ABSTRACT:

Bandhanam means fixing an idol to its pedestal or peetham, inside the sanctum
sanctorum of the temple. Ashtabandhanam is bandhanam made with a mixture of eight
elements.Ashtabandhanam is by nature flexible like rubber. Through repeated pouring of abhishekha
dravyams, and the action of atmospheric oxidants, the Ashtabandhanam loses its flexibility, becomes
rigid and causes a lot of fissures. Through these fissures the abhisheka dravyams seep in and attack
the yantra embedded under the Upapeetam, hiding the Bijaksharamantras inscribed on the yantra,
which results in lowering the pranic spiritual power of the deity. Therefore it is highly recommended
that Bandhanam should be done regularly at 12 year intervals to infuse the deity with divine power.
Keywords:
Parametric Design, Spur Gear, CATIA V5, RSM, Tauchi method, ANSYS 14.0
INTRODUCTION:
Ashtabandhanam:
Ashta means 8 in Sanskrit and Bandhanam means tying or fixing. Ashtabandhanam is the
process of attaching an idol to its pedestal (peetham) with a clay-like paste made of 8 specific herbs
mixed with wood lac, limestone powder, resin, red ochre, aloevera, papaya leaf, bitter gourd leaf, and
beeswax.The paste is formed into long rolls about 2 cm thick and applied directly around the base of the
idol, so that the cemented joints become watertight. This process is believed to keep the idol rejuvenated
for a period of 12 years. When the Bandhanam is performed with gold (Swarnabandhanam), the
rejuvenating power of the deity is believed to last for a period of 100 years.

The Ashtabandhanam paste is pliable like rubber. Through repeated interactions with abhishekha
dravyams - materials used to bathe the idol during daily worship like water, milk, buttermilk, sandal
paste and oils - and atmospheric oxidants, the paste loses its flexibility, becomes rigid and gets riddled
with a lot of fissures. Through these fissures, the abhisheka dravyams percolate and attack the Yantra
embedded under the peetham, obliterating the Bijaksharamantras -- mantras of sacred syllables (bija) -that are inscribed on the Yantra, and this is believed to contribute to the lowering of the pranic spiritual
power of the deity with the passage of time.
Properties:
The idol, made of a specific black stone is the carrier of this energy. This energy is maintained
and enhanced by constant worship. Worship includes the bathing of the idol with water, milk, sandal
wood, fruit mix, honey, oil, ghee and the like. Food is offered in the form of incense, flowers, fruit and
rice to the deity.

SPUR GEAR:

Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder or disk
with the teeth projecting radially, and although they are not straight-sided in form (they are usually of
special form to achieve constant drive ratio, mainly involute), the edge of each tooth is straight and
aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. These gears can be meshed together correctly only if they are
fitted to parallel shafts.WM Berg manufactures Spur Gears which have straight teeth cut on the rim,
parallel to the axis of rotation. Spur Gears are the most common & cost-effective type of gear. Spur
Gears are designed to transmit motion & power between parallel shafts, which rotate in opposite
directions.Plastic, brass, steel, & aluminum are the materials generally used for manufacturing Spur
Gears. Electric screwdrivers, oscillating sprinklers, windup alarm clocks, washing achines, clothe dryers
& conveyors are just a few everyday machines where spur gears are used. Spur gears are also used in
construction equipment, machine tools, marine hoists, turbine drives, multi-spindle drives, indexing
equipments& roller feeds
SPUR GEAR TYPES
ANTI-BACKLASH GEARS
An Anti-Backlash Gear is a gear having minimum or no backlash (lash or play)

Designed for precision applications (i.e. radio tuning dial)

Springs are used for tensioning

Plastic, brass, stainless steel & aluminum are the materials generally used for manufacturing

Available in several different pitches (24 96)

In order for anti-backlash gears to work together (mesh) they must have the same diametral pitch
(pitch) & pressure angle (PA)
CLUSTER GEARS
A series or clusters of spur gears on a shaft or gear blank, each with varying diameters.

GEAR BLANKS
We can conveniently provide the spur gear blank, as in the case where you the number of teeth
cannot be specified yet. Or, we can provide the spur gear blanks, where you can cut to your desired
lengths.
PINION SHAFTS
A Pinion Shaft is a cylindrical piece with teeth that run parallel to the length of the shaft.
RATCHETS AND PAWLS
The ratchet portion consists of a gear wheel or linear rack with teeth, while the pawl is a springloaded pivoting component. Either the teeth or the pawl, are slanted at an angle. Such a system is
designed for unidirectional movement, and thus almost zero backlash.
Spur Gear Materials
17-4 PH STAINLESS STEEL
Type 17-4PH (precipitation-hardening) stainless steel is arguably the most common of
stainless steels. This type of stainless steel has a high level of strength and a moderate level of corrosion
resistance. Type 17-4PH stainless steel can be found in a wide variety of applications including medical
devices, aerospace platforms, as well as chemical and food processing.
303 STAINLESS STEEL
Type 303 Stainless Steel is another popular form of stainless steel that posses non-magnetic
properties. This type of stainless steel is strong, but not as strong as 17-4PH, and it cannot be heattreated. Type 303 stainless steel has a high level of resistance to corrosion, and is popular with
applications involving surgical devices.
ALUMINUM ANODIZED
To guard against oxidation, aluminum can be strengthened and be made more durable through
the anodizing process. This process involved placing the material in a chemical bath. After an electric is
passed, a coating for anodized aluminum is formed, thus provided increased durability.
BRASS
Brass is a metal that is an alloy of copper and zinc. Brass is commonly used in applications
where low friction is required. Hence, using brass for gear manufacturing is popular. However, brass is
much more susceptible to stress fractures than stainless steel.

CAST POLYURETHANE
Cast Polyurethane is advantageous in that it can be shaped into virtually any kind of shape. It is
one of the strongest and abrasive-resistant elastomers available. Cast polyurethane can be developed
with varying levels of coefficients of friction, be made flame resistant, and can be made to be flexible at
very low temperatures.
SPUR GEAR STYLES :
CLAMP HUB
A spur gear that utilizes a clamping hub (a small rod that projects from the side of the gear) to
tighten the inner diameter of the gear around the shaft, or accompanying component.
HUBLESS
Hubless Spur gears typically rely on friction, via press-fitting, or some compound adhesive to be
attached to a shaft, or accompanying component.
PIN HUB
Pin Hub Spur gears are similar to clumping hubs, except this style of spur gear utilizes a pin to
tighten the gear around the shaft, or accompanying component.
ADVANTAGES OF SPUR GEAR:

Spur gears have high power transmission efficiency.

They are compact and easy to install.
They offer constant velocity ratio.
Unlike belt drives, spur gear drives have no slip.
Spur gears are highly reliable.

DISADVANTAGES OF SPUR GEAR:

Spur gear drives are costly when compared to belt drives.

They have a limited center distance. This is because in a spur gear drive, the gears should be
meshed and they should be in direct contact with each other.
Spur gears produce a lot of noise when operating at high speeds.
They cannot be used for long distance power transmission.

APPLICATIONS OF SPUR GEAR:

Spur gears have a wide range of applications. They are used in:

Metal cutting machines

Power plants
Marine engines
Mechanical clocks and watches
Fuel pumps
Washing Machines
Gear motors and gear pumps
Rack and pinion mechanisms
Material handling equipments
Automobile gear boxes
Steel mills
Rolling mill

CALCULATIONS:
ASHTABANDHANAM:
Power (P)

= 45kw

Speed (N)

= 800rpm

Speed ratio (i)

= 3.5

Pressure angle () = 20o(full depth)

Maximum shear stress () = 180 N/mm2.
SELECT MATERIAL:
Ashtabandhanam [tying or fixing process]
GEAR RATIO AND NUMBER OF TEETH:
i=3.5
Assume Z1=18 teeth , Z2=63 teeth [iZ1=Z2]
CALCULATION OF TANGENTIAL LOAD:
Ft= (P/V)K
=

V =
=

Ft =

= 0.75m (mm/sec)
Ko = 1.5 assume

DYNAMIC LOAD:
Fd =
=
Fd =

CV =
CV = 0.333

BEAM STRENGTH:
Fs =

b.y

DDB-8.53

y =0.308

Fs =1741.7m2

b =10m

MODULE:
Fd Fs

DDB-8.2

= 1747.1m2
m =5.3
m =6
RECALCULATION:
Face width (b) = 10m = 60mm.
pcd of pinion d1 =Z1.m =18 6 =108mm.
Velocity v = 4.52 103mm/sec.

ORIGINAL BEAM STENTGH:

FS =.M.b.b.y
=6180600.308
FS=62.7103 N
ACTUAL DYNAMIC LOAD:
Fb=Ft+Fi
=Ft+
=9.96 +

Fd =60.39103 N
Fd < Fs

[Design is safe]

MAXIMUM WEAR LOAD:

FW =d1b1Qkw
FW =25.97103 N
BASIC DIMENSION OF GEARS:
1) M =6mm module
2) Center distance (a) =

3) Tooth depth (h) =22.5mm

=243mm

TENSILE TESTING
S.NO

MATERIALS

LOAD (kN)

STELL

822.7

ASHTABANDHANA

676.5

ULTIMATE
STRESS
(MPa)
180
174
168
148
150
160

AVERAGE VALUE OF
ULTIMATE STRESS
(MPa)
174

152.66

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTING

S.NO

MATERILAS

STELL

ASHTABANDHANA

LOAD

100
100
100
100
100
100

INTRNTOR ROCKWELL
HARDNESS
1/16 inch
(1.588 mm)
1/16 inch
(1.588 mm)

50 HRB
57 HRB
49 HRB
45 HRB
47 HRB
45 HRB

AVERAGE
HARDNESS
TESTING
50HRB

45.66 HRB

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