Class XII Chemistry, Board Paper 2014, Set-2 DELHI

General Instructions:
(i) All questions are compulsory
(ii) Question numbers 1 to 8 are very short-answer questions and carry 1 mark each.
(iii) Question numbers 9 to 18 are short-answer questions and carry 2 marks each.
(iv) Question numbers 19 to 27 are also short-answer questions and carry 3 marks.
(v) Question numbers 28 to 30 are long-answer questions and carry 5 marks each.
(vi) Use Log Tables, if necessary. Use of calculators is not allowed.
Question 1

Questions

Q1
Give one example each of sol and gel.
Solution:

Dispersed phase

Dispersed
medium

Sol

Solid

Liquid

Gel

Liquid

Solid

Examples
Paints, Milk of magnesia, Mud
water
Cheese, Butter, Jellies

Q2
Which reducing agent is employed to get copper from the leached low-grade copper ore?
Solution:
Copper can be obtained from low-grade ore through the process of leaching using acid or
bacteria (leaching is a process in which ore is treated with suitable reagent that dissolves ore but
not the impurities).
The solution containing copper can be reduced with the help of reducing agents such as scrap
iron or H2 to get copper metal.
Cu2+(aq) + Fe Cu(s) + Fe2+(aq)
Cu2+ (aq) + H2 (g) Cu(s) + 2 H+(aq)

Q3
Write the IUPAC name of the compound

Solution:

The IUPAC nomenclature of the given organic compound is 3-aminobutanal.

Q4
Which of the following isomers is more volatile:
o-nitrophenol or p-nitrophenol?
Solution:
o-nitrophenol forms intra-molecular hydrogen bond. On the other hand, p-nitrophenol is
involved in stronger inter-molecular hydrogen bonding and hence, it has higher boiling point
than o-nitrophenol. So, o-nitrophenol is more volatile than p-nitrophenol.

Q5
Some liquids on mixing form 'azeotropes'. What are 'azeotropes'?
Solution:
Azeotropic solutions are those solutions whose boiling points remain constant. As a
result, both components boil at the same temperature, regardless of difference in their
respective
boiling
points.
Thus, binary mixtures that have the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and
have constant boiling points are called azeotropes. It is not possible to separate the
components of azeotropes by fractional distillation.

Q6
Arrange the following in increasing order of basic strength:
C6H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3, C6H5CH2NH2
Solution:
C6H5NHCH3 is more basic than C6H5NH2 due to the presence of electron-donating CH3 group
inC6H5NHCH3. Again, in C6H5NHCH3, C6H5 group is directly attached to the N-atom.
However, it is not so in C6H5CH2NH2. Thus, in C6H5NHCH3, the R effect of C6H5 group
decreases the electron density over the N-atom. Therefore, C6H5CH2NH2 is more basic
than C6H5NHCH3.
Hence, the increasing order of the basic strengths of the given compounds is as follows:
C6H5NH2 < C6H5NHCH3 < C6H5CH2NH2

Q7
Which component of starch is a branched polymer of -glucose and insoluble in water?
Solution:
Starch is a polymer of -glucose that has two components, namely amylose and
amylopectin. Out of these, amylopectin is insoluble in water and constitutes about 8085% of starch.

Q8

Which of the following is a more stable complex and why ?

[Co(NH3)6]3+ and [Co(en)3]3+

Solution:
Chelating ligands form more stable complexes as compared to non-chelating ligands. Since
ethylene diammine is a bidentate ligand so it forms stable chelate, [Co(en)3]3+ will be a more
stable complex than [Co(NH3)6]3+.

Q9
State Henry's Law. What is the effect of temperature on the solubility of a gas in a
liquid?
Solution:
Henry's Law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the
pressure of the gas. If we use the mole fraction of a gas in the solution as a measure of
its solubility, then it can be said that the mole fraction of gas in the solution is
proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the solution. The most commonly
used form of Henrys Law states that the partial pressure of a gas in vapour phase (p)
is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution, i.e.
px
p = KH x
where KH = Henrys Law Constant
The solubility of gases is dependent on temperature. An increase in temperature results
in a decrease in gas solubility in liquid, while a decrease in temperature results in an
increase of gas solubility in liquid.
An increase in temperature causes an increase in kinetic energy, resulting in a more
rapid motion of molecules, breaking intermolecular bonds which enable molecules to
escape from the solution allowing the gases dissolved to evaporate more readily. Hence
causing decrease in the solubility of gases in liquids.

Q10
Define the following terms:
(i) Pseudo first-order reaction
(ii) Half-life period of reaction (t1/2).
Solution:
i) Pseudo
first-order
reaction
Pseudo first-order reaction: The reaction which is bimolecular but whose order is one is
called pseudo first-order reaction. This happens when one of the reactants is present in
a large amount. For example, in acidic hydrolysis of ester (ethyl acetate), water is
present
in
a
large
quantity.
CH3COOC2H5 +

H2O

CH3COOH

C2H5OH

Similarly, inversion of cane sugar or hydrolysis of cane sugar is an example of pseudo

first-order
reaction.

ii) Half-life period of a reaction

Half-life period of a reaction is the time taken for half of the reaction to be completed. In
other words, the time in which the concentration of a reactant is reduced to half of its
original
value
is
called
half-life
period
of
the
reaction.
For

zero-order

reaction,

first-order

reaction,

t1/2=[Ro]2k
For

t1/2=0.693k

Q11
Write the principle behind the following methods of refining:
(i) Hydraulic washing
(ii) Vapour-phase refining
Solution:
The principle behind the given methods of refining are:
i) Hydraulic Washing:
This method is based on difference of gravity between ores and gangue. An upward
stream of water is used to wash the powdered ore. The lighter gangue particles are
washed away, leaving behind the heavier ones.
ii) Vapour-phase refining:
Vapour-phase refining is the process of refining metal by converting it into its volatile
compound and then, decomposing it to obtain a pure metal. To carry out this process,
(i) the metal should form a volatile compound with an available reagent.
(ii) the volatile compound should be easily decomposable, so that the metal can be
easily recovered. This method is used for refining nickel, zirconium and titanium.

Q12
Draw the structure of major monohalo product in each of the following reactions :

(i)

(ii)
Solution:

(i)

(ii) Addition in presence of peroxide yields product according to anti-Markovnikov rule of

addition.

Q13
(i) Which alkyl halide from the following pair is chiral and undergoes faster S N2 reaction?

(ii) Out of SN1 and SN2, which reaction occurs with

(a) Inversion of configuration
(b) Racemisation
Solution:
(i)
Among the given pair of compounds, alkyl halide (b) has a chiral centre.

The alkyl halide (a) does not contain a chiral centre and and it also gives faster
SN2 reaction as SN2 is more favourable in primary alkyl halides.
(ii)
(a) Inversion of configuration takes place in SN2 reaction.

(b) Racemisation takes place in SN1 reaction.

Q14
Complete the following chemical equations :
(i) Ca3P2 + H2O
(ii) Cu + H2SO4(conc.)
OR
Arrange the following in the order of the property indicated against each set :
(i) HF, HCl, HBr, HI increasing bond-dissociation enthalpy.
(ii) H2O, H2S, H2Se, H2Te increasing acidic character.
Solution:
The balanced reactions are given below:
i) Ca3P2 + 6H2O 3Ca(OH)2 + 2PH3
ii) Cu + 2H2SO4(conc.) CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
OR
i)
The arrangement of the given hydrogen halides in increasing order of bond-dissociation
enthalpy is given below:
HI < HBr < HCl < HF
ii)

The increasing order of acidic character of the given hydrides of Group 16 elements is
given below:
H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te

Q15
Write the IUPAC name of the complex [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]+. What type of isomerism does it
exhibit?
Solution:
The IUPAC name of the complex [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]+ is Tetraamminedichlorochromium(III)
ion.
This complex exhibits geometrical isomerism. [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]+ is a [MA4B2] type of
complex, in which the two chloride ligands may be oriented cis and trans to each other.

Q16

An element with density 11.2 g cm3 forms a f.c.c. lattice with edge length of 4 10
8
cm.
Calculate the atomic mass of the element.
(Given : NA = 6.022 1023 mol1)
Solution:
Given,
Density, d = 11.2 g cm-3
Edge length, a = 4 x 10-8 cm
Avogadro number, NA = 6.022 X 1023
Number of atoms present per unit cell, Z (fcc) = 4
We know for a crystal system,

Thus, atomic mass of the element is 107.91 g.

Q17

Examine the given defective crystal:

Answer the following questions :

(i) What type of stoichiometric defect is shown by the crystal?
(ii) How is the density of the crystal affected by this defect?
(iii) What type of ionic substances show such defect?
Solution:
(i) Schottky defect is shown by the mentioned crystal, as equal number of cations and
anions are missing in the crystal lattice.
(ii) This defect leads to decrease in density, as equal number of the cations and anions
are missing from the crystal lattice.
(iii) This kind of defect is shown by those ionic substance in which the cations and
anions are of almost similar sizes.
Examples: NaCl, KCl and CsCl.

Q18

Q19

Calculate the mass of a compound (molar mass = 256 g mol1) to be dissolved in 75 g

of benzene to lower its freezing point by 0.48 K (Kf = 5.12 K kg mol1).
Solution:

Give the structures of A, B and C in the following reactions :

(i)

(ii)
OR
How will you convert the following?
(i) Nitrobenzene into aniline
(ii) Ethanoic acid into methanamine

(iii) Aniline into Nphenylethanamide

(Write the chemical equations involved.)
Solution:
(i)

(ii)

OR
(i) Nitrobenzene into aniline

(ii) Ethanoic acid into methanamine

(iii) Aniline into Nphenylethanamide

Q20
(a) Write the mechanism of the following reaction :

(b) Write the equation involved in Reimer-Tiemann reaction.

Solution:

a.
The reaction proceeds through nucleophilic substitution bimolecular (SN2) mechanism, as
shown:

Inversion of configuration takes place during the reaction.

b.
Reimer-Tiemann reaction:

Q21
After the ban on plastic bags, students of a school decided to make people aware of the
harmful effects of plastic bags on the environment and Yamuna River. To make the
awareness more impactful, they organised a rally by partnering with other schools and
distributed paper bags to vegetable vendors, shopkeepers and departmental stores. All
the students pledged not to use polythene bags in the future to save the Yamuna River.
After reading the above passage, answer the following questions:
(i) What values are shown by the students?
(ii) What are bio-degradable polymers? Give one example.
(iii) Is polythene a condensation or an addition polymer?
Solution:
(i) From the given passage, we can conclude that the students show awareness about the
environment.
(ii) A polymer that can be decomposed by microorganisms within a definite period of time, so
that the polymer or its degraded product does not cause any harm to the environment, is called a
bio-degradable polymer.
For example, poly--hydroxybutyrate-CO-- hydroxy valerate (PHBV) is a bio-degradable
aliphatic polyester.

(iii) Polythene is an addition polymer that is formed by addition of ethene molecules.

Q22
(a) Draw the structures of the following:
(i) XeF2
(ii) BrF3
(b) Write the structural difference between white phosphorus and red phosphorus.
Solution:
a.

(b) Structural difference between White P and Red P:

White P
Red P
It consists of four P atoms,
linked with one another to It has a polymeric structure, consisting of chains of P4 tetrahedral
give rise to a tetrahedral
units that are linked together.
shape.

Structure:

Structure:

Q23
(a) In reference to Freundlich adsorption isotherm, write the expression for adsorption of
gases on solids in the form of an equation.
(b) Write an important characteristic of lyophilic sols.

(c) Based on the type of particles of dispersed phase, give one example each of
associated colloid and multimolecular colloid.
Solution:
(a)
Freundlich adsorption isotherm for adsorption of gases on solids:

where x is the mass of the adsorbate, m is the mass of the absorbent and p is the pressure of the
gas and n is a constant which is greater than 1.
(b)
Lyophilic sols are sols that are solvent-attracting. An important characteristic of these sols is that
if the dispersion medium is separated from the dispersion phase by any method, the sol can be
reconstituted by simply remixing the two again. That is why these sols are also known
as reversible sols.
(c)
Example of associated colloid: Soap solution
Example of multimolecular colloid: Gold sol

Q24
Account for the following :
(i) Bi(V) is a stronger oxidizing agent than Sb(V).
(ii) N N single bond is weaker than P P single bond.
(ii) Noble gases have very low boiling points.
Solution:
i)Because of inert pair effect +5 oxidation state is less stable in Bi than in Sb. So the Bi
in +5 state will immediately get reduced to its +3 state and thus will be a better
oxidizing agent than +5 state of Sb.
ii)N-N single bond is weaker than P-P bond due to smaller size of N as compared to P.
Smaller size of N leads to smaller N-N bond length. As a result, the lone pair of
electrons on the both the N atoms repel each other leading to unstability or weakening
of N-N bond.
iii)Noble gases have very weak interatomic forces between them and thus have a very
low boiling point.

Q25
(i) Name sweetening agent used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient.
(ii) What are antibiotics? Give an example.

(iii) Give two examples of macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets.
Solution:
(i) Saccharin is the sweetening agent used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic
patient.
(ii) Antibiotics: These drugs are used to treat infections because of their less toxicity
for humans and animals. These are produced wholly or partly by chemical processes
and they inhibit the growth or even destroy microorganisms by intervening in their
metabolic processes.
Example: Salvarsan
(iii) Enzymes and receptors are the two examples of macromolecules that are chosen
as drug targets.

Q26
The following data were obtained during the first-order thermal decomposition of
SO2Cl2 at a constant volume:
SO2Cl2(g) SO2(g) + Cl2(g)
Experiment
Time/s1
Total pressure/atm
1
0
0.4
2
100
0.7
Calculate the rate constant.
(Given : log 4 = 0.6021, log 2 = 0.3010)
Solution:
The thermal decomposition of SO2Cl2 at a constant volume is represented by the
following equation:

After time t, total pressure,

Pt = P 0 + p
which on rearrangement gives:
p = P t - P0
Therefore,
= 2 P0 Pt
For a first-order reaction,

When t = 100 s,

Q27
(i) Deficiency of which vitamin causes rickets?
(ii) Give an example each for fibrous protein and globular protein.
(iii) Write the product formed on reaction of D-glucose with Br2 water.
Solution:
(i) Deficiency of vitamin D causes rickets.
(ii)
Fibrous protein: Collagen, keratin (any one)
Globular protein: Hemoglobin, carboxypeptidase (any one)
(iii)
Br2 water oxidises D- glucose into D- gluconic acid.

Q28
(a) Write the products of the following reactions:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(b) Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds:
(i) Benzaldehyde and Benzoic acid
(ii) Propanal and Propanone
OR
(a) Account for the following:
(i) CH3CHO is more reactive than CH3COCH3 towards reaction with HCN.
(ii) Carboxylic acid is a stronger acid than phenol.

(b) Write the chemical equations to illustrate the following name reactions:
(i) Wolff-Kishner reduction
(ii) Aldol condensation
(iii) Cannizzaro reaction
Solution:
(a)
(i)

(ii)
(iii)

(b)
(i) Benzaldehyde and Benzoic acid
Test-1 Through sodium bicarbonate
Benzaldehyde does not react with sodium bicarbonate. However, benzoic acid will produce brisk
effervescence on reaction with sodium bicarbonate as shown in the given reaction:
C6H5COOH + NaHCO3 C6H5COONa + H2O + CO2

Test-2 Through Tollen's reagent

Benzaldehyde reacts with ammoniacal solution of silver nitrate to form a silver mirror.
C6H5CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3OH C6H5COO + 2Ag + 2H2O + 4NH3
However, no such reaction is given by benzoic acid.
(ii)
Test-1 Iodoform Test
Propanone gives positive iodoform test, as it contains CH3CO group, whereas propanal does not
give iodoform test. The reaction is as follows:

CH3CH2CHO + 3I2 + 4NaOH No reactionHeatPropanal

OR

(a)
(i)
CH3COCH3 is sterically hindered than CH3CHO due to the presence of alkyl group on both sides
of the carbonyl carbon, making them less reactive towards nucleophilic attack because both
methyl groups have electron releasing tendency due to -I effect. These alkyl groups
make ketone less reactive by donating electron to carbonyl group.Therefore, acetaldehyde is
more reactive towards reaction with HCN.
(ii)
Carboxylic acids are acidic due to resonance stabilisation of carboxylate anion and in phenols,
acidic character is present due to resonance stabilisation of phenoxide anion. Carboxylic acids
are more acidic than phenols because the negative charge in carboxylate anion is more spread out
compared to the phenoxide ion, as there are two electronegative O-atoms in carboxylate anion
compared to one in phenoxide ion. In the resonance structures ofcarboxylate anion, the negative
charge is present on the O-atoms, while in resonance of phenoxide ion, negative charge is also
present on electropositive carbon atom, which leads to less stability of phenoxide ion
than carboxylate anion.
(b)

Q29
(a) Define the following terms :
(i) Limiting molar conductivity
(ii) Fuel cell
(b) Resistance of a conductivity cell filled with 0.1 mol L1 KCl solution is 100 . If the
resistance of the same cell when filled with 0.02 mol L1 KCl solution is 520 , calculate
the conductivity and molar conductivity of 0.02 mol L1 KCl solution. The conductivity of
0.1 mol L1 KCl solution is 1.29 102 1 cm1.
OR
(a) State Faraday's first law of electrolysis. How much charge in terms of Faraday is
required for the reduction of 1 mol of Cu2+ to Cu.
(b) Calculate emf of the following cell at 298 K:
Mg(s) | Mg2+(0.1 M) || Cu2+ (0.01) | Cu(s)
[Given Eocell = +2.71 V, 1 F = 96500 C mol1]
Solution:
(a)
(i) When concentration of an electrolyte approaches zero, then its molar conductivity is
known as limiting molar conductivity.
(ii)
Fuel cells are the galvanic cells in which the energy of combustion of the fuels like
hydrogen, methanol. etc is directly converted into electrical energy.

(b)
Given that:
Concentration of the KCl solution = 0.1 mol L1
Resistance of cell filled with 0.1 mol L1 KCl solution = 100 ohm
Cell constant = G* = conductivity resistance
1.29102 ohm1cm1 100 ohm = 1.29 cm1 = 129 m1
Cell constant for a particular conductivity cell is a consant.
Conductivity of 0.02 mol L1 KCl solution =

Concentration = 0.02 mol L1

= 1000 0.02 mol m3 = 20 mol m3
Now,
Molar conductivity =
Therefore, the molar conductivity of 0.02 mol L1 KCl solution is

OR
(a)
Faraday's first law of electrolysis states that "the amount of chemical reaction which
occurs at any electrode during electrolysis by a current is proportional to the quantity of
electricity passed through the electrolytic solution or melt".
The reduction of one mol of Cu2+ to Cu can be represented as:
Since, in this reaction there are two moles of electrons involved, so the amount of
charge required is 2F.
(b) The cell reaction can be represented as:
Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq.) Mg2+(aq.) + Cu(s)

Q30
(a) How do you prepare:
(i) K2MnO4 from MnO2?
(ii) Na2Cr2O7 from Na2CrO4?

(b) Account for the following:

(i) Mn2+ is more stable than Fe2+ towards oxidation to +3 state.
(ii) The enthalpy of atomisation is lowest for Zn in 3d series of the transition elements.
(iii) Actinoid elements show wide range of oxidation states.
OR
(i) Name the elements of 3d transition series that show maximum number of oxidation
states. Why does this happen?
(ii) Which transition metal of 3d series has positive E (M2+/M) value and why?
(iii) Out of Cr3+ and Mn3+, which is a stronger oxidising agent and why?
(iv) Name a member of the lanthanoid series that is well-known to exhibit +2 oxidation
state.
(v) Complete the following equation:
Solution:
a)
i) K2MnO4 can be prepared from pyrolusite (MnO2). The ore is fused with KOH in the
presence of either atmospheric oxygen or an oxidising agent, such as KNO3 or KClO4,
to give K2MnO4.
2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2

2 K2MnO4 +2 H2O
green

ii)
Na2Cr2O7 can be prepared from Na2CrO4 in the following way:
For the preparation of sodium dichromate, the yellow solution of sodium chromate is
acidified with sulphuric acid to give a solution from which orange sodium dichromate,
Na2Cr2O7.2H2O can be crystallised.
Balanced equation for above reactions is as follows:
2 Na2CrO4 + 2 H+
Yellow

Na2Cr2O7 + 2 Na+ + H2O

Orange

b)
i) Electronic configuration of Mn2+ is [Ar]18 3d5 .
Electronic configuration of Fe2+ is [Ar]18 3d6 .
It is known that half-filled and fully-filled orbitals are more stable. Therefore, Mn in +2
state has a stabled5 configuration. Therefore, Mn2+ shows resistance to oxidation to
Mn3+. Also, Fe2+ has 3d6configuration and by losing one electron, its configuration
changes to a more stable 3d5 configuration. Therefore, Fe2+ gets oxidised to Fe3+ easily.

ii) The extent of metallic bonding an element undergoes, decides the enthalpy of
atomisation. The more extensive the metallic bonding of an element, the more will be its
enthalpy of atomisation. In all transition metals (except Zn, electronic configuration:
3d10 4s2), there are some unpaired electrons that account for their stronger metallic
bonding. Due to the absence of these unpaired electrons, the inter-atomic electronic
bonding is the weakest in Zn and as a result, it has the least enthalpy of atomisation.
iii) Actinides exhibit larger oxidation states because of very small energy gap between
5f, 6d and 7s sub-shells . The energies are calculated on the basis of (n+l) rule. The
(n+l) values of the three orbitals are:
5f=5+3=8
6d=6+2=8
7s=7+0=7
Since, all the values are almost same, therefore all orbitals can involved in bonding
resulting in larger oxidation number for actinoids.

OR
1)
In 3d-series of transition metals, manganese has an atomic number of 25 that gives the
electronic configuration as [Ar] 3d54s2 ,where we see that the maximum number of
unpaired electrons is found in manganese atom; so, it can show a maximum oxidation
state upto +7.
2)
Copper is the transition metal of 3d series that exhibits positive E0(M2+/M). The value
of E0(M2+/M) for copper is (+0.34). This happens because the E0(M2+/M) value of a
metal depends on the energy changes involved in the following:
1. Sublimation energy: The energy required for converting one mole of an atom from
the solid state to the gaseous state.
M(s) M(g)
sH (Sublimation energy)
2. Ionisation energy: The energy required to take out electrons from one mole of atom
in the isolated gaseous state.
M(g)
M2+(g)
iH (Ionisation energy)
3. Hydration energy: The energy released when one mole of ions are hydrated.
M2+(g) M2+(aq)
hydH (Hydration energy)
Since, copper has a high energy of atomisation and low hydration energy, the E 0(M2+/M)
value for copper is positive.
3) Out of Cr3+ and Mn3+, Mn3+ is a stronger oxidising agent because it has 4 electrons in
its valence shell and when it gains one electron to form Mn2+, it results in the half-filled
(d5) configuration that has extra stability.

4) Europium (Eu) is well-known to exhibit +2 oxidation state due to its half filled f orbital
in +2 oxidation state.
5) MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e-

Mn2+ + 4 H2O