TOEFL MODULE STRUCTURE

MODIFIERS CAUSE AND RESULT

MODIFIERS TOO, VERY AND ENOUGH
NEGATION

PRESENTED BY : GROUP 11
MAULANA MALIK A ( 1113095000006 )
RIZKY APRITZAL ( 1113095000027 )
ADITYA PRATAMA P ( 1113095000029 )

MAJOR OF BIOLOGY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2014

A. MODIFIERS CAUSE AND RESULT

These type of clauses explain the reasons for what happens in the main clause. Example: He
bought a new home because he got a better job. Take a look at the chart below to study the
various usages of different expressions of cause and effect. Note that all of these expressions are
synonyms of 'because'. Cause and result clauses are expressed by the following patterns :
1. So
a. So + adjective + that
ADJ

He was so tired that he fell asleep

b. So + adverb +that
ADV

He reads so slowly that he can never finish his homework

c. So + many/few + count noun + that

CN

She had so many problem that she could not concentrate.

CN

There were so few tickets sold that the concert was cancelled.

d. So + much/little + non-count noun + that

NCN

The storm caused so much damage that the people were forced to leave their homes
NCN

The had so little interest in the project that it failed

2. Such
a. Such + adjective + plural count noun + that
ADJ

PL CN

They were such good student that they passed the TOEFL

b. Such + adjective + non-count noun + that

ADJ

NCN

It was such good cake that we asked for more

3. So or such ( singular count nouns can use either of the following patterns )

a. So + adjective + a + singular count noun + that

SIING CN

He had so bad a headhache that he left early

b. Such + a + adjective + singular count noun + that
SING

CN

He had such a bad headhache that he left early

NOTES :
a. Be careful not to omit a before a singular count noun
b. The patterns of cause and result is expressed by so/such that. Do not use too or as.
ERROR EXAMPLES
A. WRONG
RIGHT
B. WRONG
RIGHT

: The doctor had too many patients that he could not see them all
: The doctor had so many patients that he could not see them all
: It was so good game that the stadium was packed
: It was such a good game that the stadium was packed
OR
It was so good game that the stadium was packed

C. WRONG
RIGHT
D. WRONG
RIGHT
E. WRONG

: The book was as interesting that I could not put it down

: The book was so interesting that I could not put it down
: He is also shy as he never speaks in class
: He is so shy that he neverspeaks in class
: They had a such good time in Rome that they always dreamed of going

back
RIGHT
back

: They had such a good time in Rome that they always dreamed of going

F. WRONG
RIGHT

: He gave me so good advice that I was very grateful.

: He gave me such good advice that I was very grateful to him

B. MODIFIERS TOO, VERY AND ENOUGH

We use certain words or expressions to add the idea of degree to gradable adjectives and
adverbs. They are called degree modifiers. Examples are: very, too, as, so, enough, rather,
somewhat, pretty, moderately, quite, fairly, a little, a bit etc. Use very before adjectives, adverbs
or -ing words. Very is neutral - it is not positive or negative. It makes the word that comes after it
stronger. Too is used before adjectives and adverbs. Too is negative; we use it too mean there is
more or less than we need/want. Too can be used with infinitive + to after the
adjective/adverb.Use for + someone/something to explain who/what we mean. Use enough
before a noun but after an adjective or adverb. We can use for someone/something and an
infinitive with enough and to. Enough is positive - it means that we have as much as we want.
Compare the meanings and patterns of too, very, and enough:
1. Very meanings to a high degree, but does not suggest impossibility or undersirability.

SING+ADJ

Mary is very intelligent

2. Too suggest impossibility or undesirable degree
SING+ADJ+TO+V

She is too sick to come to class today

3. Enough suggest possibility or sufficient degree

SING+ENOUGH+TO+V

He is tall enough to play basketball

Notes :
a. Be careful to put enough AFTER the adjective
b. Be careful to put to+V ( infinitive) AFTER enough.

c. In patterns 2 and 3 above, do not use any other structure word after the adjective
or adverb except to :
d. In the above patterns adverbs can be used in the same position as adjective.
Example : Mary sings very well
e. Enough can some before er after a noun to express sulficiency.
He had money enough to buy a new car.
OR
He had enough money to buy a new car

ERROR EXAMPLES
A. WRONG
RIGHT
B. WRONG
RIGHT
C. WRONG
RIGHT
D. WRONG
RIGHT
E. WRONG
RIGHT

: This meat is too delicious

: This meat is very delicious
: It was very late to catch the plane
: It was too late to catch the plane
: He was enough old to get a drivers license
: He was old enough to get a drivers license
: His English was enough good as for him to pass the TOEFL
: His English was good enough for him to pass the TOEFL
: We had very much time to finish our work
: We had enough time to finish our work

C. MODIFIERS NEGATION
A modifier can be an adjective, an adverb, or a phrase or clause acting as an adjective or
adverb In every case, the basic principle is the same: the modifier adds information to another
element in the sentence. A grammatical construction that contradicts (or negates) part or all of a
sentence's meaning.
In standard English, negative clauses and sentences commonly include the negative particle not
or the contracted negative n't. Negative words (known as negators) are commonly formed by
adding the prefix -un. Other negative affixes include a-, de-, dis-, in-, -less, and mis-.

1. Not is an adverb that negates verbs. Not is used in the following patterns
a. Auxiliary + not + V + ing
AUX+NOT+V+-ING

He is not going to the party

AUX+NOT+V+-ING

He is not making any money

b. Auxiliary + not + V
AUX+NOT+V

He does not like to study on the weekends.

AUX+NOT+V

We do not want any coffee, thank you

c. Auxiliary + not + past participle
AUX+NOT+PAST PART

He has not been here for days

AUX+NOT+PAST PART

They have not seen any deer

d. Modal + not + V
MODAL+NOT+V

We will not accept your opinion

MODAL+NOT+V

You should not eat too many sweets

2. No is an adjective that indicates the absence of something. It modifiers nouns. It is

used in the following patterns:
Verb + no + noun
V + NO + N

There is no charge for towels at the pool

V + NO + N

He has no passport

3. None is a pronoun meaning not any or not one. Use none when the noun is replaces
has been mentioned already

PRON

The children ate all the cookies. When I arrived, there were none. ( none = no
cookies

PRON

They asked me to contribute some money but I had none ( none = no money )
None may also be used in the following pattern:
None + of the + noun
In this pattern, the noun that none refers to is placed after of the.
PRON + OF THE + N

When I arrived, none of the cookies were left.

PRON + OF THE + N

None of the children know how to swim

4. Remember to use any after negative words to express the absence of quantity for
plular count nouns and non-counts nouns. [ Anyone, anybody, anywhere, anymore
and anything can also be used in negative sentence constructions. ]

NEG

ANY

NCN

I do not have any free time today

NEG

ANY

PLCN

There were not any student from China this tear

NEG

ANYMORE

He does not go to school anymore

NEG

ANYONE

We did not see anyone leave the buiding

5. There are some words that have negative meanings even though they do not appear to
be negative, for example: hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, without, and only. Do not
use another negative word with these words ( see notes )
NEG

He had scarcely enough money for the bus

NEG

They went to bed without dinner

6. Negative infinitives ( to+V) are formed by putting not before the infinitive ( not + to
+ V)

NOT +TO+V

She said not to talk during the program.

NOT +TO+V

They told us to relax and not to worry

7. Remember that no longer is an idiomatic negative expressinon of time

He no longer lives here
They no longer play golf together
Notes:
a. To express a negative idea, use only one negative word. Two negative words in one
sentence, make the sentence an affirmative statement, for example, Do not leave
without an umbrella. ( Be sure to take your umbrella.)
b. Never use not longer when longer means time

ERROR EXAMPLES
A. WRONG : He is no going on vacation this summer.
RIGHT

: He is not going on vacation this sumer.

B. WRONG : There is not butter in the refrigerator.

RIGHT

: There is no butter in the refrigerator

C. WRONG : There were none children in the playground.

RIGHT

: There were no children in the playground

D. WRONG : We do no have no class Friday

RIGHT

: we do not have any class Friday.

E. WRONG : They seldom do not go to the movies

RIGHT

: They seldom go to the movies

F. WRONG : I encourage you to do not wait for him

RIGHT

: I encourage you not to wait for him

G. WRONG : She said to sit quietly and to not open our books
RIGHT

: She said to sit quietly and not to open our books.

H. WRONG : He ran out of money and could not longer continue school.
RIGHT

: He ran out of money and could no longer continue school

I. WRONG : The children went to the movies without no money

RIGHT

: The children went to the movies without any money

J. WRONG : I searched all day for some new shoes, but there were none shoes I liked.
RIGHT

: I searched all day for some ne shoes, but there were none I liked