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ISSN 0976 6340(Print),
INTERNATIONAL
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AND
ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 31-46 IAEME
TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)
IJMET
IAEME
S.S. Banwait,
S.C. Laroiya
National Institute of Technical Teachers Training & Research, Sector 26, Chandigarh
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper is to predict the temperature distribution in fluid-film, bush housing
and journal along with pressure in fluid-film using a non-dimensional viscosity-temperature
equation. There are two main governing equations as, the Reynolds equation for the pressure
distribution and the energy equation for the temperature distribution. These governing equations are
coupled with each other through the viscosity. The viscosity decreases as temperature increases. The
hydrodynamic pressure field was obtained through the solution of the Generalized Reynolds
equation. This equation was solved numerically by using finite element method. Finite difference
method has been used for three dimensional energy equations for predicting temperature distribution
in fluid film. For finding the temperature distribution in the bush, the Fourier heat conduction
equation in the non- dimensional cylindrical coordinate has been adopted. The temperature
distribution of the journal was found out using a steady-state unidirectional heat conduction
equation.
Keywords: Journal Bearings. Reynolds Equation, Thermohydrodynamic Analysis, ViscosityTemperature Equation.
1. INTRODUCTION
A Journal bearing is a machine element whose function is to provide smooth relative motion
between bush and journal. In order to keep a machine workable for long periods, friction and wear of
mating parts must be kept low. The plain journal bearings are used for high speed rotating
machinery. This high speed rotating machinery fails due to failure of bearings. Due to the heavy load
and high speed, the temperature increases in the bearing. For prediction of temperature and pressure
distribution in bearing, accurate data analysis is necessary. An accurate thermo hydrodynamic
analysis is required to find the thermal response of the lubricating fluid and bush. Therefore, a need
has been felt to carry out further investigation on the thermal effects in journal bearings.
31
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 31-46 IAEME
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 31-46 IAEME
velocity, pressure and temperature distributions in the circumferential and cross film directions
without considering any approximations. B. Maneshian and S. A. Gandjalikhan Nassab [20]
determined thermohydrodynamic characteristics of journal bearings with turbulent flow using
computational fluid dynamic techniques. The bearing had infinite length and operates under
incompressible and steady conditions. The numerical solution of two-dimensional NavierStokes
equation, with the equations governing the kinetic energy of turbulence and the dissipation rate,
coupled with then energy equation in the lubricant flow and the heat conduction equation in the
bearing was carried out. N. P. Mehata et al. [21] derived a generalized Reynolds equation for
carrying out the stability analysis of a two lobe hydrodynamic bearing operating with couple stress
fluids that has been solved using the finite element method. N. P. Arab Solghar et al. [22] carried out
experimental assessment of the influence of angle between the groove axis and the load line on the
thermohydrodynamic behavior of twin groove hydrodynamic journal bearings. Mukesh Sahu et al.
[23] used computational fluid dynamic technique for predicting the performance characteristics of a
plain journal bearing. Three dimensional studies have been done to predict pressure distribution
along journal surface circumferentially as well as axially. E. Sujith Prasad et al. [24] modified
average Reynolds equation that includes the Patir and Chengs flow factors, cross-film viscosity
integrals, average fluid-film thickness and inertia term. This was used to study the combined
influence of surface roughness, thermal and fluid-inertia on bearing performance. Abdessamed
Nessil et al. [25] presented the journal bearings lubrication aspect analysis using non-Newtonian
fluids which were described by a power law formula and thermohydrodynamic aspect. The influence
of the various values of the non- Newtonian power-law index, , on the lubricant film and also
analyzed the journal bearing properties using the Reynolds equation in its generalized form.
The aim of this work is to predict the pressure and temperature distribution in plain journal
bearing. Thermohydrodynamic analysis of a plain journal bearing has been presented with an
improved viscosity-temperature equation. The equation has been modified by authors to predict the
proper relation between viscosity and temperature for forecasting the correct temperature in plain
journal bearing. The pressure and temperature distribution in the journal bearing which was almost
equal to the temperature obtained by experimental results of Ferron J. et al. [3]. The results have been
validated by comparison with experimental results of Ferron J. et al. [3]. and show good agreement.
2. GOVERNING EQUATIONS
In this present work three dimensional energy equation, heat conduction and Reynolds
equation were considered for analysis of thermohydrodynamic analysis of a plain journal bearing.
This bearing having a groove of 18 extent at the load line. The geometric details of the journal
bearing system are illustrated in Fig 1. Single axial groove has been used for supplying fluid to the
bearing under, negligible pressure. The model based on the simultaneous numerical solution of the
generalized Reynolds and three dimensional energy equations within the fluid-film and the heat
transfer within the bush body.
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 31-46 IAEME
2.1
h F2
h F2
F0
F0 =
0
dz
; F1 =
0
z
F1
z dz
F0
0
F0 , F1 and F2
(2)
dz ; and F2 =
The non-dimensional functions of viscosity F0 , F1 and F2 report for the effect of variation in fluid
viscosity across the film thickness. And non dimensional minimum film thickness is given by,
h = 1 X j cos Z j sin
(3)
The above equation (1) was solved to satisfy the following boundary and complementarity
conditions:
i.
On the bearing side boundaries,
( = ), p = 0
ii.
(4)
(5)
iii. In the positive pressure region, Positive pressures will be generated only when the fil
thickness is thin,
(6)
Q = 0, p > 0
iv.
p
=0
(7)
34
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 31-46 IAEME
Solution of Eq. (1) with above boundary and complementary conditions gives pressure at each node.
2.2
Viscosity-Temperature Equations
There were several viscosity-temperature equations available; some of them were purely
empirical whereas others were derived from theoretical models. The Vogel equation was most
accurate. In order to keep a machine workable for long periods, friction and wear of its parts must be
kept low. For effective lubrication, fluid must be viscous enough to maintain a fluid film under
operating conditions. Viscosity is the most important property of the fluid, which utilized in
hydrodynamic lubrication. The coefficient of viscosity of fluid and density changes with
temperature. If a large amount of heat is generated in the fluid film, the thickness of fluid film
changes with respect to temperature and viscosity. The viscosity of oil decreases with increasing
temperature. Hence, the change in viscosity cannot be ignored. Due to viscous shearing of fluid
layer, heat is generated; as significance, high temperatures may be anticipated. Under this condition
the fluid can experience a variation in temperature, so that it is necessary to predict the bearing
temperature and pressure.
Therefore, a need has been felt to carry out further investigations on analysis of the thermal
effects in journal bearings, so the viscosity-temperature relation given by Ferron J. et al. [3] has been
modified. The viscosity is a function of temperature and it was assumed to be dependent on
temperature. The viscosity of the lubricant was assumed to be variable across the film and around the
circumference. The variation of viscosity with the temperature in the non-dimensional two degree
equation was described by Ferron J. et al. [3]; this equation was expressed as,
=
= k0 k1 T f + k2 T f
0
(8)
The authors modified and developed a two degree viscosity-temperature relation in to three
degree polynomial viscosity-temperature relation. This modified equation as illustrated below,
=
2
3
= k0 k1 T f + k 2 T f k3 T f
0
(9)
J. Ferron et al. [3] used the viscosity coefficients, k0 = 3.287, k1 = 3.064, k2 = 0.777 while the
authors considered the following modified viscosity coefficients, k0 = 3.1286, k1 = 2.4817,
k2 = 1.1605 and k3=0.3266. The polynomial equation was found out for getting improved results.
Results obtained from viscosity-temperature equation which was developed by authors gives good
results when compared with experimental results of J. Ferron et al. [3]. This temperature distribution
in plain journal bearing shows very slight variation between temperature obtained by authors and
temperature obtained by J. Ferron et al. [3]. At different load the computed maximum bush
temperature and pressure are nearly equal for 1500, 2000, 3000 and 4000 rpm. The authors have
found during their investigation that the developed viscosity-temperature equation gives very close
values of the maximum bush temperature when compared with the experimental results of J. Ferron
et al. [3] at all above speeds. To verify the validity of the above equations and the computer code, the
35
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 31-46 IAEME
results from the above analysis was compared with experimental values of J. Ferron et al. [3]
bearing.
2.3
h
z
h u
(10)
The non-dimensional effective inverse Peclect number ( P ) and Dissipation number ( D ) are
as follows,
e
kf
Pe =
(C
j c2 )
, De =
(C
(11)
2
p Tr c )
Values of the non-dimensional velocity components in circumferential and axial direction are
as follow,
2
u=h
z
p z z
1 z dz
d z F1 d z +
F
F
0 0
0
0
0
v=h
z
p z z
d z F1 d z
F0 0
0
(12)
(13)
The continuity equation is partially differentiated with respect to z to determine the nondimensional radial component of velocity ( w ) as,
2 w
2
+h
u
v
u h
+
z
=0
z z
(14)
Integrate the above equation with finite difference method considering the following
boundary conditions,
w = 0 at z = 0 and w =
h
at z = 1
(15)
The three dimensional energy equations have been solved with the following boundary
conditions,
(i)
On the fluidjournal interface ( z = 1)
36
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 31-46 IAEME
(16)
Tf = Tj
(ii)
(17)
T f = Tb
2.4
(18)
1 Tb 2Tb
1 2Tb
+
+ 2
=0
2
r r
2
r
k T f
k b T b
= f
c h z | z = 0
r | r = R1
ii.
( z = 0, r = R1 )
(19)
T
b
=
r
|r = R2
iii.
T
b
hab R
T
Ta
kb b |r = R2
( r = R2 ) ,
(20)
h R
= ab Tb | =
kb
| =
Ta
(21)
iv. At the outlet edge of bearing pad, free convection of heat flow from bush to fluid in the
supply groove gives,
T
b
| =
e
e =
h fb R
(Tb Ts )
kb
(22)
r =R 2
= Ts
( = i )
(23)
37
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 31-46 IAEME
In addition, a free convection of heat between fluid and housing has been assuming,
T
b
| =i
h fb R
T T
kb ( b s )
(24)
2T j
y A j + q = 0
y 2
k j
(25)
2
Tj
where
q=
+ q =0
y =
(26)
k f 2 1 T f
d
h
c kj 0 z
(27)
The above equations have been solved with the following boundary condition,
At the axial ends, i.e. = ,
T
j
| =
haj R
T
Ta
k j j | =
(28)
(29)
38
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 31-46 IAEME
Where Tre - recirculating hot fluid, For the unit length of bearing,
1
(30)
( )
Q = h u dz
0
(31)
(32)
Q s = Q Qre
1
Qre = C L h u d z
0
(
0
Tre Qre = CL h u T f d z
(33)
Tm = T f ( z ) d z
(34)
39
Tf ( z ) across
the fluid
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 31-46 IAEME
3. SOLUTION PROCEDURE
The overall solution scheme for thermohydrodynamic analysis of plain journal bearing is
depicted in Fig 2. The non dimensional coefficient of viscosity has been found out. Reynolds
equation solved by finite element method for obtaining pressure distribution in the fluid-film by
iterative technique. The negative pressure nodes were set to zero and attitude angle was modified till
convergence was achieved. Pressure and temperature fields for the initial eccentricity ratio have been
recognized. The load capacity of the journal bearing was calculated by iterative method. Values of
the fluid film velocity components were calculated in circumferential, axial and radial directions.
Coefficient of contraction of fluid-film was determined. Coefficient of contraction was assumed as
unity in positive pressure zone. The mean temperature of the fluid was calculated. By using finite
difference method three dimensional energy equation was solved for temperature distribution in
fluid-film. Heat conduction equation was solved for determination of temperature distribution in
bush housing. The above procedure was repeated till convergence was achieved. One dimensional
heat conduction equation was used for temperature distribution in journal. The journal temperature
was revised after obtaining the converged temperature for fluid and bush. The energy and Fourier
conduction equations were simultaneously solved with revised journal temperature. All the above
steps were repeated until the convergence was achieved. Using modified non dimensional viscositytemperature relation the non dimensional viscosity was found out and modified until convergence
was achieved. After convergence achieved the temperature of fluid, bush and journal was found. For
the next value of the eccentricity ratio once the thermohydrodynamic pressure and temperature have
been established. The data used for computation of pressure and temperature in fluid, bush and
journal were depicted in Table 1.
Table 1: Bearing dimensions, operating conditions and lubricant properties
No. of nodes in one element
Node 4
Outer radius bush
R2
0.1
m
Radius of journal
R
0.05
m
Length of bush
L
0.08
m
Length to diameter ratio (Aspect ratio)
L/D
0.8
Attitude angle
56
Radial clearance (c)
0.0029
c
Thermal conductivity of fluid
kf
0.13
W/m C
Thermal conductivity of bush housing
kb
50
W/m C
Thermal conductivity of journal
kj
50
W/m C
Convective heat transfer coefficient of bush
hab
50
W/m2 C
Convective heat transfer coefficient of journal
haj
50
W/m2 C
Convective heat transfer coefficient of bush housing
hfb
1500
W/m2 C
from solid to fluid
Specific heat of lubricant
Cp
2000
J/kg C
Density of lubricant
860
kg/m3
Viscosity of lubricant at 40C
0.0277 N-s/m2
Journal Speed
N
1500, 2000, 3000 and
4000 rpm
Reference temperature of lubricant
Tr
40
C
Ambient temperature of lubricant
Ta
40
C
Supply temperature of lubricant
Ts
40
C
40
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 31-46 IAEME
41
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 31-46 IAEME
42
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 31-46 IAEME
5. CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of results and discussions presented in the earlier sections, the following major
conclusions are drawn:
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Nomenclature
Aj
CL
CL = u h
dz
|t e
0
u h | d z
Cp
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 31-46 IAEME
De
e
F0 , F1,
Dissipation number
Journal Eccentricity, (m); = e / c
Non dimensional Integration functions of Viscosity
F2
h
hab
haj
h fb
k0 , k1
Thickness of fluid-film,(m); h = h / c
Convective heat transfer coefficient
bush, (W/ m2 0C)
Convective heat transfer coefficient
of journal, (W/m2 0C)
Convective heat transfer coefficient from bush to fluid in groove,
(W/m2 0C)
Coefficient of Viscosity
k 2 , k3
k ,k
f b
k
L
p
ps
Pe
q
j
Fluid-flow, (m3/s) s
Radial coordinate; r = r / R
Radius of journal, (m)
Inner and outer radius of bush, m
r
R
R1 , R2
R1 = R1 / R, R 2 = R2 / R
Tr
Ta
Tb
Tf
Journal temperature,(C); T j = T j / Tr
T
s
u,v, w
T f =T /T
f
r
x, y, z
X j, Zj
u
v
w
, v=
, w=
( j / R )
( j / R )
( j / R )
45
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 31-46 IAEME
X j = sin , Z j = cos
Circumferential cylindrical
coordinate; x R
Axial cylindrical coordinate; y R
Eccentricity ratio;
Aspect ratio; L D
46