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1
MON
NITOR
RINGDIAP
PHRAG
GMW
WALL
DISP
PLACEMEN
NT&A
ASSOCIATE
EDGR
ROUN
ND
MOV
VEME
ENT
November2
2011
ENCARD
DIO-RITE ELECT
TRONICS PVT. LTD.
L
1
1
Monitoring of diaphra
agm wall
AN
N-11001
APPL
LICATION NOTE
AN-11001
November 2011
MO
ONITORING
G DIAPHRA
AGM WALL
L DISPLAC
CEMENT & ASSOCIAT
TED GROU
UND
M
MOVEMEN
NT
1. Intrroduction
Deep excavation
e
is a necesssity for con
nstruction off
structure
es like high rise building
gs, undergrou
und garages
and und
derground mass
m
transpo
ort systems operating att
several levels. In many
m
such cases construction of a
gm wall provid
des a solution
n as:
diaphrag
Retaining wa
all
Support prov
vided for retain
ning wall
Principa
al types of reta
aining walls used
u
are diaphragm walls (slurry
(
with re
einforced cage
e), sheet piless, soldier
piles, co
ontiguous pile
es, secant pile
es and tangen
nt piles etc. Principal
P
typess of supports are struts and
d tieback
anchorss.
This app
plication note is about instrumentation and
a monitorin
ng of diaphrag
gm wall displa
acement and adjacent
moveme
ent of the gro
ound which afffects structurres in close proximity.
p
Secction 5 gives some
s
case sttudies for
referencce.
2. Dis
splacementt of adjace
ent ground due to deep excavation
Deep exxcavation has
s two main efffects. Firstly,, removal of soil
s results in
n decrease off weight/stresss on soil
below the excavatio
on. Secondlyy, it results in loss of la
ateral supportt for soil aro
ound the excavation.
Horizonttal and vertic
cal displacem
ment that con
nsequently occcur have to be kept within acceptab
ble limits;
otherwisse damage to
o any buildingss, roads and underground facilities in th
he zone of inffluence will occcur.
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Monitoring of diaphra
agm wall
AN
N-11001
2.1 Fac
ctors affectin
ng diaphragm
m wall move
ement
Several factors affec
ct diaphragm wall movement type off soil, ground
d water condition & chang
ges in its
level, depth & shap
pe of excava
ation, type & stiffness of
o diaphragm wall & its supports, method of
construcction of diiaphragm wall
w
&
adjacent facilities, structural load,
duration
n of constru
uction of wall
w
&
structure
e etc. For example,
e
figu
ure on
right sh
hows increas
sed base heave in
case of a continuous
s sand strata
a below
the diap
phragm wall.
Reprodu
uced below are
a result of studies
s
by Long
g (2001) and Clough
C
& O Rourke
R
(1990) who collec
cted information on
ented walls and categ
gorized
instrume
them mainly based on type of so
oil and
d
wa
all constructed
d.
type of diaphragm
2.2 Stu
udy on diaph
hragm wall
mo
ovement
Table below
b
shows maximum la
ateral wall movement
m
an
nd maximum vertical setttlement behind walls
normalizzed by excav
vation height. Soils are classified as sofft or stiff soil. Cohesion less and cohessive soils
are indiccated. Effect of the factorss of safety aga
ainst base he
eave and the effect of the type of the su
upporting
system is also consid
dered.
Referen
nce
Long (20
001)
Max. vertical
M
s
settlement
n
normalized
byy
e
excavation
he
eight,
max/H (%)
v
S
Strut
Ancchor
s
support
sup
pport
0
0.11
0.12
2
(35)
(15)
0.21
(14)
0.21
(2)
0.39
0
(7)
0.14
4
(1)
0.84
(35)
0.91
(3)
0.80
0
(13)
6.25
5
(1)
Supporrting System
Stiff soiils, high
factor of
o safety of
base he
eave
Soft soiils, high
factor of
o safety of
base he
eave, stiff soil
at dredg
ge level
Soft soiils, high
factor of
o safety of
base he
eave, soft soil
at dredg
ge level
Soft soiils, low facto
or
of safetty of base
heave
Clou
ugh and ORo
ourke (1990)
(81)* Number
N
of cas
ses studied
0.15
<0.5
>2.0
Table 1: Ma
aximum wall movement an
nd vertical setttlement behind walls
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DIO-RITE ELECT
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L
Monitoring of diaphra
agm wall
AN
N-11001
To verify and
d control consstruction proce
ess
To verify des
sign paramete
ers
To monitor sa
afety during construction
c
To save cons
struction cost
To certify the
e performance
e of new consstruction/exca
avation
To monitor sa
afety of adjoin
ning buildingss and structurres
Long term pe
erformance monitoring
m
for safety during life of structu
ure
3. Instrumentatiion of deep
p excavatio
on
Deep excavations
e
are
a
instrumented before start of anyy excavation. Instrumentation is requ
uired for
monitoring and con
ntrolling beh
havior of dia
aphragm wa
all and surrounding facilities. For example,
e
entation is req
quired to mea
asure sub-surface displaccement, which
h is not possiible to be dettected by
instrume
visual means.
m
It may
y also be requ
uired to monittor lateral mo
ovement or tillt of structures in zone of influence
or any cracks
c
that may develop in
n them. Reprroduced below
w is a diagram showing tyype of instrum
mentation
that mayy be used in a deep excavation:
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AN-11001
Table 2 below summarizes an instrumentation scheme that can be used to monitor deep excavations.
Instruments, like inclinometers, horizontal & vertical extensometers, piezometer, tiltmeters, strain
gages and load cells along with surveying methods are extensively used.
Inclinometers may be placed in boreholes in the soil and/or in piles or diaphragm walls. Load cells on struts
or anchor heads are very useful in checking calculated loads. Strain gages are used in monitoring stress on
struts or in piles and diaphragm walls.
A word of caution - redundancy in instrumentation must be provided to account for damage that may occur
during construction activity. This is very important, especially at critical locations.
Type
Instrument
Purpose
Related problem
Groundwater
table/ piezometric
pressure
Water Standpipe
Lateral
movement
Inclinometer
Stress/load
Change in groundwater
level
Change in piezometric
level
Lateral ground movement
& deflection of retaining
walls
Stress along strut member
Settlement/heave
Piezometer
Earth pressure
cell/jackout pressure
cell
Surface settlement
point
Building/utility
settlement point
Settlement gage
Extensometer
Tilt/crack
Tilt plate/tiltmeter
Crack meter
Vibration
Vibration sensor
Settlement of adjacent
building and utilities
Continuous settlement of
structures
Vertical ground
movements in various
depth zones
Tilt of structures
Cracks on structure
surface
Vibration effect to adjacent
properties
Over-load of struts
Instability of structures
Uneven settlement of
structures
Disturbance to foundation
soils and structures
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Position
Installation
Water Standpipe
Axial
Sister bar
On selected reinforcement
Axial
Earth/jackout
pressure cell
Surface settlement
point
Piezometer
Inclinometer
Vibrating wire
strain gage
Load cell
Building/utility
settlement point
Extensometer
Settlement gauge
Crack meter
Vibration Sensor
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Reproduced below are some typical instrumentation results at a Project in Abu Dhabi, UAE:
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Ensuring construction is carried out safely and to provide data for modifying construction procedure, if
necessary.
Ensuring that adjacent structures are safe during and after construction.
Providing data for evaluating situation should some structure be endangered and preparing
contingency measures should action be needed to safeguard these structures.
Providing data for taking remedial measures should some structure suffer from damage and evaluating
effectiveness of such measures.
Proving data for back analyses for refining design procedures and enhancing construction technology.
5. Case studies
5.1 Office and residential tower, Abu Dhabi, UAE
The office and residential tower will have 27 levels.
Instrumentation has been provided to monitor behavior of
diaphragm wall and settlement caused due to dewatering and
deep excavation. Toe level of D-wall is -20 m and final
excavation level is -12 m. Instrumentation scheme for
monitoring works is as follows:
Description
Depth/
Monitoring
position
frequency
Inclinometer
20 m
Anchor bolt
load cell
(1000 KN)
Strain gage
2.5 m from
capping
beam
First layer of
strutting
Qty.
Daily during
excavation (if not
10
critical) after
excavation weekly
10
Inclinometer installed in
diaphragm wall
12
Monitoring of diaphra
agm wall
AN
N-11001
Datta presentatiion
5.2 Co
orniche Hotell, Khalidiya, Abu
A
Dhabi, UAE
U
The eleg
gant and bea
autiful 35-storrey building has
h
been de
esigned by Surbana
S
Conssultant Pte. Ltd.
L
of Singa
apore to refle
ect the marittime heritage of
Abu Dh
habi. Since final
f
excavattion was dee
ep,
appropriate instrume
ents were used
u
to protect
adjacent structures
s and re
educe grou
und
moveme
ent. To ensu
ure ground movement and
a
deflectio
on of wall within acceptab
ble limits, thrree
layers of strutting was
s provided.
List of in
nstruments us
sed are descrribed below:
Descripttion
D
Depth/Position
n
Monitoring Freque
ency
Q
Qty.
Inclinom
meter
3 m
30
2 m from We
2.5
eller on pipe strut
s
23
Spot we
eldable strain
n gage
68
Dailyy during excavation
VW piezzometer
O
Outside
D-walll
Water standpipe
s
O
Outside
D-walll
Tilt platte
O sensitive structures
On
s
nea
arby
Crack gage
g
O sensitive structures
On
s
nea
arby
58
Vibratio
on & noise re
ecorder
4 location
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7
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13
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Inclinometer in D-wall
Depth/Position
Inclinometer
19 m
Monitoring Frequency
Weekly
Qty.
4
16
14
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A
L
Q
U
D
S
T
O
W
E
R
Instruments
Qty.
Inclinometer- 30 m
20
15
12
Sister bar
30
Tilt plate
10
Crack meter- 50 mm
10
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Monitoring of diaphra
agm wall
AN
N-11001
5.5 Co
onvention Ce
entre and Tow
wer, Doha, Qatar
Q
Anotherr great symbo
ol in Qatars desire
d
to crea
ate world-classs architecture
e is
the Doh
ha Convention Centre and
d Tower whicch will bring a truly futuristic
aspect to
t the Doha skyline.
s
Scheduled to be completed
c
in 2012, the tow
wer
will soarr 105 stories into the sky and offer a panoramic city
c view from
m its
prestigio
ous central location on the Corniche. It will be home to offices on the
lower flo
oors, a hotel with
w 300 guesst rooms, 80 serviced apartments and 300
3
residenttial apartmen
nts. The Con
nvention Cen
ntre, adjacen
nt to the tow
wer
having 87,000
8
square
e meters of co
onvention spa
ace is destine
ed to become
e an
importan
nt regional an
nd internationa
al exhibition location.
The pro
oject includes
s 2 ~3 levels basement covering
c
the full plot area
a. A
proper retention
r
sys
stem was the
erefore necesssary, which comprised of
o a
diaphrag
gm wall, sec
cant pile walll and ground
d anchors. Excavation de
epth
inside re
etaining wall is up to -14
4 m. The fou
undation and diaphragm wall
w
construcction were in the scope of
o work of Am
mmico Contracting Co. W.L.L.
Instrume
entation for the
t diaphragm
m wall was pro
ovided by Enccardio-rite.
Instrume
entation was specified forr monitoring ground and wall moveme
ent,
dewaterring water con
ntrol, and ancchors. Inclino
ometers were used to mon
nitor
horizonttal deflection of secant pile
e wall and D--wall up to 5 m below the toe
level of pile wall. Ground anchors were monitorred with anchor bolt load cells
c
and grou
undwater with
h piezometer.. List of instru
uments used for the foundation works iss as follows:
nts supplied
d:
Description of instrumen
Instrruments
Qty.
Anc
chor load celll 1500 kN
Inclinometer 30 m
Watter standpipe
e 12 m
35
12
15
9
70
C
Convention
Centre
C
and Tower,
T
Doha
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outside excavation using water standpipes and monitoring of pumping activities in pump wells within
excavation using water level indicators.
Depth/Position
47 m
52 m
On layer A struts below
concourse level (2 no. on each
strut)
On layer A struts below
concourse level (2 no. on each
strut)
Outside excavation
Monitoring
Frequency
With-in excavation
Outside excavation/ on utilities
On surrounding buildings
On diaphragm wall below
concourse level
Description
Qty.
9
2
6
14
36
17
211
21
14
The observed data was processed and uploaded on clients server both in graphical and numerical formats
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Monitoring of diaphra
agm wall
AN
N-11001
on a da
aily basis. The
e server, which was accessible by all concerned parties includin
ng the Engineer, also
containe
ed other use
eful informatio
on such as as-built instrumentation layouts, monitoring contro
ol values
(MCV) viz.
v alert, action and maxim
mum permisssible values (M
MPV) for various instrume
ents, previouss & latest
weekly reports, MCV
V breach forms, instrum
mentation picttures, instrum
mentation ca
alibration reco
ords etc.
eport issued contained su
ummary of alll instrumentation & monito
oring related activities
Weekly monitoring re
during th
he previous week.
w
Alert, action
a
& MPV
V forms were issued within
n 24 hrs of any breach off MCV by
any instrument.
Encardio
o-rite execute
ed the comple
ete instrumentation & monitoring works not only of th
he above underground
& annual
station on
o a turn-key basis: supplyy, testing, insttallation, mon
nitoring, factua
al reporting, maintenance
m
calibratio
on, but also for nine othe
er undergroun
nd stations and
a
six annexxed structure
es of the Dub
bai Metro
Project.
Typical readings
s observed in
n inclinomete
er installed in diaphragm
m wall post TBM break-through
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AN-11001
6. Concluding remarks
It is seen that Instrumentation and monitoring plays an important role at both design and construction
stages. The construction of high rise buildings and other structures through deep excavation is well
benefited from the instrumentation and monitoring program. The data observed from monitoring
instrumentation as described above, provides verification of design assumptions. It also helps to manage
the construction in a safe and controlled manner, protecting adjacent buildings/structures. The researches
carried out, based on the instrument readings obtained during ongoing excavation works, have greatly
enhanced the construction technology in several parts of the world.
Based on our successful experience, it is recommended that:
1. In construction projects of significant size, particularly those involving deep excavations in densely
populated area, sufficient emphasis be given to instrumentation and monitoring.
2. More importantly, specialists must be engaged in processing, interpreting and utilizing the data
obtained.
3. Web based remote Data Monitoring Services (WDMS) from Encardio-rite makes instrument data
available online. The service can be judicially used for monitoring displacement & ground water
pressure in the diaphragm wall or in its vicinity, or to provide relevant information related to safety
of construction works and associated buildings, to various authorized personnel like engineer,
client, consultants, project manager etc.
Encardio-rite WDMS consists of a data collection agent, a data base server and a web server
software hosted on a high integrity server machine that periodically collects data from remote
EDAS-10 data loggers, which can be geographically spread over a large area, over cell phone
network. The web server then makes this data available over the internet so that a user can view
the logged data using a suitable web browser like Microsoft Internet Explorer from virtually
anywhere in the world.
The WDMS allows the user to view the data from any transducer connected to the remote
datalogger over a selected time period in either a tabular spread sheet type format or as a graph. A
graphic like a map, ground plan or a photograph can be put on the opening screen marked with
installed sensors. The WDMS can also be programmed to send SMS alert messages to selected
users as soon as any sensor data crosses its predefined alarm levels.
Encardio-rite provides a complete range of geotechnical and structural instrumentation along with technical
support to the construction industry in form of installation, monitoring, method statements, manuals,
application notes, etc. such that it can benefit and improve its quality of work and competitiveness.
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