Shroud

Shushau

I! .
I'

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

314

a prominent man's attire is added the tallit he wore lent to "Shunammite," some critics have gone so far
at prayers, but with the fringes removed or cut. as to identify the Shulamite with ABISIIAG, who
The shroud, as being a garment for the dead and after David's death became prominent in the court
not for the living, is not subject to the law con- of Jerusalem (see SONG OF SONGS).
J.
M. SEL.
cerning mixed material (= "sha'atnez "; Kil. ix. 4).
Prior to the destruction of the Second Temple,
SHULHAN 'ARUK. See CARO, JOSEPH.
the Jews were buried in the garments they were
wont to wearduring life. AVhen the woman of EnSHULLAM, SAMUEL : Jewish physician and
dor saw the prophet Samuel rise from the grave he historian; flourished in the second half of the sixwas covered with a mantle (I Sam. xxviii. 14), the teenth century. Ho was of Spanish descent, aud
same he had worn when living (Lev. R. xx vi. 7). The after an adventurous life went to Constantinople,
poor, however, were probably swathed like the Egyp- where he was supported by KIEUA (Esther), who
tian dead, as the term " takrikin" seems to indi- stood high in favor at the court of the sultan. At
cate. Later the attire of the corpse became more her expense he published, but with many omissions,
elaborate. The rich grew very extravagant, in this Zacuto's " Yuhasin " (Constantinople, 1566), to which
respect, securing fanciful and costly garments, and ho added the Arabic chronology of the dynasties by
establishing a custom which became a burden upon the Syriac historian GREGORY BAR HEBR/EUS, supmourners of the middle and poorer classes, who could plemented by a Turkish history, his own work. He
ill endure the expense and }Tet desired to show the published also: a Hebrew translation of Josephus'
highest respect for their dead. This caused K. "' Contra Apioncm "; the Letter of Sherira Gaon; and
Gamaliel, about fifty years after the destruction of the account of Nathan the Babylonian of the last
the Temple, to inaugurate the custom of using a geonim. Shullam omitted Zacuto's report upon the
simple linen shroud for rich and poor alike (M. K. expulsion of the Jews from Spain, because he him27b).
self intended to write a full history of the persecuOne who dies as a result of an act of violence, or tions, a task that was accomplished by his contemin consequence of loss of blood, or a woman who porary Joseph ha-Kohen in his "'Emek ha-Baka."
dies in confinement, must be buried in the bloody BIBLIOGRAPHY : Gratz, Gesch. 2d ed., ix. 403-401; Weiss, Dor,
garments worn at the time of death, and not
v. 93-94.
r>.
S. MAN.
in a shroud. This custom is based on the view
that the last, drops of blood, the loss of which is the
SHULMAN, NAPHTALI HERZ: Russian
immediate cause of death, are part of the body, and Hebrew author; born at Stary By chow; died at
as such require burial; and since the}' can not be Amsterdam about 1830. He edited Mussafia's " Zeker
removed from the garments, these must go into the Rab " (Shklov, 1797), with an index of the words to
grave. But one who is killed by drowning or hang- be found in the Bible, a translation of them into Juing, without loss of blood, is buried in the usual da3o-German, and grammatical notes; and " Shir weway, as is also one who is injured, loses blood, but Hallel" (in Hebrew, Russian, and German; Wilna,
partially recovers, though he dies later as a result 1806), hymn sung by the Jews of Wilna on the birthof the injury (Shulhan 'Aruk, Yoreh De'ah, 864). day of the grand duchess Elizabeth Alexandrowna,
Bven where the cor'pse is buried with the garments Nov. 19, 1806.
it is" covered with a white sheet (ib.).
The shroud is figuratively termed "zevvada" (pro- BIBLIOGRAPHY Zeltlln, Biol. Post-MendeU. p. 355.
II. R.
vision for a journey; Ket. 67b); and by many it was
A. S. W.
SHUMAN, ABRAHAM : American merchant
prepared during their own lifetime, before ill health
and age had overtaken them (Men. 41a; see Rashi). and philanthropist; born in Prussia May 31, 1839.
Several reasons are advanced for this ("Shelah,"p. While still a child he accompanied his parents to the
145a, Amsterdam, 1698). See also BURIAL; SAR- United States. The family settled in Newburgh,
N. Y., where young Shuman, when not at school,
GENES.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Modena, Ma'abar Yablmk, ii. 32, III. 13;worked on a farm until he was thirteen years old,
Lewysohn, Mekitre Mlnhcmim, p. 85; Landshuth, Seder Bikat which age he entered the clothing business. In
kur Holim, Introduction, 8 23, Berlin, 18G7.
1859 he went to Boston and began business for himA. '
J. D. E.
self at the corner of Washington and Vernon streets,
SHULAMITE (li. V. Shulammite; Greek, Roxbury; and a few years afterward he entered into
Sowa/uTig): Principal character in the Song of Songs partnership with John Phillips, under the firm name
(A. V. Song of Solomon), although mentioned there of Phillips & Shuman (later A. Shuman & Co.). It
in one passage only (vii. 1 [A. V. vi. 13]). Accord- was the pioneer firm in the United States in the
ing to the opinion of some modern critics, the Shu- manufacture and wholesaling of children's clothing.
lamite was the bride of a shepherd; but her beauty
Shuman is connected with many ofthe leading inkindled in Solomon a violent passion, and ho en- stitutions of Boston. He is the first vice-president of
deavored to win her for his harem. As to the ety- the Boston Merchants' Association, a member of the
mology of the name, it would seem that it means boards of directors of the Colonial National Bank
"a native of Shulem," which place, according to and the United States Trust Company, president
Eusebius ("Onomasticon," s.v.), is identical with of the board of directors of the Boston City Hospital
SHUNKM. This view is supported by the Greek (which has attained its present magnitude and repuversion (see above), which evidently was made from tation tinder his administration), a trustee of the Bena Hebrew text having rVDJIB' instjad of Jvobw. jamin Franklin Fund, a member of the Ancient and
On the theory that the term " Shulamite " is equiva- Honorable Artillery Company and of many social