UNIT 2.

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

MATH 27 LECTURE GUIDE

Objectives: By the end of the unit, a student should be able to

perform integration by parts;

evaluate integrals of powers of trigonometric functions;

use trigonometric substitution to evaluate some integral forms;

decompose rational functions to partial fractions;

use proper substitute to evaluate some integral forms; and

determine and execute the proper technique in evaluating integrals.
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MUST !!! REVIEW on integral forms in UNIT 1. These will be the basis of the other solvable integral
forms in this unit. Also, review the derivatives for solving differentials in case substitution will be used
in solving integrals.
2.1 Integration by Parts (TC7 pp. 574-582 / TCWAG pp. 531-536)
Let u and v be functions of x .
Product rule for differentiation:

Dx [ u v ] = u Dx [ v ] + v Dx [ u ]

Product rule for differentials:

d [ u v ] = u dv + v du

u v =

d[ u v ] =

u dv +

u dv +

u dv = u v

v du

v du
v du

MUST REMEMBER!!! Integration by parts (IBP).

An integral form

f (x )dx can be expressed as

u dv which is, in turn, equal to u v

v du .

Once u and dv are determined, solve du from u , and dv from v . Then, solve the resulting
form.

f (x )dx =

u dv =

uv

v du

TO DO!!! Evaluate the following.

x cos xdx

2.

Arc sin xdx

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 albabierra

1.

Some hints on doing IBP!

Given

f (x )dx . How to choose u and dv for the form

u dv ?

1.
2.
3.
For repeated IBP, AVOID reversing the process.

TO DO!!! Evaluate the following.

1.

x 2 e x dx

2.

e x sin xdx

EXERCISE. Evaluate the following.

sin 2 x cos xdx

2.

xArc tan xdx

3.

x sec x tan xdx

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2.2 Powers of Trigonometric Functions (TC7 pp. 583-592 / TCWAG pp. 537-545)
MUST !!! REVIEW on integrals of and integrals yielding trigonometric functions established in UNIT
1. These will be the basis of the other solvable integral forms of powers of trigonometric functions.

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 albabierra

1.

MUST REMEMBER!!! For

sin m xdx ,

cos n xdx and

sin m x cos n xdx .

CASE 1. m or n is odd. Separate one factor of the odd-powered function. Express the rest in
terms of the other function using sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 . Proceed with
substitution!
CASE 2. m and n are even.

Use sin 2 x =

1 cos 2 x
1 + cos 2 x
or cos 2 x =
.
2
2

TO DO!!! Evaluate the following.

1.

sin 5 xdx

1.

sin 2 x cos 3 xdx

3.

sin 2 x cos 2 xdx

EXERCISE. Evaluate the following.

2.
3.

MUST REMEMBER!!! For

tan m xdx and

cos 5 xdx
sin 5 x cos 3 xdx
cos 4 xdx

cot n xdx .

Separate tan 2 x or cot 2 x . Express it in terms of sec x or csc x using

tan 2 x = sec 2 x 1 or cot 2 x = csc 2 x 1 for even powers of tan x or cot x .

Proceed with substitution!

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 albabierra

1.

TO DO!!! Evaluate the following.

2.

cot 4 xdx

2.

MUST REMEMBER!!! For

CASE 1. m is even.

sec m xdx and

tan 3 xdx

csc m xdx .

Separate sec 2 x or csc 2 x . Express the rest in terms of tan x or

cot x using sec 2 x = 1 + tan 2 x or csc 2 x = 1 + cot 2 x . Proceed with

substitution!
CASE 2. m is odd.

Use IBP with dv = sec 2 x or dv = csc 2 x .

TO DO!!! Evaluate the following.

csc

4 xdx

1.

sec

3 xdx

The resulting form of

csc 5 xdx from

the rule above requires the next

technique.

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 albabierra

1.

MUST REMEMBER!!! For

tan m sec n xdx and

cot m x csc n xdx .

Separate sec 2 x or csc 2 x . Express the rest in terms tan x or

CASE 1. n is even.

cot x using sec 2 x = 1 + tan 2 x or csc 2 x = 1 + cot 2 x . Proceed with

substitution!
CASE 2. m is odd.

Separate one factor tan x or cot x and one factor of sec x or c csc x .
Express the rest in terms of sec x or csc x .Proceed with substitution!

TO DO!!! Evaluate the following.

1.

tan 2 x sec 4 xdx

2.

cot 3 x csc 3 xdx

EXERCISE. Evaluate the following.

1.

tan 2 x sec 3 xdx

2.

cot 3 x csc 4 dx

3.

tan 4 x sec 4 xdx

REMEMBER!!! When all efforts and all else fail,

when odd-powered, separate one factor
when even-powered, separate two factors
what you separate is a derivative of some other function

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2.3 Trigonometric Substitution (TC7 pp. 594-599 / TCWAG pp. 545-550)

For integrals containing,

a2 x 2 ,

a2 u2 ,

and

Or,

u2 + a2

x 2 + a2

u2 a2

and

x 2 a2 , a > 0 .

where u is a differentiable function of x .

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 albabierra

MUST REMEMBER!!! Substitutes to use . . .

for

a2 x 2 ,

let

for

x 2 + a2 ,

let

for

x 2 a2 ,

let

For

a 2 u 2 , let

For

u 2 a 2 , let

For

u 2 + a 2 , let

REMEMBER!!!

for

a2 x 2

for

x 2 + a2

for

x 2 a2

TO DO!!! Evaluate the following.

2.

9 x2

x 2 16
dx
x

dx

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 albabierra

1.

3.

dx

x2 +1

EXERCISE. Evaluate the following.

1.

x 3 25 x 2 dx

2.

dx

3.

9 + 4x2

dx
x 2 x 2 25

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2.4 Integration Using Partial Fractions (TC7 pp. 601-603 / TCWAG pp. 551-565)
For intergrals of the form

P(x )
dx where P and Q are polynomials such that deg P < deg Q .
Q(x )
If deg P deg Q , simplify first

P
either by factoring or division
Q

of polynomials.
Given

P
P
in its simplest form,
can be decomposed to a sum of partial fractions.
Q
Q
P
P1
P
P
P
=
+ 2 + 3 + ...+ n
Q
Q1 Q2
Q3
Qn

where Q = LCD{ Q1 , Q2 , Q 3 , . . . , Qn

and deg Pi < deg Q i for each i .

RESTRICTIONS (for discussion)!
Consider only linear and quadratic factors of Q . Hence, partial fractions will be of the form:
or

Ax + B
2

ax + bx + c

MUST REMEMBER!!!
CASE 1. The factors of Q are distinct.
If the factors of Q are all linear,

P
A
B
C
D
.
=
+
+
+...+
Q
Q1 Q2 Q3
Qn

If the factors of Q are all quadratic,

P
A1 x + B1
A x + B2
A x + B3
A x + Bn
=
+ 2
+ 3
+ ...+ n
.
Q
Q1
Q2
Q3
Qn

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 albabierra

A
ax + b

TO DO!!! Evaluate the following by decomposing the integrand to a sum of partial fractions.
x 17
dx
1.
2
x + x 6
Part A.
Part B.

3.

3x + 2

x + x2 2x
Part A.

3x2 2x +1

x 2 + 1 (x 1)
Part A.

dx
Part B.

dx
Part B.

EXERCISE. Evaluate the following.

1.

x2 + 4 x 1

dx

2.

7 x +1

dx

3.

x2 +6

dx
x3 x
(x 2 ) x 2 + 2 x + 2
x 2 + 1 (x + 3 )
___________________
After decomposing to partial fractions, you need to express #2 as a sum of three integrals. For #3,
dx
you need to do some completing of squares to solve the form
.
2
x +2x +2

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 albabierra

2.

MUST REMEMBER!!!
CASE 2. Q has some repeating factors.
If x a is a repeating factor of Q such that (x a )m is a factor, the partial fraction
D
A
B
C
should contain
.
+
+
+ ...+
2
3
x a (x a )
(x a )
( x a )m

)m

is a factor, the partial

If ax 2 + bx + c is a repeating factor of Q such that ax 2 + bx + c
fraction should contain
A1 x + B1
A2 x + B 2
A3 x + B 3
Am x + B m
+
+
+ ...+
.
3
2
2
m
ax + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c
ax 2 + bx + c
ax 2 + bx + c

) (

TO DO!!!

2.

Evaluate the following by decomposing the integrand to a sum of partial fractions.

dx

x + 1 )2 (x + 2 )
Part A.

x2 2

x(x + 1)
2

Part B.

dx

Part A.

EXERCISE. Evaluate the following.

x 2
dx
1.
2.
2(
x x 1 )2

__________________________

Part B.

dx
2

x +1

3.

x+3
4x

+ 4x3 + x2

dx

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 albabierra

1.

(Supplement) Other Substitution Techniques (TC7 pp. 614-619 / TCWAG pp. 566-569)
For rational functions of sine and cosine, use the substitute:

z = tan

cos =

, sin =

, d =

TO DO!!! Evaluate the following by decomposing the integrand to a sum of partial fractions.

1.

d
sin cos + 2

2.

d
sin tan

For varying rational exponents or radicals, use the substitute:

x = zn

where n is the proper exponent to remove all rational exponents in

the resulting integral

TO DO!!! Evaluate the following using proper substitutes.

x
1.
Use x = z 3 .
dx
3
1+ x

2.

x5

x 2 + 4 dx

Use z 2 = x 2 + 4 .

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2.5 Improper Integrals (TC7 pp. 650-664 / TCWAG pp. 665-676)

REVIEW!!!

Evaluating definite integrals.

If f is continuous on [ a , b ] and

f (x )dx = F (x ) + C , then

f (x )dx = F (b ) F (a ) .

MUST REMEMBER!!!
For integrals over unbounded intervals: ( , b ] , [ a , + ) or ( , + )

f (x )dx =

a
+

f (x )dx =

lim

t +

t
a

f (x )dx +

f (x )dx

f (x )dx =

lim

f (x )dx

f (x )dx

If the respective limit(s) exists and is finite, the improper integral is said to be convergent.
Else, it is divergent.

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 albabierra

Assume that f is continuous within the interval of integration,

10

TO DO!!! Determine whether the given improper integral is convergent or divergent.

1.

2.

3.

+
0

dx

(1 2 x )3

dx
3

x +1

dx

1 + x

MUST REMEMBER!!!
For integrals of functions with infinite discontinuity over bounded intervals:

Assume that f is continuous on [ a , b ) and

f (x ) =

lim f (x ) = ,

x a +

lim

x b

f (x )dx =

a
b

f (x )dx =

lim

f (x )dx

lim

t a +

t b

t
t

f (x )dx .

Assume that f is continuous on [ a , b ] except at c ( a , b ) , lim f (x ) = + ,

x c

b
a

f (x )dx =

c
a

f (x )dx +

f (x )dx .

If the respective limit(s) exists and is finite, the improper integral is said to be convergent.
Else, it is divergent.

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 albabierra

Assume that f is continuous on ( a , b ] and

11

TO DO!!! Determine whether the given improper integral is convergent or divergent.

1.

2.

3.

dx

4 x2

dx
2 x + 2

3
0

dx

( x 1 )2 3

EXERCISE. Establish convergence/divergence.

Case: Unbounded interval of integration.

1.

xe x dx

2.

ln x
dx
x

3.

xe x dx

4.

1 + x

dx

EXERCISE. Establish convergence/divergence.

Case: Infinite discontinuity over interval of integration.

0 9x

dx

2.

dx

2
1 (x + 1 )

3.

dx
1

8 x 3

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END OF UNIT 2 Lecture Guide

4.

1
1

dx

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 2 albabierra

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12