Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BOLIVIA
by
Dr. Ral R. Vera
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FAO 2006
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
Altiplano
Eastern lowlands
9
9
10
Eastern lowlands
10
11
Altiplano
11
13
Eastern lowlands
13
14
15
8. REFERENCES
15
9. CONTACTS
16
10. AUTHOR
18
1. INTRODUCTION
Bolivia is a landlocked South American
country of 1 098 581 km2 in size (see
Figure 1). Its population amounts to
6 420 792 inhabitants according to INE
(1992), with 8329000 estimated for 2000
(CEPAL, 1999) and with a growth rate of
2.33% (according to the World Factbook
the July 2006 population estimate was
8989870 with a growth rate of 1.45%).
The urban population is 65% of the total
(2000 estimate) growing at a rate of
1.8%, versus 0.5% rural (CEPAL, 1999).
Approximately 55% of the population
are believed to be of pure indigenous
Indian descent, 25-30% mestizo and 15%
European.
Land uses include 33% agricultural,
of which 5% is arable, 93% pastures,
and a negligible percentage is irrigated
(Table 1). Bolivia is divided by two
parallel Andean ranges or cordilleras,
on a roughly northsouth axis, into
three distinct ecozones: a vast semi-arid
Altiplano plateau between the western Figure 1. Map of main topographic characteristics of
range (Cordillera Occidental) and the Bolivia
eastern range (Cordillera Oriental), with
Lake Titicaca on its northern end; semi-tropical Yungas and temperate valleys of the Cordillera Oriental;
and eastern lowlands (Oriente), including the semi-arid Chaco.
Agriculture is an extremely important sector, with 60% of farmers in the highlands and 20% in
relatively fertile valleys. The arable land was estimated at 2.3 ha per person in 1993 (Dirven, 1999). Of
the total area, 51% (mainly in the eastern lowlands and northeastern flanks of the Cordillera Oriental)
is covered by forest. Agriculture accounted for 23% of GDP in 1987. It employed about half (46%) of
the official labour force in 1986 and accounted for only 15% of total exports in the late 1980s. Coca
growing, a long standing customary crop, has become a major social problem.
Bolivia has the second largest population of South American camelids after Peru, and a large
number of sheep and cattle (Table 2). The lowland Departments of Beni, Santa Cruz and Pando account
for 54.2% of the ruminant stock, the Altiplano Departments of La Paz, Oruro and Potos have 26%,
and the remaining 19.8% is found in the inter-andean Departments of Cochabamba, Chuquisaca and
Tarica. Despite a growing production of beef and milk (Table 2) the country is a net importer of both
commodities (Table 3), although for beef and veal by 2003 there were more exports and for milk
products the gap was closing.
Land tenure across the country varies very greatly. In the eastern lowlands properties tend to be
large and the sector is dominated by large farms and ranches, whereas small farmers predominate in the
valleys and foothills. Land tenure patterns in the highlands are complex, but communal areas and very
small farms tend to predominate as described in section 4 in relation to ruminant production systems.
Table 1. Land resources of Bolivia, 1000 ha
Land area
108 438
Agricultural
area
36 034
Arable
area
1 974
Permanent
crops
229
Permanent
pastures
33 831
Arable, %
agricultural
5.5
Agricultural land
area, %
33.2
Table 2. Bolivia: statistics for livestock numbers, meat and milk production for the period 19962005
Years
Stocks/Products
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Cattle (,000)
6 118
6 238
6 387
6 556
6 725
6 457
6 576
6 680
6 822
6 822
Sheep (, 000)
8 039
8 232
8 409
8 575
8 752
8 902
8 902
8 596
8 550
8 550
Goats (,000)
1 500
1 496
1 496
1 500
1 500
1 500
1 501
1 501
1 501
1 501
1 838
1 850
1 850
1 900
1 900
1 900
1 900
1 900
1 900
1 900
143.2
147.3
150.2
155.3
159.8
160.9
164.6
168.2
172.0
172.0
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
14.2
14.6
14.8
15.3
15.7
16.3
16.9
17.6
18.0
18.0
2.4
2.4
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.8
3.0
3.0
3.0
195.1
202.2
191.1
230.7
231.5
170.0
291.0
240.0
233.7
233.7
Table 3. Bolivia: Imports and exports of beef and veal, milk, and wool, metric tons
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Imports
0.1
0.7
1.2
0.2
0.3
0.8
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
Exports
0.5
0.4
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.6
Milk equivalent
(,000)
Imports
41.9
61.0
58,5
73.4
57.4
68.0
61.2
54.8
57.9
37.9
Exports
4.7
1.3
3.4
4.4
4.6
19.4
21.2
24.1
31.1
24.8
Wool, greasy
Imports
10
11
18
Exports
89
356
226
152
60
203
153
156
101
15
Imports
10
Exports
12
12
35
Wool, scoured
pH
OM
P
Ca
Mg
K
that the alluvial soils of the
%
ppm meq % meq % meq %
agricultural region closest to
Sta. Cruz, well drained
7.2 (usually
1.6
4.9
13.2
0.7
0.20
the city of Santa Cruz, in
lowlands, 020 cm (1)
contain
moderate Na
the Bolivian lowlands, are
concentrations)
relatively most fertile despite
Beni, poorly drained
5.2
n.a.
5.0
3.3
2.2
0.46
their low organic matter conlowlands 312 cm (2)
tent . The latter are the soils
Cochabamba,
4.7
n.a.
10
n.a.
0.9
0.1
interandean region,
that have supported the rapid
alluvial soil, 115 cm (2)
expansion of soybeans and,
La Paz, highlands,
5.5
n.a.
7
0.9
1.0
0.2
to a lesser degree, sown trop512 cm (2)
ical grasses, in that region.
(1) Martnez (1992). (2) Cochrane et al. (1985). n.a. = not available
a moderating influence but, even on its shores, frosts occur in almost every month, and snow is not
uncommon.
Agro-ecological zones are discussed below, in relation to topography.
Altiplano
The Peruvian-Bolivian Altiplano is a plateau 1100 km long by 120160 km wide that runs between the
cordilleras at an average altitude of 4000 m (Quiroga, 1992).The Bolivian portion is 800 km long, with
a total area of 123000 km2 and contains most of the Departments of La Paz (capital city of Bolivia),
Oruro and Potos. Although the Altiplano covers only 12% of Bolivias land area, it has 35% of its
population, including 42% of the urban population and 24% of the rural inhabitants. The Altiplano is a
high altitude basin, which includes a plain known as Puna, and a series of mountain ridges. It is covered
with sediments of disappeared lakes, partially dried lakes (e.g. the Titicaca) and residues of other large,
salty, lakes. Humidity in the Altiplano decreases from north to south, and salinity of the existing lakes
increases in the same direction. The geology of the region, and the existence of various basins within the
Altiplano, explain its variability; interested readers will find a detailed ecological description in Quiroga
(1992) among others.
Yungas and other valleys
Temperate and subtropical valleys abound throughout the Andean region. The northeastern flank of the
Cordillera Real is known as the Yungas, from the Aymara word meaning warm valleys. This land is
among the most fertile in Bolivia, but poor access has hindered its agricultural development.
The eastern slopes of the Cordillera Central descend gradually in a series of complex northsouth
ranges and hills. Rivers draining to the east have cut long narrow valleys; these valleys and the basins
between the ranges are favourable areas for crops and settlement. Rich alluvial soils fill the low areas,
but erosion has followed the removal of vegetation in some places. The valley floors range from 2000 to
3000 m above sea level and this lower elevation means milder temperatures than those of the Altiplano.
Two of Bolivias most important cities, Sucre and Cochabamba, are located in basins in this region.
The valleys cover 15% of the Bolivian territory, and have 24% and 36% of the urban and rural
population of the country, respectively. Farms in the valleys tend to be very small, frequently under one
hectare each. The valleys generally have Mediterranean climates, with rainfall concentrated in a few
months and ranging between 200 and 600 mm, and have traditionally been dominated by very small
landowners (minifundistas). Strong farmers associations have developed since the 1980s, and offer
a variety of services (information, inputs, milk marketing, training and education) to their members.
Crops, roots, fruits, vegetables and sown forages are grown and, if irrigation is available, more than
one cropping season is feasible. Nevertheless, intensive utilization of land in small farms has led to
widespread erosion.
Eastern lowlands
The eastern lowlands include all of Bolivia north and east of the Andes. They represent 63% of the
Bolivian territory and have 32% and 18% of the urban and rural population, respectively. Thus, although
comprising two-thirds of the national territory, the region is sparsely populated and until the late 1980s,
it played a minor role in the economy. Differences in topography and climate separate the lowlands into
three areas. The flat northern area, made up of Beni and Pando departments and the northern part of
Cochabamba Department consists of tropical savannahs and rainforest. Mean altitude in Beni is 155 m,
mean temperature is 27 C (940 C), and average rainfall is 1800 mm distributed between November
and May. Because much of the topsoil is underlain by a clay hardpan, drainage is poor, and heavy rain
periodically converts vast parts of the region into swamp. Heavy clay soils have a pH of 5.1 on average.
The central area, comprising the northern half of Santa Cruz Department, has gently rolling hills and
a drier climate than the north. Forests alternate with savannah and much of the land has been cleared
for cultivation, mainly for soybean. Santa Cruz, the largest city in the lowlands, is here, as are most of
Bolivias petroleum and natural gas reserves. The southeastern part of the lowlands is a continuation of
the Chaco of Paraguay. Virtually rainless for nine months of the year, this area becomes a swamp for the
three months of heavy rains. The extreme variation in rainfall supports only thorny scrub vegetation and
cattle grazing, although recent discoveries of natural gas and petroleum near the foothills of the Andes
have attracted some settlers to the region.
Most of Bolivias important rivers are in the water-rich northern parts of the lowlands, particularly in
the Alto Beni (Upper Beni), where the land is suitable for crops such as coffee and cacao. The northern
lowlands are drained by wide rivers, including the Mamor, Beni, and Madre de Dios, all of which
flow northward into the Madeira River in Brazil and eventually into the Amazon. On the contrary, the
southern rivers are shallow and sandy, and constitute part of the Paran River basin.
Altiplano
Altitude, m
Type of vegetation
000 km
Andean valleys
>3 000
Lowland pastures
500-3 000
< 500
Range
Stubbles
Grasslands
Stubbles
Stubbles
5 825
201 924
15 030
107 369
4 263
397 888
Percent of country
18.4
1.4
9.7
0.3
36.3
0.5
Average DM yield,
kg/ha/year
< 800
< 400
4001 000
400800
1 0002 500
5001 000
10
lucerne (Medicago sativa). The latter as well as crop stubbles and residues are fed to cattle and
sheep, which also have access to communal ranges.
Yungas and other valleys
Two grassland-based ruminant systems predominate (Iiguez, 1996).
Intensive to semi-intensive Holstein-based dairy production is common in valleys near large urban
centres, and in particular near the city of Cochabamba. Small producers, some landless, predominate.
Those with little or no land rent paddocks and also graze animals along roads and other open areas.
Medium to large dairies rely on lucerne and maize, the latter conserved mainly as silage. Concentrate
supplementation is common. On-farm milk yields among medium and large producers average 13 kg
milk/day/cow, but the overall average for the Cochabamba area is closer to half that amount. As elsewhere
in subtropical and tropical Latin America, animal breeding and improvement of the genetic potential of
animals have advanced more rapidly than improvements in feeding strategies and grassland management.
Valleys lacking ready access to urban centres are characterized by smallholder agropastoral systems.
Agriculture, frequently based on two crops per year, is the main land use. Cattle and/or sheep and
goats are grazed on open lands in daytime and housed at night. They are also supplemented with crop
stubbles and residues, such as maize stover, particularly during the long dry season. As in the Altiplano,
ruminants are valued for their manure, and are widely used for draught. Cattle and sheep tend to be
crosses of European breeds with Criollo.
Eastern lowlands
Grassland-based ruminant production systems in the lowlands vary a great deal depending upon the type
of vegetation, i.e. seasonally-flooded tropical savannahs, the semi-arid Chaco, or the increasingly croporiented area east of Santa Cruz.
Extensive beef production is practically the only feasible ruminant production system in the
seasonally-flooded savannahs of the Beni, Pando Departments and areas of Santa Cruz farthest away
from roads and urban centres. Land tenure in the region is characterized by large privately-owned
ranches, frequently with several thousand hectares each. Medium ranches range between 2 000 and
4000 ha. The three Departments account for 70% of the Bolivian cattle herd.
The tropical savannahs of Beni are subject to alternate flood and drought. The rainy season is between
late September and late April (similar to what occurs in the Brazilian areas east of the border); rivers
carrying water from the Andes towards the Amazon basin flood two-thirds of the area by December and
until August. During this period, the Zebu (Nellore) and Zebu x Criollo cattle concentrate on portions of the
paddocks that remain a few centimetres above water level (alturas and semi-alturas, Tables5 and7);
similar grazing systems are found in poorly drained savannah areas of Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela.
Carrying capacity of the savannahs ranges between 3 and 8 ha/head. These systems are subject to very
minimal management and are constrained by the difficult accessibility of most paddocks during the rainy
season. Therefore all animal categories (cows, heifers, calves, bulls and steers) generally run together and
are harvested once or twice a year. In some remote areas, animals may be slaughtered on-farm and the
carcasses flown to urban centres, but three important all-weather roads are under construction.
There are 50 slaughter plants, and these are estimated to provide half of the beef consumed in Bolivia.
Not unexpectedly, yields, extraction rates and reproductive performance are low, with breeding cows
typically having calving intervals of two years. According to the Fondo Ganadero del Beni, carcasses
of three-year-old steers weigh 180 kg; nevertheless, technologically advanced ranches reach yields of
200215 kg carcass weight (Bauer, 1993 cited by Morales and Abasto, 1999). Numerous diseases are
endemic, and mineral deficiencies are common. In the flooded savannahs, capybara, Hydrochoerus
hydrochoeris (the worlds largest rodent, native to South America) is very widely distributed and hunted
for its meat and hide. No systematic efforts to research joint wildlife-cattle management have been made,
despite positive experiences in comparable areas of Venezuela.
The Department of Santa Cruz has 370 621 km2 and represents a third of the Bolivian land area. Without
doubt, it has the highest agricultural potential of the country. East of the city of Santa Cruz, capital city of
the Santa Cruz Department, the land is flat, soils tend to be alluvial as a consequence of the runoff from
the Andes, and the original vegetation was forest. The region is presently largely deforested and since the
11
1980s has experienced a dramatic expansion of intensive soybean-based cropping, following and adapting
much of the technology employed in the Brazilian Cerrados, on the other side of the border. Similarly,
there has been a rapid and unquantified expansion of sown tropical pastures, again under the influence of
Brazilian practices. Pastures are dominated by Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria brizantha, with a
minor contribution of other species such as B.humidicola, Panicum maximum and others.
There are two cattle-based production systems. Near to urban centres dual-purpose production
systems are common among small and medium ranchers. These are characterized by crossbred cows
(crosses of Zebu with Criollo, Brown Swiss or Holstein) that are milked once daily with their calf at
foot to allow milk let down (Patterson et al., 1981). Typical saleable milk yields range between 2 and
6kg milk/day/cow, frequently in extended lactations of over 280 days and fed exclusively on low-input
pastures, supplemented with mineral mixtures and with some cut-and-carry forage (elephant grass or
sugar cane) during the dry season. In regions further from urban centres and roads, properties tend to be
larger, 3001500 ha on average, and generally combine crops such as soybean and cereals with cow-calf
and beef fattening operations. Crop and cattle activities are seldom integrated in a planned manner so well
integrated croplivestock systems are scarce although the potential is reputedly high (Martnez, 1999).
Extensive beef production systems also characterize the semi-arid tropics of Bolivia, part of the large Chaco
ecosystem that extends over Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil, as indicated in Tables 5 and 6. The area
tends to be hot and combines extensive grassy fields with shrubs and low thorny trees. Beef breeding ranches
mostly have Criollo cattle, well adapted to climate and vegetation. The grass stratum, seasonally supplemented
by browsing shrubs and trees, is the only forage. Beef productivity is extremely low as a consequence of the
low carrying capacity of the area and minimal management. Despite very large ecological differences from the
savannah region the constraints of these systems are very similar (Iiguez, 1996).
12
Uses
Seasonally
flooded
savannah
610
811
69
712
1422
2022
2630
27
520650
350
50280
4501 200
3101 200
7001 200
700800
1 800
3 8004 100 3 0004 000 3 9005 000 3 0005 000 1 5003 000 5001 600
Temperature, C
Rainfall, mm
Altitude, m
Semi-arid
forest
Chaco
300500
180250
Crops
Sheep
Cattle
Sheep
Camelids
Crops
Cattle
Camelids
Sheep
Cattle
Camelids
Sheep
Cattle
Goats
Crops
Cattle
Sheep
Goats
Horses
Crops
Cattle
Horses
Goats
Crops
Cattle
Goats
Horses
Cattle
Horses
58
721
2041
721
528
413
630
38
Carrying capacity,
ha/AU/year
Table 7. Plant communities and main genera and species found in eight important ecological regions
for ruminant production
Eco-region
Subhumid Puna (N
Altiplano)
Bofedal
Chilliguares (=Chillihuares)
Totoral
Scirpus, Juncus
Bofedal
Arid-semi-arid Puna
(Central Altiplano)
Pajonal
Pajonal de Ichu
Chilliguares
Festuca dolichophylla
Tolar (=Tholar)
Tolar-pajonal
Gramadal
Arbustal de Cauchi
Bofedal
Arid-semi-arid high
Puna (S & W Altiplano)
Tolar
Gramadal
Distichlis, Werneria
Matorral de polylepis
Pajonal
Bofedal
Distichlis, Plantago
Pajonal de ladera
Gramadal
Geranium, Werneria
Arbustales de satureja
Satureja, Chuquiraga
Semi-arid to subhumid
valleys
Churquiales
Subhumid, lowland
and Andean forests
Matorral
Pajonal
Semi-arid forest,
Chaco
Matorral
Sabana rasa
Sabana arbolada
Bajios
Curiches
Sartamejales
Paspalum, Eleusine
Alturas
Semi-alturas
Seasonally flooded
savannah
Sources: Alzrreca, 1985, 1992; Beck, 1988 cited by Morales and Abasto, 1999; Quiroga, 1992.
13
to 1.5 ha/sheep, as opposed to 1 ha/sheep of well Table 8. Expected dry matter yields (tonnes/
ha/year) of different forages under different
managed Puna vegetation. Crops (potatoes, quinua management scenarios in the northern Altiplano
[Chenopodium quinoa], various beans and others) of Bolivia
tend to be concentrated in small areas, sometimes Species or plant
Current
Excellent
management management
including small parcels sown to lucerne and various community
conditions
introduced forage grasses (Baldivia, 1998).
Medicago sativa
23
710
The climax vegetation of the Altiplano or Puna
Phalaris sp. + M. sativa
34
8
is considered to include the following species
Bofedal
2.5
n.d.
(Quiroga, 1992): Stipa ichu, Calamagrostis spp.,
2
n.d.
Nasella, sp., Baccharis incarum, Baccharis Tolar
(n.d.
no
data)
boliviensis and Parastrephia lepidophylla
Source: Estrada, Paladines and Quiros, 1998.
Nevertheless, the distribution of these and other
species is influenced by pedological variables. Table 9. Range of yields (tonnes DM/ha/year)
Examples of this variability and the corresponding produced by forage cereals under experimental
indicator species include (Quiroga, 1992; Alzrreca, conditions in two ecological regions of the
Bolivian Altiplano
1985, 1992):
Crop
Semi-humid, 560 mm Semi-arid, 350 mm
Soils of humid plains: Muhlenbergia fastigia,
Barley
78
24
Haffmannseggia sp. Bouteloua simplex
Oats
48
12.5
Dry, saline plains: Anthobryum triandrum,
Triticale
89
2.53.5
Suaeda fruticosa
Dry, sandy soils: Junellia seriphiodes, Modified from Alzrreca, 1992.
Lampaya medicinalis
Stony, dry soils: Fabiana densa, Tetraglochin cristatum, Adesmia spp.
Stony, humid plains: Psila boliviensis
Saline soils: Distichlis humilis
Humid soils next to water streams: Festuca dolichophylla
River and lake borders: Parastrephia phylicaeformis
Regardless of location, the native pastures of the Altiplano are of low nutritive value, have low
carrying capacity and only the native camelids are truly adapted and thrive. Where climatic conditions
and availability of supplementary water permit, sown species are established to supplement the diet
of cattle and sheep. This is particularly the case of the northern Altiplano, in the area of influence of
the Titicaca lake, where introduced species such as lucerne (Medicago sativa), tall fescue (Festuca
arundinacea), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), Arrhenatherum elatius, Agroyron elongatum and Phleum
pratense are relatively common. In the central and southern Altiplano, lucerne and weeping lovegrass
(Eragrostis curvula) are the only forages of any significance. In both regions, cereals such as barley and
oats are grown for cattle feeding, and experimental yields are shown in Table 9.
Yungas and other valleys
The original vegetation of the valleys was forest, the majority of which has disappeared or been degraded through human intervention. In consequence, pastures in the region are based on sown grasses and,
to a much smaller extent, naturalized introduced species. Both were referred to in section 4, as related
to the description of ruminant production systems.
Eastern lowlands
The tropical savannahs of Beni are subject to alternate flood and drought. The rainy season extends
between late September and late April (similar to what occurs in the Brazilian areas East of the border);
rivers carrying water from the Andes towards the Amazon basin flood two-thirds of the area by December,
and until August. During this period, the Zebu (Nellore) and Zebu x Criollo cattle concentrate on portions
of the paddocks that remain a few centimetres above water level (alturas and semi-alturas, Tables
7 and 10); similar grazing systems are found in poorly drained savanna areas of Brazil, Colombia and
Venezuela. Carrying capacity of the savannahs ranges between three and eight ha/head. These production
systems are subject to very minimal management, and are constrained by the difficult accessibility of
most paddocks during the rainy season. Therefore, all animal categories (cows, heifers, calves, bulls
14
and steers) generally run together and are Table 10. Physiography of the alluvial savannahs of
harvested once or twice a year. In some Mojos, Beni
remote areas, animals may be slaughtered Sub-region
Topography
Area
on farm, and the carcasses flown to urban
km2
%
centres in cargo planes, but three important Undulating plains
Slightly undulating
23 718 17.5
all-weather roads are under construction.
Alluvial plains
Occasional seasonal flooding
57 966 42.6
The Department of Santa Cruz has Alluvial plains with Seasonally flooded
39 377 29.0
370 621 km2 and represents one third of riverine influences Occasionally flooded by rivers 14 882 10.9
the Bolivian land area; it has the highest Source: Morales and Abasto, 1999.
agricultural potential of the country. East of
the city of Santa Cruz, capital city of the Santa Cruz Department, the land is flat, soils tend to be alluvial
as a consequence of the runoff from the Andes, and the original vegetation was forest. The region is
presently largely deforested and since the 1980s has experienced a dramatic expansion of intensive
soybean-based cropping, following and adapting much of the technology employed in the Brazilian
Cerrados, on the other side of the border. Similarly, there has been a rapid, and unquantified expansion
of sown tropical pastures, again under the influence of Brazilian practices. Pastures are dominated by
Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria brizantha, with a minor contribution of other species such as
Brachiariahumidicola, Panicum maximum and others. Two cattle-based production systems are practised.
Near the urban centres dual-purpose systems are common among small and medium ranchers. These
are characterized by crossbred cows (crosses of Zebu with Criollo, Brown Swiss or Holstein) which are
milked once daily with calf at foot to allow milk let down (Patterson et al., 1981). Typical saleable milk
yields range between 2 and 6kg milk/day/cow, frequently over extended lactations of over 280 days
and fed exclusively on low-input pastures, supplemented with mineral mixtures and with some cut-andcarry forage (elephant grass or sugar cane) during the dry season. In regions further removed from urban
centres and roads, properties tend to be larger, 3001500 ha on average, and generally combine crops
such as soybean and various cereals with cow-calf and beef fattening operations. Nevertheless, the crop
and cattle activities are seldom integrated in a planned manner, so that well integrated crop-livestock
systems are scarce although the potential is reputedly high (Martnez, 1999).
Extensive beef production systems also characterize the semi-arid tropics of Bolivia, part of the
large Chaco ecosystem that extends over Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil. As indicated in
Tables 5 and 6, the area tends to be hot and combines extensive grassy areas with shrubs and low lying
thorny trees. Beef breeding ranches mostly have Criollo cattle, well adapted to climate and vegetation.
The grass stratum, seasonally supplemented by browsing shrubs and trees constitutes the only forage
resource. Beef productivity is extremely low, as a consequence of the low carrying capacity of the area
and minimal management. Despite the very large ecological differences with the savannah region, the
constraints of these systems are very similar (Iiguez, 1996)
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systems in Eastern Bolivia are being modernized; this implies the need for improved grazing and feeding
strategies, and the screening of forage species adapted to the new economic circumstances. Also, there
appears to be a role for leguminous forages in the reclamation of soils compacted and degraded by
intensive cropping. Lastly, the spatial and temporal integration of crops and cattle deserves continuing
attention, as well as their environmental impacts.
Environmental and social impacts of pasture- and forage-based systems in the interandean valleys
constitute a major priority in view of the concentration of resource-poor small farmers in those areas.
The extent to which some of these valleys can contribute to the production of high value crops, as
exemplified by forage seed production, needs to be ascertained. In addition to the generation of
appropriate technologies for small farmers, institutional arrangements need to be developed.
8. REFERENCES
Alzrreca, H. (1985). Campos naturales de pastoreo de Bolivia. In Mesa Redonda sobre la Promocin del
Manejo de las Praderas Nativas de SudAmrica. O. Paladines, ed., Santiago, Chile, unpublished mimeo.
Alzrreca, H. (1992). Overview of small ruminant research in the Bolivian Andean zone. In Sustainable
Crop-Livestock Systems for the Bolivian Highlands, Proceedings of an SR-CRSP Workshop, C. Valdivia,
ed. Columbia: University of Missouri.
Baldivia, J. (1998). Estrategias Para Recuperar El Altiplano Pachamamam Urupa Qhantawi Bolivia.
Experiencias Exitosas En Mitigacion De La Pobreza.Cooperacion Horizontal En America Latina y El
Caribe. PNUD-World Bank- Fundacion Interamericana.
CEPAL. (1999). Boletn Demogrfico. Amrica Latina: proyecciones de poblacin urbana y rural. Ao
XXXII, No. 63. Santiago, Chile.
Cochrane, T.T. (1973). The land use potential of Bolivia: a land systems map. Ministry of Overseas
Development, F.C.O. London, England, 827 p.
Cochrane, T.T., L.G. Snchez, L.G. de Azevedo, J.A. Porras and C.L. Garver. (1985). Land in Tropical
America. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia; Empresa Brasileira de
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9. CONTACTS
Mr. Bernardo Bauer
Fundacin Cipriano Barace
Trinidad, Beni
Bolivia
Mr. Bauer email: bbauerk@mail.megalink.com
Foundation email: barace@sauce.ben.entelnet.bo
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10. AUTHOR
Dr. Raul R. Vera is a former Senior Scientist and Leader of the Tropical Pastures Program, International
Center of Tropical Agriculture, CIAT, based in Cali, Colombia. He is currently a private consultant and
part-time researcher of the Catholic University in Santiago, Chile.
Ral R. Vera
2 Norte 443 dpto. 52
Via del Mar, Chile 2534194
Fax (Chile) 56-2-552 9435
raulvera@terra.cl
[The profile was prepared in late 2000, edited by J.M. Suttie and S.G. Reynolds in January, 2001 and
modified by S.G. Reynolds in May 2006.]