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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
7.1
BASIC CONCEPTS
(a)
An equation involving derivative(s) of the dependent variable with respect to only one
independent variable is called an ordinary differential equation. In particular equation involving
dy
or dx, dy along with the variables x and y is known as an ordinary
dx
Order of a differential equation is defined as the order of the highest order derivative of
dependent variable with respect to the independet variable, involved in the given
differential equation.
(c)
(d)
(e)
The solution which contains as many arbitrary constants as the order of the differential equation is called the general solution (primitive) of the differential equation.
(f)
The solution free from arbitrary constants, i.e., the solution obtained from the general
solution by giving particular values to arbitrary constants is called a particular solution of the differential equation.
7.2
Find how many arbitrary constants are given in the function and how many we are
asked to eliminate.
(b)
If we have to eliminate one arbitrary constant, then we can differentiate the function
once ; if two then we can differentiate twice and so on.
(c)
Then from the given function and the expression obtained after differentiation, eliminate the arbitrary constants, to get the differential equation.
7.3
(b)
dy x + y
dy x 2 + xy
=
or dx = x - y or
dx
y2
2
2
y
dy y
dy x + y - x
=
=
+ sin , etc, i.e,
or
dx x
x
dx
x
dy
y
= f . We also say that the
dx
z
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
In such cases, we substitute
dv
dy
y
= v or y = vx
= v+x
and proceed by substituting for
dx
dx
x
dy
and y in the given equation. Sometimes, we might get the homogeneous equation as
dx
x
dx
dx
dv
= f . In such case, we substitute x = vy
y
and proceed by substituting
=
v
+
dy
dy
dy
y
dx
for dy and x in the given equation.
(c)
dy
+ P( x ) . y = Q(x) ; P(x), Q(x) are
dx
function of x.
Find Integrating Factor (I.F.) = e P dx and use the result y. (I.F.) =
dx
Sometimes, we get linear differnetial equation form as dy + P( y).x = Q( y );P( y ), Q( y ) are funcitons
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
SOLVED PROBLESM
Ex.1
Sol.
dy
dy
+ sin
=0
dx
dx
dy
dx
\
Order of differential equation is 1.
Equation canot be written as a plynomial in derivatives. Hence degre is not defined.
Ex.2
What will be the order of the differential equatin, corresponding to the family of curves
Sol.
Ex.3
Form the different equation representing the family of curves given by xy = Aex + Be
where A and B are constants.
xy = Aex + Bex
x
Sol.
...(i)
Ex.4
Find the equation of a cure passing through the point (2, 3), given that the slope of the
tangent to the curve at any point (x, y) is
Sol.
2x
.
y2
We know that the slope of the tangent to a curve at any point (x, y) is given by
So,
dy
.
dx
dy 2 x
=
Integrating both sides, we have
dx y 2
y dy = 2x dx
2
y3
= x2 + C
3
...(1)
(3)3
= ( -2)2 + C 9 = 4 + C C = 5
3
y3
= x2 + 5
3
i.e., y3 3x2 = 15 or y =
3x 2 + 15
At any point (x, y) of a curve, the slope of the tangent is twice the slope of the line
segment joining the point of contact to the point (4, 3). Find the equation of the
curve, given that it passes through (2, 1).
Sol.
It is given that
dy
3+ y
-3-y
= 2
= 2
4
x
dx
4+x
1
2
dy =
dx
3+y
4+x
On integrating, we have,
log |3 + y| = 2 log | 4 + x | + C
Since the curve passes through the point (2, 1)
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
we substitute the value x = 2 and y = 1 in Eq. (1) and get
log |3 + 1| = 2 log |4 2| + C
C = log 4 2 log 2 = 2 log 2 2 log 2 = 0
i.e.,
y + 3 = (x + 4)2
Ex.6
A population grows at the rate of 2% per year. How long does it take for the polulation
Sol.
do double ?
Let P0 be the initial population and let the population after t years be P. Then,
dP
2P
=
(given)
dt 100
dP
1
dt Integrating both sides, we have
=
P
50
log P =
1
t+C
50
When t = 0, P = P0
2P
When P = 2P0 t = 50 log 0
P0
P
1
Hence, log =
t
P
50
0
\ log P0 = C
Ex.7
y dy
y
= y cos + x is homogeneous and solve
Show that the differential equation x cos
x
dx
x
it.
Sol.
...(1)
dy f ( x, y )
=
dx g( x, y )
y
y
Here, f(x,y) = y cos + x and g(x, y) = x cos Each one is clearly a homogeneous function of
x
x
degree 1.
Put
y = n x or
y
= n ...(2) Differentiating equation (2) with respect to x, we get
x
dn
dy
= n+x
...(3)
dx
dx
dy
in equation (1), we get
dx
n+x
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dn n cos n + 1
=
dx
cos n
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
or
dn n cos n + 1
-n
=
dx
cos n
or
dn
1
=
dx cos n
...(4)
dx
x
...(5)
cos ndn = x dx
or
or
Replacing n by
...(6)
y
y
in equation (6), we get sin = log | Cx |
x
x
or
y = x sin1 {log |Cx|}
which is the general solution of the differential equation (1).
Q.8
Show that each of the following differntial equation is homogeneous and solve it :
x
Sol.
...(7)
dy
y
- y + x sin = 0
dx
x
dy
=
dx
y
y - x sin
x
x
dn
dy
= n+x
dx
dx
dn
n+x
=
dx
dy
in (1), we have
dx
nx
nx - x sin
dn
dx
1
x = n - sin n x
= sin n
.dn = dx
x
sin n
x
sin n dn = -
tan
dx
n
C
y
C
=
=
tan
2
x
2x x
i.e., x tan
tan tan
n
= - log x + | log C |
2
y
=C
2x
Ex.9
Show that the equation of the curve whose slope at any point (x, y) is equal to y + 2x
and which passes through the origin by y + 2(x + 1) = 2ex
Sol.
Here, we have
dy
dy
= y + 2x
- y = 2x
dx
dx
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Here, P = 1 and Q = 2x
\ I.F. = e
-1 1 .dx
=e
P dx
= e -x =
1
ex
1
2x
1
=
dx + C y. x = 2 x.e - x dx + C = 2[ -xe - x + e - x dx] + C
ex
ex
e
0e -0 = -2.0.e -0 - 2e -0 + C
C=2
y = 2x 2 + 2ex
or
y + 2(x + 1) = 2ex
Ex.10 Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (0, 2) given that the sum of the
coordinates of any point on the curve exceeds the magnitude of the slope of the tanSol.
dy
+5
dx
Here, P = 1 and Q = x 5
I.F. = e
P dx
=e
- 1dx
...(1)
So, the general solution of the D.E. (1) is
= e- x
ye - x = ( x - 5)e - x dx + C
dy
y=x5
dx
ye - x = -xe - x - e - x + 5e - x + C
ye - x = xe - x dx - 5e - x dx + C
y = x 1 + 5 + Cex
2 = 0 1 + 5 + Ce0
C=2
Ex.11 Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (0, 1). If the slope of the tangent to the curve at any point (x, y) is equal to the sum of the x-coordinate (abscissa)
and the product of the x-coordinate and y - coordinate (ordinate) of that point.
Sol.
dy
- xy = x
dx
............(1)
x2
- xdx
P dx
I.F. = e
= e
=e 2
Here, P = x and Q = x
x2
x2
Let
I = xe
x2
2
dx
Put -
ye
x2
2
x2
= t so that x dx = dt
2
= -e
x2
2
............(2)
I = - e t dt = -e t = -e
x2
2
x2
+C
i.e., y = -1 + Ce 2
............(3)
y + 1 = 2e
x2
2
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
UNSOLVED PROBLEMS
EXERCISE I
Q.1
Determine the order and egree of each of the following differential equation
dy
(i) x4 4xy 3x3 = 0
dx
(ii)
1 d2 y
+ 9 y = - 4e - x
2
2
x dx
(iii) xy
dy 1 + y 2
=
dx 1 + x 2
(1 + x + x 2 )
Q.2
Q.3
Q.4
Q.5
Q.6
d2 y
dx2
2e cos x
d2 y
dy
=0
dx
Q.7
Q.8
Q.9
Show that y = Ax +
Q.10
Q.11
Q.12
Q.13
Q.14
Q.15
Solve the differential equation (1 + y2) dx xy dy = 0, and which passes through (1, 0).
Q.16
Q.17
-1
d2 y
dx
dx2
+x
+ (2x 1)
dy
=0
dx
B
dy
d2 y
, x 0 is a solution of the differential equation x 2
+x
-y=0
x
dx
dx
1
dy
= cos3 x sin2 x + x 2x + 1 , x - 2 ,
dx
dy
cos 2x = cos 3x
dx
dy
x = 2 tan1 x
dx
p
p
when x =
2
2
dy
y
y
dy
p
sin + x y sin = 0, y (1) =
x
dx
x
2
y
p
dy
+x
sin = 0, y(1) = 0
2
dx
x
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
x
dx +
y
2
x
y - x 2 log dy = 0, given that y (1) = e
y
Q.18
Q.19
Q.20
Q.21
Q.22
Q.23
dy
+ y cot x = 2x + x2 cot x (x 0) given that y (p/2) = 0
dx
dy
y = log x, y(1) = 0
dx
y
y
p
The slope o the tangent at (x, y) to a curve passing through 1, is given by
cos2 .
x
x
4
Find the equation of the curve.
The surface area of a balloon being inflated changes at a rate proportional to time t. If
initially its radius is 1 unit and after 1 second it is 3 units, find the radius after t seconds.
Q.24
The popluation grows at the rate of 5% per year. How long does it take four the population to
duble ?
Q.25
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
BOARD PROBLES
EXERCISE II
dy
= y(log y log x 1)
dx
Q.1
Q.2
Q.3
[C.B.S.E. 2002]
Q.4
[C.B.S.E. 2002]
Q.5
Q.6
Q.7
Find the differential equation of the family of curves given by x2 + y2 = 2ax.[C.B.S.E. 2003]
Q.8
Q.9
Form the differential equation of xy = Aex + Bex + x2 where A and B are constant
[C.B.S.E. 2001]
dy
= 1 - x + y - xy
dx
[C.B.S.E. 2002]
d2 y dy
+ = 0
dx 2 dx
dy
+ y = x 3 when y(2) = 1
dx
dy
+ y = tan x
dx
[C.B.S.E. 2003]
[C.B.S.E. 2003]
[C.B.S.E. 2003]
[C.B.S.E. 2003]
Q.10
Form the differential equation of curve y2 2ay + x2 = a2, where a is an arbitrary constant.
[C.B.S.E. 2004]
dy
+ 2y tan x = sin x
dx
Q.11
Q.12
Q.13
2
Solve the differential equation 2x
Q.14
Q.15
Q.16
Q.17
Q.18
Q.19
Form the differential equation of y = a sin (x + b), where a and b are arbitrary consants.
Q.20
dy
- 2xy + y 2 = 0 when y(e) = e.
dx
dy y
+ = ex, x > 0
dx x
dy
- 2xy = (x2 + 2) (x2 + 1)
dx
dy
+ secx. y = tan x
dx
[C.B.S.E. 2004]
[C.B.S.E. 2004]
[C.B.S.E. 2005]
[C.B.S.E. 2005]
[C.B.S.E. 2005]
[C.B.S.E. 2005]
[C.B.S.E. 2006]
[C.B.S.E. 2006]
[C.B.S.E. 2007]
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10
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Q.21
Q.22
Q.23
Q.24
Form the differential equation for the circles passing through origin and with centres on y-
dy
+ 2y tan x = sin x
dx
[C.B.S.E. 2007]
[C.B.S.E. 2008]
dy
+ 2y tan x = sin x
dx
axis.
[C.B.S.E. 2008]
[C.B.S.E. 2008]
dy
y
= y x tan
dx
x
Q.25
[C.B.S.E. 2009]
Q.26
Q.27
Q.28
Q.29
Q.30
Q.31
Q.32
Form the differential equation of the family of circles in the second. quadrant and touching
dy
+ y = tan x
dx
[C.B.S.E. 2009]
dy
+ y = cos x sin x
dx
dy
+ 2xy =
dx
x2 + 4
dy
= 2x2 + x
dx
x2 + y2 dx
dx
=x
dy
[C.B.S.E. 2009]
[C.B.S.E. 2010]
[C.B.S.E. 2010]
[C.B.S.E. 2011]
[C.B.S.E. 2011]
[C.B.S.E. 2012]
dy
= 1; y = 0 when x = 2.
dx
[C.B.S.E. 2012]
Q.34
Q.35
[C.B.S.E. 2012]
2
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[C.B.S.E. 2013]
11
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE 1 (UNSOLVED PROBLEMS)
1. (i) order-1, degree-1
2
2 dy
2. (x 2y )
dx
5.
d3 y
dx
=0
4xy
dy
dy
2
2
2
x = 0 3. x + 2y = 4xy
dx
dx
10. y =
4. 4xy
5
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
5
( 2x + 1) 2 - (2x + 1) 2 + C, x - ,
sin x sin x +
2
6
10
3
5
12. y =
15. x = (1 + y )
18.
x2
2y
log
dy
2
2
= 2y x
dx
19. y = x
14. y = (x + 1) log |x + 1| x + 3
y
y
17. e- y/ x sin + cos = 1 + log x 2, x 0
x
x
y
16. log | x | = cos , x 0
x
x2
x
3
log y = 1
y
4y2
4e2
p
,nZ
2
p2
1
tan 1
(sin x 0) 20. (x tan y + 1)e
y=1
4 sin x
22. y = x tan
25. 0.43%
e
log
x
23.
8t 2 + 1
5. xy =
cx
2. log(1 + y) = x
- x3
x2
y2
+ c 3.
=c
3 + log y = c 4. log x + x + log y
3y
2
2
dy
x4
2
2
2 7. x + 2xy
y =0
dx
4
tan x
8. y = tan x 1 + ce
dy
dy
2 dy
- 1 2y2 2xy
10. x
=0
dx
dx
dx
13. y =
2x
1 + log x
2
14. y =
18. 3x y + 2y = c
19.
1
c
x
(x 1)e +
x
x
9. x
d2 y
dx
+2
12. log y +
dy
2
= xy x + 2
dx
1
1
x=c
+
y
x
y y
d2 y
dx2
+y=0
20.
d2 y
dx2
+ 4y = 0
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12
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
2
31. y = 3x + cx
33.
y=
23. y =
1
x (x + y)
2
26. y = (tan x 1) + ce
32.
tan x
24. (x y )
30. y +
dy
= 2xy
dx
x2 + y2 = cx
3
1 1
1
log1 - 2 - log
4
2
x 2
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