology, his research
interest includes wireless communication systems, signal propagation models, error correcting codes.
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IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm

A Publisher for Research Motivation........

Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2014