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Exam Questions
Q1.
Most compounds of lead are insoluble, an exception being lead(II) nitrate. Therefore a
good method of preparing lead(II) sulfate is
A
Q2.
An important reaction which occurs in the catalytic converter of a car is
In this reaction, when 500 cm3 of CO reacts with 500 cm3 of NO at 650 C (the
operating temperature of the catalyst) and at 1 atm, the total volume of gases produced
at the same temperature and pressure is
A
500 cm3
750 cm3
1000 cm3
impossible to calculate without knowing the molar volume of gases under these
conditions.
(Total for Question = 1 mark)
Q3.
Sodium burns in oxygen to give a pale yellow solid X.
(a) (i) 1.73 g of sodium reacts with 1.20 g of oxygen.
Calculate the empirical formula of X.
(2)
(iv) Calculate the volume of oxygen in dm3 (at room temperature and pressure) which reacts
with
1.73 g of sodium. (The molar volume of any gas at room temperature and pressure=24
3
1
dm mol .)
(2)
(v) Calculate the number of oxygen molecules that react with 1.73 g of sodium.
(The Avogadro constant = 6.02 1023 mol1.)
(1)
>(b) If sodium is burnt in air, compound X is not the only product. Suggest why this is so.
(1)
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(Total for question = 9 marks)
Q4.
When aqueous solutions of barium chloride and potassium sulfate are mixed, a white
precipitate forms. The ionic equation for the reaction is
A
K+(aq)
2+
Cl (aq)
KCl(s)
K (aq)
Ba (aq)
Q5.
A 2Mg(s) + O2(g)
2MgO(s)
MgO(s) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g)
B Mg(NO3)2(s)
Q6.
This question is about the properties of ions and ionic compounds.
(a) Solid calcium carbonate, CaCO3, has a giant ionic structure.
(i) Draw a diagram (using dots or crosses) for a calcium ion. Show ALL the
electrons and the charge on the ion.
(2)
(iii) Would you expect a calcium ion to be bigger, smaller or the same size as a
calcium atom? Give TWO reasons to explain your answer.
(2)
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(iv) Explain why ionic compounds have relatively high melting temperatures.
(2)
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(b) Changes in the concentration of ions in a solution can be estimated by measuring the
electrical conductivity of the solution.
(i) Explain why solutions of ions are able to conduct electricity.
(1)
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(ii) Suggest why aqueous solutions of calcium chloride, CaCl2(aq), and barium
chloride, BaCl2(aq), of the same molar concentration, have different electrical
conductivities.
(1)
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*(c) Some buildings are made from limestone, which is mainly calcium carbonate. Gases
in the atmosphere such as sulfur dioxide, SO2, and nitrogen dioxide, NO2, can be
responsible for damaging these buildings.
Describe how these gases come to be present in the atmosphere and explain how
they can damage a limestone building.
(3)
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(d) The lattice energy of calcium chloride, CaCl2, is -2258 kJ mol-1 based on an
experimental Born-Haber cycle and -2223 kJ mol-1 based on theoretical calculations.
Would you expect its bonding to match the ionic model? Justify your answer.
(1)
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(Total for question = 15 marks)
Q7.
Magnesium chloride can be made by reacting solid magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, with
dilute hydrochloric acid.
(a) Write an equation for the reaction, including state symbols.
(2)
(b) Give TWO observations you would make when the reaction is taking place.
(2)
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(c) In an experiment to make crystals of hydrated magnesium chloride, MgCl2.6H2O,
magnesium carbonate was added to 25 cm3 of hydrochloric acid with concentration
2.0 mol dm-3. The molar mass of magnesium carbonate is 84.3 g mol-1.
(i) How many moles of acid are used in the reaction?
(1)
(ii) What mass of magnesium carbonate, in grams, reacts with this amount of acid?
(1)
(iii) Suggest why slightly more than this mass of magnesium carbonate is used in practice.
(1)
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(iv) How would you separate the magnesium chloride solution from the reaction mixture in (iii)?
(1)
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(v) The magnesium chloride solution was left to crystallise. The crystals were separated and dried
carefully. A sample of 3.75g of hydrated crystals, MgCl2.6H2O, which have molar mass 203.3 g mol-1, was
obtained. Calculate the percentage yield of this reaction.
(2)
(vi) Give ONE reason why the yield of crystals is less than 100%, even when pure compounds are used in
the preparation.
(1)
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(d) Lattice energies can be measured using the Born-Haber cycle, or calculated from
electrostatic theory. Lattice energies of magnesium chloride and magnesium iodide
are shown below.
(i) What does this data indicate about the bonding in magnesium chloride?
(1)
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*(ii) Explain why there is a greater difference between the experimental (Born-Haber) and theoretical
lattice energies for magnesium iodide, MgI2, compared with magnesium chloride.
(2)
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(e) Blood plasma typically contains 20 parts per million (ppm) of magnesium, by mass.
(i) Calculate the mass of magnesium, in grams, present in 100 g of plasma.
(1)
(ii) Magnesium chloride can be used as a supplement in the diet to treat patients with low amounts of
magnesium in the blood. Suggest ONE property which makes it more suitable for this purpose than
magnesium carbonate.
(1)
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(Total for question = 16 marks)
Examiners report
None for Q1-2
Q3.
(a)(i)
Many candidates calculated the empirical formula correctly as NaO.
was some confusion, however, between calculating moles of oxygen atoms, O(g), and moles of
oxygen molecules, O2(g).
Q4.
No Examiner's Report available for this question
Q5.
No Examiner's Report available for this question
Q6.
(a) (i-ii)
Although for many this question was an easy start to the structured questions, a significant
minority dropped at least one mark.
Surprisingly, this occurred in part (i) as well as part (ii), with an incorrect number of electron
shells being the most common way to fail to score.
It's worth reminding candidates that transfer of key skills from GCSE, such as 'dot and cross'
diagrams, is a feature of AS and they should not just focus their revision on new concepts, such
as s, p and d orbitals.
Many of the calculations in (c)(i) were well done, but failure to appreciate the 1:2 ratio when
calculating thenumber of moles of magnesium carbonate in c(ii) was common. However,
allowance was made for answersbased on incorrect reacting ratios in the original equation.
Answers to (c)(iii) were sometimes imprecise, and it was not always clear that an excess of
magnesiumcarbonate would use up all the acid.
Results Plus: Examiner Tip
If an excess of magnesium carbonate is used, all the acid will be used up and the
excess solid is easily filtered off to leave a pure solution of magnesium chloride.
Answers to (c)(iv) often included heating or distillation, and were not based on removing the solid
magnesium carbonate.
Calculating the percentage yield in (c)(v) caused difficulty, and some candidates simply divided
theactual yield by the mass of magnesium carbonate they had calculated previously, without
calculating thetheoretical yield.
In (c)(vi) answers had to be related to the experimental procedure, not mistakes by the
experimenter. Onlya few candidates had a clear idea of the experimental limitations on yield, and
there were many generalanswers. In questions like this comments should be specific about how
the loss in yield occurs and it is not enough just to refer to human error.
Results Plus: Examiner Tip
There are several possible answers as well as the one below. The answer could have
referred to filtering. Solutions soak into filter paper, so the solute will be lost and the
yield of crystals reduced. If hydrated crystals are heated too strongly when they are
being dried, they would lose some of their water of crystallisation.
occur because the iodide ion is larger than the chloride ion and the iodide ion becomes
polarised. If magnesium chloride was described as having some covalent character in
(i), the answer in (ii) had to make clear that this is increased in magnesium iodide.
The calculation on parts per million in (e)(i) was well done, and there were many sensible
suggestions aboutuse of magnesium chloride in (e)(ii).
Q2.B
Q4 D
Q6.
Q5.(a) B
(b)
Q7.