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Denition
By denition, fog reduces visibility to less than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi), whereas mist causes lesser impairment of The thickness of a fog layer is largely determined by the
visibility.[3]
altitude of the inversion boundary, which in coastal or
For aviation purposes in the UK, a visibility of less than oceanic locales is also the top of the marine layer, above
5 kilometres (3.1 mi) but greater than 999 metres (3,278 which the airmass is warmer and drier. The inversion
ft) is considered to be mist if the relative humidity is 70% boundary varies its altitude primarily in response to the
weight of the air above it which is measured in terms of ator greater; below 70%, haze is reported.[4]
mospheric pressure. The marine layer and any fogbank it
may contain will be squashed when the pressure is high,
and conversely, may expand upwards when the pressure
2 Formation
above it is lowering.
See also: Cloud physics
3 Visibility eects
Fog forms when the dierence between air temperature
and dew point is generally less than 2.5 C or 4 F.[5]
Depending on the concentration of the droplets; visibility
Fog begins to form when water vapor condenses into in fog can range from the appearance of haze, to almost
tiny liquid water droplets suspended in the air. The zero visibility. Many lives are lost each year worldwide
main ways water vapor is added to the air: wind con- from accidents involving fog conditions on the highways.
vergence into areas of upward motion;[6] precipitation The Aviation Travel Industry is eected by the severity
1
2
of an existing fog condition. Even though modern autolanding computers can put an aircraft down without the
aid of a pilot, those manning an Airport Tower must be
able to see if aircraft are sitting on the runway awaiting
takeo, thus during extreme fog conditions, safe landings
are impossible and airports are closed until fog conditions
improve.
TYPES
5 Types
Fog can form in a number of ways, depending on how the
cooling that caused the condensation occurred.
Radiation fog is formed by the cooling of land after sunset by thermal radiation in calm conditions with clear sky.
The cool ground produces condensation in the nearby air
by heat conduction. In perfect calm the fog layer can
be less than a meter deep but turbulence can promote a
thicker layer. Radiation fogs occur at night, and usually
do not last long after sunrise, but they can persist all day
in the winter months especially in areas bounded by high
ground such as the Vale of York in England. Radiation
fog is most common in autumn and early winter. Examples of this phenomenon include the Tule fog.[18]
Ground fog is fog that obscures less than 60% of the
sky and does not extend to the base of any overhead
clouds.[19] However, the term is usually a synonym for
radiation fog.
Advection fog layer in San Francisco with the Golden Gate Bridge
and skyline in the background
3
strong high pressure aloft over the desert southwest, usually in connection with the summer monsoon, produces a
south to southeasterly ow which can drive the oshore
marine layer up the coastline; a phenomenon known as a
southerly surge, typically following a coastal heat spell.
However, if the monsoonal ow is suciently turbulent,
it might instead break up the marine layer and any fog it
may contain. Moderate turbulence will typically transform a fog bank, lifting it and breaking it up into shallow
convective clouds called stratocumulus.
6 Freezing conditions
7 Topographical inuences
Valley fog forms in mountain valleys, often during winter. It is essentially a radiation fog conned by local
topography, and can last for several days in calm conditions. In Californias Central Valley, valley fog is often
referred to as Tule fog.
rightSea fog or fret encroaching on Brighton pier.
Sound travels best through solids, then liquids, then atmosphere (air). Since fog is a concentration of water
droplets, sounds within the range of a fog condition will
be amplied compared to the same sounds made without the presence of fog. Also, most Fogs involve the formation of a temperature inversion. Temperature inversions can increase the distance that sounds can travel by
reecting a sound between the ground and the inversion.
The presence of a high pressure and a temperature inversion during the Bunceeld oil depot explosion allowed the
sound of the explosion to be carried more than 200 miles
to Belgium and the Netherlands.
See also:
Foghorn
10
11
Fogging (photography)
Fog lamp
Head-up display
See also: Pea soup fog, Fog of war and Theatrical smoke
and fog
15
13.3
Weather
[11] Dr. Michael Pidwirny (2008). CHAPTER 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere (e). Cloud Formation Processes.
Physical Geography. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
Fog season
Haboob (sandstorm)
Mist
Smog
Whiteout (weather)
14
REFERENCES
Notes
[1] The international denition of fog consists of a suspended collection of water droplets or ice crystal near the
Earths surface ... Fog and Boundary Layer Clouds: Fog
Visibility and Forecasting. Gultepe, Ismail, ed. Reprint
from Pure and Applied Geophysics Vol 164 (2007) No. 67. ISBN 978-3-7643-8418-0. p. 1126; see Google Books
Accessed 2010-08-01.
[2] Use of the term fog to mean any cloud that is at or near
the Earths surface can result in ambiguity as when, for example, a stratocumulus cloud covers a mountaintop. An
observer on the mountain may say that he or she is in a
fog, however, to outside observers a cloud is covering the
mountain. Standard practice for the design and operation
of supercooled fog dispersal projects Thomas, P. (2005)
p. 3. ISBN 0-7844-0795-9 See Google Books. Accessed
2010-08-01. Further distinguishing the terms, fog rarely
results in rain, while clouds are the common source of
rain.
[26] Haby, Je. What is the dierence between ice fog and
freezing fog? theweatherprediction.com
[6] Robert Penrose Pearce (2002). Meteorology at the Millennium. Academic Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-12-548035-2.
Retrieved 2 January 2009.
Air
15 References
Lu C., Liu Y., Niu S., Zhao L., Yu H., Cheng M.
(2013). Examination of microphysical relationships
and corresponding microphysical processes in warm
fogs , Acta Meteor. Sinica, 27(6), 832-848.
7
Lu C., Niu S., Tang L., L J., Zhao L., Zhu B.
(2010). Chemical composition of fog water in Nanjing area of China and its related fog microphysics ,
Atmos. Res., 97(1-2), 47-69.
Ahrens, C. (1991). Meteorology today: an introduction to weather, climate, and the environment. West
Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-314-80905-6.
Allred, Lance (2009). Enchanted Rock: A Natural
and Human History. University of Texas Press.
Cowling, R. M., Richardson, D. M., Pierce, S. M.
(2004). Vegetation of Southern Africa. Cambridge
University Press.
Filonczuk, Maria K., Cayan, Daniel R., Riddle, Laurence G. (1995). Variability of marine fog along the
California coast. SIO-Reference, No 95-2, Climate
Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego.
Frost, H. (2004). Fog. Capstone Press. ISBN 9780-7368-2093-6.
Gleissman, Stephe (2007). Agroecology: the ecology
of sustainable food systems. CRC Press.
Karukstis, K. K., Van Hecke, G. R. (2003). Chemistry connections: the basis of everyday phonemena.
Academic Press.
Marshall, T., Hoadley, D. (1995). Storm Talk. Tim
Marshall.
16
External links
Social & Economic Costs of Fog from NOAA Socioeconomics website initiative
United States current dense fog advisories from
NOAA
Current Western US fog satellite pictures from
NOAA
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