Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Presentation
Brief overview of structural vibration
Understanding how people perceive and
react to unwanted vibration
General response of pedestrian bridges to
vibration
ib ti
Various design guidelines
Damping
Bridge case study
Structural Vibration
Structural Vibration
mx (t ) + cx (t ) + kx
k (t ) = Fe (t )
Structural Vibration
Structural Vibration
Forced Vibration
Free Vibration
mx (t ) + cx (t ) + kx(t ) = 0
Solution
x(t ) = e
n t
x(0) = 0 x (0) = 0
x + xo nt
x(t ) = xo e nt cos( d t ) + n o
e
sin ( d t ) +
n 1 2
n xo + xo
(
)
(
)
+
x
cos
t
sin
t
o
d
d
n 1 2
n x p (0) + x p (0) nt
t
e
sin ( d t )
x p (t ) x p (0)e n cos( d t )
2
n 1
x + xo
x (t ) = e nt xo cos( d t ) n o
sin
i ( d t )
1 2
n2 =
k
m
c
m
2 n =
mx (t ) + cx (t ) + kx(t ) = Fe (t )
Solution
x + xo nt
x (t ) = xo e nt cos( d t ) n o
e
sin ( d t ) +
1 2
d = n 1 2
n x p (0) + x p (0) nt
t
e
sin ( d t )
x p (t ) x p (0)e n cos( d t ) +
2
1
Structural Vibration
Human Perception
Human Response
Fe (t ) = Fo sin ( o t )
Solution
xss (t ) =
x ss (t ) =
Fo
(1 r )
2 2
Fo o
(1 r )
2 2
k
2r cos(ot ) + 1 r 2 sin (ot )
2
+ (2r )
Building in
Strong Wind
Public
Transportation
Building in
Earthquake
Amusement
Park Ride
Peak Acceleration (% g)
0.5 10
51 102
204 458
<458
k
(1 r )2 cos( o t ) + 2r sin ( o t )
2
+ (2r )
Peak
Acceleration
for Human
C f t for
Comfort
f
Vibrations
Vertical Vibration
Lateral Vibration
F (t ) = P[1 +
Lateral Vibration
cos(2if step t + i )
P = Persons weight
i = Dynamic
D
i coefficient
ffi i t ffor the
th
harmonic force
i = Harmonic multiple (1
(1, 2
2, 3
3))
fstep = Step frequency of activity
t = time
i = Phase angle for the harmonic
Design Guidelines
Serviceability (i.e.
(i e functional,
functional usable)
Stiffness
Resonance
Resonance
Frequency matching
Uncomfortable/damaging vibration
Unfavorable perception
AVOID RESONACE!
Design Guidelines
Natural Frequency (Vertical Vibration)
Limiting
Li iti values
l
(B
(Bridge)
id )
AASHTO
f > 3.0
3 0 Hz
f > 2.85ln(180/W)
W > 180e-0.35f
Special cases: f > 5.0 Hz
fo > 5.0 Hz
amax < 0.5(fo)1/2 m/s2
amax = 4
4 2fo2ysK
F = 180sin(2foT) N
vt = 0.9fo m/s (> 2.5 m/s per Ontario Code)
Design Guidelines
Natural Frequency
f =
stiffness
=
mass
2
5wL4
=
384 EI
a max = 4 2 f o2 y s K
a max = 4 f y s K
2
Design Guidelines
2
o
Limiting values
AASHTO
British Code (1978 BS 5400)
AISC/CISC Steel Design Guide Series 11
Po e 0.35 f o
=
g
W
ap
Equivalent panel
weight
Design Guidelines
Design Guidelines
Stiffening
Uneconomical
Unsightly
Damping
f > 1.3 Hz
Rule of thumb
Lateral limits vertical limits
Damping
Damping
Viscous Damping
Coulomb Damping
t
x(t ) = x max e
sin ( d t + )
Fd = mx + kx
1 2
F
F
x = xo d cos t + d
k
k
xt = = xo + 2
Fd
k
1
1
ln
2n
1
1
ln
2
2n
Welded steel,
steel prestressed concrete,
concrete well
detailed reinforced concrete.
Damping
Mechanical dampers
Active dampers (not discussed here)
Damping
Mechanical dampers
Passive dampers
Expensive
E
i
Complicated
No proven examples for
f bridges
(prototypes currently being tested for
seismic damping)
Viscous Dampers
Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs)
Viscoelastic Dampers
Tuned Liquid Dampers (TLDs)
Damping
Viscous Dampers
FD = c( x )
45
40
35
30
Damping Force
e
Viscous Dampers
Damping
Linear
25
Fast Rise
20
Slow Rise
15
10
5
0
0
0.5
1.5
Velocity
2.5
Dampers
Tuned mass damper
s =
Dampers
Viscoelastic Dampers
1 m
2 M
Dampers
Tuned Liquid Dampers
S
Superstructure
t t
supported
t d by
b lateral
l t l
supporting cables (7 sag)
Bridge opened June 2000
2000, closed 2 days
later
Millennium Bridge
Severe lateral resonance was noted
(0.25g)
Predominantly noted during 1st mode of
south span (0.8 Hz) and 1st and 2nd
modes of main span (0
(0.5
5 Hz and 0
0.9
9 Hz)
Occurred only when heavily congested
Phenomenon
Ph
called
ll d S
Synchronous
h
Lateral Excitation
Millennium Bridge
Possible solutions
Stiffen
Stiff the
th bridge
b id
Too costly
Affected aesthetic vision of the bridge
Active damping
Complicated
Costly
Unproven
Passive damping
Millennium Bridge
Passive Dampers
37 viscous dampers installed
19 TMDs installed
Millennium Bridge
Results
Provided 20% critical damping.
Bridge was reopened February
February, 2002
2002.
Extensive research leads to eventual
updating of design code
code.