Military display market:

update to fourth comprehensive edition*

Daniel D. Desjardins, James C. Byrd and Darrel G.
Hopper
Air Force Research Laboratory
Address: Bldg 497, Rm 202, 3550 Aberdeen Drive SE, Kirtland AFB NM 87114 USA
DDD Telephone: 505/846-4591 Fax: 505/846-0486 E-mail: daniel.desjardins@kirtland.af.mil
DGH Telephone: 937/255-8822 Fax: 937/255-8366 E-mail: darrel.hopper@wpafb.af.mil
JCB Telephone: 937-429-1805 E-mail: byrdhouse9@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
The military display market is analyzed in terms of all fully electronic and many electro-mechanical displays used on
combat platforms across all DOD Services. The military market for displays is defined by parameters such as active area,
bezel-to-bezel measurement and technology. Other characteristics such as luminance, contrast ratio, gray levels, resolution,
viewing angle, color, video capability, and night vision imaging system compatibility are noted. This study takes into
account all displays that are either installed or funded for installation. In some cases, planned displays are also included.
Display sizes having aggregate defense applications of 5,000 units or greater and having DOD applications across 10 or
more platform fleets, are tabulated. The issue of size commonality is addressed where distribution of active area across
platform fleets, individually, in groups of two through nine, and ten or more, is illustrated. Military displays are also
analyzed by technology, where total quantities of such displays are broken out into CRT, LCD, AMLCD, EM, LED,
Incandescent, Plasma and TFEL percentages. Custom, versus rugged commercial, versus commercial off-the-shelf
designs are contrasted. High and low information content designs are identified. Displays for several high-profile
military programs are discussed, to include both technical specifications and program history. This defense-wide study,
an up-date to our paper delivered April 2006, documents 642 weapons system platforms comprising 1,194,199 displays
in 1,217 sizes, of which 1,197 are direct-view and 20 are virtual-view. Defense display sizes range from 0.082 in..2 to
10,625 in.2 in 18 technologies, mostly flat panel display (FPD) technologies based on thin-film transistor active matrix
liquid crystal displays (TFT AM LCD), with cathode ray tube (CRT) second and dropping rapidly. This paper provides
an overview of the DOD display market, allowing government, academia and industry highlights of information provided in
the Military Display Market: Fifth Comprehensive Edition technical report.

1. INTRODUCTION
This paper provides an overview of the DOD display market, providing government and industry latest updates to the 762
page Military Display Market: Fourth Comprehensive Edition technical report. A key purpose of this study is to facilitate
government incentives and industry investment in order to meet future demand. Timely decisions by both government and
industry can avoid adverse market phenomena such as vanishing vendor syndrome and sole vendor dependencies, while
enabling positive trends such as technology transition and commonality. The current study suggests DOD display needs will
exceed 1,194,000 over the next 15 years. Direct-view displays, to include large-area command and control applications, are
already in excess of 973,000. Virtual-view displays, including Head-Up Displays (HUD), Helmet-Mounted Displays (HMD)
*

Citation: Daniel D. Desjardins, James C. Byrd and Darrel G. Hopper, Military display market: update to fourth
comprehensive edition, in Display Technologies & Applications for Defense, Security, and Avionics III, SPIE Vol
7327, paper 4 (2009).

and Night Vision Goggles (NVG), are in excess of 221,000. Of these, some 219,000 are miniature displays, either CRT (of
various phosphors), MEMS (e.g., NOMAD) or AMOLED (e.g., Land Warrior HMD). The detailed report is now available
for public release. 1

2. STATUS
This is the fifth comprehensive report on the Military Display Market. In 1997 we published an interim report,
followed by comprehensive editions in 1998, 1999, 2002 and 2006. The initial study began in 1991, when we first
attempted to inventory the number, function and size of displays to determine what level of display capability was being
delivered for tri-service aircraft cockpits. By 1995, the focus was enlarged to encompass all displays for all combat
platforms. The 1997 interim report covered 132 platforms and identified some 157,000 displays. Progress proceeded as
follows: the first comprehensive edition (1998) covered 263 platforms and 242,000 displays; the second comprehensive
edition (1999) covered 350 platforms and 322,000 displays; the third comprehensive edition (2002) identified 403
combat platforms and over 382,500 displays; the fourth comprehensive edition (2006), represented a quantum leap,
including data on 628 platforms and covering some 1,134,022 displays. This report, which serves as an update to the
fourth comprehensive edition, comprises data on 642 weapon system platforms and 1,194,199 displays. This collection
of data is by no means complete, and we are certainly aware that updates to already identified systems and whole new
platforms and as-yet unidentified systems will need to be incorporated in future reports.

1400
Sizes
1200

Displays (x 1000)
Platforms

1000

HIC (x1000)
800
600
400
200
0
1993

1997

1998

1999

2002

2006

2009

Figure 1. Military display market data collection, 1993 2009.

3. BACKGROUND
Spurred by the global war on terror, the DOD budget has been on the rise, going from $410.6B in FY2006 to a requested
$515.4B for FY2009 (not including a $70B emergency allowance). 2 The budget requests $183.8B for research and
development to meet future threats, and also procurement. For Army, the proposed budget provides $9.2B to maintain and
strengthen joint ground capabilities and continue development of the Army Future Combat System, to include manned and
unmanned vehicles, the non-line-of-sight launch system, and the joint network communication system. It also allows for

upgrades to Stryker and additional buys for the Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicle. For Navy, the budget
proposes $16.9B to strengthen joint maritime capabilities, to include the CVN-21 Carrier, one DDG-1000 next generation
surface combatant vessel, two littoral combat ships, two joint high-speed vessels, two auxiliary T-AKE cargo ships, and one
Virginia Class submarine. In regard to USAF and Navy, the proposed FY2009 budget strengthens Joint Air Capabilities by
providing $45.6B for the F/A-18 Hornet, the E/A-18G Growler, the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, the V-22 Osprey, various
unmanned aerial vehicles, missiles and other weapons. The FY2009 budget also provides $16.4B for an assortment of
modern command, control, communications, computers and intelligence investment, $11.0B for procurement of advanced
munitions and missiles, and $52.1B for a host of mission support equipment, to include night vision goggles.
This rising DOD budget - a $35.9B increase over the budget enacted for FY08 - facilitates investment for emerging
technologies, including displays. By spurring replacement of vanishing vendor-afflicted technologies, e.g., cathode ray
tube (CRT) and electromechanical (EM) displays, the new investment will save logistics dollars by achieving a 12:1
return on investment (ROI) relative to implementation of flat panel displays (FPD). As was said in earlier papers, the
Vanishing Vendor Syndrome for CRT and EM displays affects DOD in terms of unavailable assets that cannot be
delivered either to train/equip commands such as Air Combat Command, or dispatched to using commands such as
USSOCOM or CINCPAC.

4. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSES

This paper covers all DoD displays used for combat or combat support (force projection). A first category regards
application to platfoms that operate in a full-sunlight combat environment: fighter/attack, land vehicles, dismounted
combatants, downed pilots, maintenance equipment and head or helmet-mounted. In some of these applications we see
that a person, rather than a vehicle, is the platform. A second category regards platforms found in a combat
environment, but whose displays require less sunlight readability, and include the following: underwater vessels,
bombers, helicopters, sensor/surveillance aircraft, naval surface warfare vessels, cargo/tankers, trainers and experimental
aircraft. A third category regards platforms that operate in a benign environment and therefore require still less ilities,
e.g., low sunlight readability and moderate environmental considerations. Platform groups include unmanned vehicle
control stations and command and control centers. As may be inferred, platform, regards a particular variant of air,
land or sea vehicle, e.g., A/F-18E as opposed to A/F-18F, or a non-mobile structure, i.e., a building or a part thereof,
allocated to particular functional organizations, e.g., 50th Space Wing, 1st Space Operations Squadron versus 50th Space
Wing, 2nd Space Operations Squadron (same building, but two platforms because two different functional
organizations). Then again, in the case of dismounted combatants or head and helmet-mounted displays, platform is
the individual user, yet counted as a unique platform per display type (e.g., there are 5245 Land Warrior V1.0 HelmetMounted Displays, but all are counted against one platform type, i.e., soldier). A display type is hereby defined as
a display device for which there is a unique military nomenclature and/or a unique national stock number (NSN), and
represents a unique Line Replaceable Unit (LRU), e.g., AN/ARC-210. This display type may have various
manufacturers part numbers (e.g., Rockwell Collins uses control display head P/N C-11898 or C-11898A for the same
AN/ARC-210), but as long as the display device has a unique military nomenclature (and/or NSN) it is considered and
counted as a unique display type. For fully electronic displays, the word size in this paper refers to the active area
(inner-bezel) measurement, else the outer-bezel measurement for electromechanical displays. The measurement is given
in English units (inches) and/or SI units (millimeters) in the dimensional format of horizontal x vertical (HxV), diagonal,
or diameter.
The panorama of military display ilities included in this study include maximum and minimum luminance (in lux or
footLamberts), contrast ratio under specified ambient illumination for conditions of maximum and minimum luminance,
number of gray levels (for flat panel displays) or gray shades (for CRTs), horizontal and vertical viewing angles, resolution
(in horizontal x vertical pixels, total pixels or CRT lines, horizontal x vertical), Night Vision Imaging System compatibility
(rated by Type and Class), 1976 CIE chromaticity coordinates for white, red, green and blue (to include error margin),
operating and non-operating temperature limits, operating and non-operating altitude limits, shock and vibration. This paper
will further address programmatic issues for select programs, to include program milestones (PDR, CDR, etc.), delivery
dates, delivery rates, initial operating capability, technology transition decisions, and performance or maintenance concerns.
All DOD display data available since our last report in 2006 have been updated and analyzed by size, technology,
performance parameters or other criterion. In the current paper (as per previous papers) we rank-order the most

quantitative display sizes, identify the percentage market share of DOD displays by technology, show the distribution of
DOD display sizes among one or more programs, delineate the degree of low and high information content displays
used by DOD platform groups, and address other issues such as industrial base (i.e., manufacture according to military or
commercial standards).

5. SUMMARY
5.1 Sizes
As of March 2009 our study documents a total of 1,217 display sizes in use relative display-related LRUs existing for all
DOD combat platforms. This distribution is illustrated in Figure 1. Note that in the past, the number of platforms was
equated with the number of acquisition programs. This is not strictly correct, as variants of a base platform, e.g., F-16,
counted separately, are typically part of the same program. Figure 1 (used previously) has been modified to reflect this
fact. Some 680 of these 1,217 display sizes are unique (55.8%); that is, they are used by just one platform. Furthermore,
70 of the 1,217 unique sizes are singularities just one LRU embodying that display size exists in the known DOD
inventory. Some 65 sizes are used on 10 or more DOD platforms. Also, 472 sizes are used on 2 to 9 platforms. Some 28
sizes are used in aggregate quantities of 5,000 units or more; of these, 3 are unique to a single platform, 7 are used by two
to nine platforms, and 18 are used by 10 platforms. Also, 47 sizes are used in aggregate quantities of less than 5,000
units, but by 10 platforms. Caveat: the same size on different platforms can be, and often is, a different LRU. In
consequence, the number of unique LRUs is decidedly greater than the number of display sizes.

DOD Sizes vs. Platforms 2009

680
700
600

Number

472

500
400

of
300

Sizes

200

65

100
0
1

2 thru 9

10+

Platforms
Figure 2. Distribution of 1,217 display sizes across weapon system platforms
5.1.1 Size Categories as a Percent of DOD Market Share
The some 1,217 display sizes currently in use can be ranked and analyzed by size categories across all DOD platforms.

Table 1 presents the 29 most quantitative DOD display sizes in terms of overall market share. The 40 FOV displays
account for 16.4% (100% NVG P-43 Phosphor associated primarily with the AN/AVS-6 and -9, and the AN/PVS-7 and 14). The 2.5 x 1.25 in. active area, for instance, represents 13.3% of total DOD displays (100% are LCD, associated with
the AN/PSN-11 Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver). The 1.905 x 0.725 in. size represents 11.8% (100% are LCD,
associated, in the main, with the RT-1523 and RT-1702 radio). The 1.949 x 0.534 in. size represents 7.7% (100% LCD
associated, in the main, with the RT-1523 and RT-1702 radio). The 1.680 x 0.390 in. size represents 4.2% (100% LED
associated with the SINCGARS 1523 radio), while the 10.4 in. diagonal jumps from 2.0% in 2006 to 3.5% in 2009 due to
its association with DVE on MRAP, but also previous associations with RVS-330 on numerous land and amphibious
vehicles, not to mention airborne, shipboard and dismounted combatant applications. The 2.75 x 1.25 in. weighs in at
2.5% (100% LCD, associated with the Digital Advanced GPS Receiver: DAGR). The 0.8125 x 0.28125 in. size accounts
for 2.1% (100% LED: uniquely for the Indicator Control Panel on the C-17), and the 2.112 x 0.616 in. for 1.7% (100%
LCD, as applied to the PRC-117, PRC-150 and RF-5800 series radio).

Table I. Most Quantitative DOD Display Sizes (Top 29)

Display Size

#Displays

Share*

#WSP*

Breakout by Technology

40 FOV

196,046

16.4% 27

100% NVG P-43 Phosphor

2.5 x 1.25 in.

159,000

13.3% 21

100% LCD

1.905 x 0.725 in.

141,185

11.8% 21

100% LCD

1.949 x 0.534 in.

92,738

7.7% 36

100% LCD

1.680 x 0.390 in.

50,155

4.2%

100% LED

10.4 in. diagonal

41,343

3.5% 90

100% AMLCD

2.75 x 1.25 in.

30,000

2.5%

100% LCD

0.8125 x 0.28125 in.

24,496

2.1%

100% LED

2.112 x 0.616 in.

20,356

1.7%

100% LCD

13.3 in. diagonal

12,500

1.0% 10

100% AMLCD

2.3116 x 1.6964 in.

11,962

1.0%

9.4 in. diagonal

11,642

1.0%

100% LCD
51.4% AMLCD, 43.5% LCD, 5.3%
dLCD, 2.6% CRT

5.0 x 5.0 in.

11,518

1.0% 50

93% CRT, 7% EM

12.1 in. diagonal

11,336

0.9% 38

100% AMLCD

8.4 in. diagonal

11,108

0.9% 14

100% AMLCD

2.25 x 2.25 in.

10,002

0.8% 27

99.5% AMLCD, 0.5% EM

7,721

0.6% 43

100% CRT

19.0 in. diagonal

nnn

2.75 in. diameter

7,602

0.6% 36

99.0% CRT, 1.0% EM

5.8 x 9.0 in.

7,000

0.6%

13.0 in. diagonal

6,469

0.5%

100% AMLCD
99% CRT, 0.6% Plasma, 0.4%
AMLCD

14.0 in. diagonal

6,443

0.5% 20

99.6% CRT, 0.4% AMLCD

6.0 in. diagonal

6,168

0.5%

100% LCD

3.96 x 3.96 in.

5,960

0.5% 12

100% AMLCD

6.0 x 8.0 in.

5,830

0.5% 24

100% AMLCD

0.968 in. diagonal

5,436

0.5%

100% AMLCD

4.22 x 4.22 in.

5,245

0.4%

22

100% AMLCD

0.62 in. diagonal

5,245

0.4%

100% AMOLED

2.8 x 1.2 in.

5,041

0.4%

100% AMLCD

20 in. diagonal

4,739

0.4%

18

Subtotal (Top 29)

913,486

76.5%

* of DOD Total Displays: 1,194,199

100% CRT

5.2 Technologies
Defense displays are instantiated by as many as 18 different technologies. These encompass the older technologies such
as cathode ray tube (CRT), night vision goggle (NVG) thermal sight phosphors, electromechanical (EM) and
incandescent, to the more modern such as Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCOS), Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting
Diode (AMOLED) and Biaxial Scanning Mirror-Microelectromechanical System. In addition are the many flat panel
technologies that have become a mainstay since the 1990s: dichroic and passive matrix Liquid Crystal Displays (dLCD,
LCD, respectively), Active Matrix LCD (AMLCD), thick and thin film electroluminescent (EL), plasma, inorganic and
organic light emitting diode (ILED, OLED, respectively), etc. It is to be noted that CRT, EM and incandescent
technologies, combined, account for some 13.4% of the existing DOD market. NVG and thermal sight phosphors
represent another 16.6%. By contrast, flat panel technologies account for as much as 69.8% of the DOD market, with the
liquid crystals, alone, being 58.2%. The numerical break-out by technology for DOD displays, both direct- and virtualview, is tabulated in Table II and illustrated in Figure 3. There continues to be no comprehensive effort to gather
information on electro-mechanical and incandescent displays, primarily because these tend to be associated with
secondary instruments, documented (typically) only if there are no fully electronic displays on a given platform.

LCD (passive matrix)

41.55

dichroic LCD

1.3

2.44

EM

EL (thick & thin film)

0.45
LED

AMLCD

10.02

0.58

Plasma (ac & dc)

0.04

LCOS

0.46

15.31
27.1

0.22

AMOLED
Other (MEMS , hybrids,...)

CRT (inc. NVG Phosphors)

* LCD total: 58.2%

Figure 3. Penetration of Flat Panel Display Technology into Defense Applications.
Table II. Defense Display Market by Technology
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Number

Percent

Technology

496,191
197,972
182,880
126,613
119,676
29,089
15,509
6,961
5,440
4,089
3,118
2,326
1,004
621

41.55%
16.58%
15.31%
10.60%
10.02%
2.44%
1.30%
0.58%
0.46%
0.34%
0.26%
0.19%
0.08%
0.05%

Liquid crystal display (LCD, note: passive matrix; no TFTs in pixels)

NVG & Thermal Sight Phosphors (P-43, P-53, InGaAs, InSb, etc.)
Active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD, note: TFTs in each pixel)
Cathode ray tube (CRT), inc. 0.72% HUD and 1.61% Helmet CRTs
Inorganic light emitting diode (ILED, note: LED often used for ILED),
Electro-mechanical (EM)
Dichroic LCD (dLCD, note: dichroic LC material decomposes in sun)
Gas discharge plasma (Plasma, AC or DC discharge maintainance)
Miniature Active matrix organic light emitting diode (mini-AMOLED)
Incandescent
Thin-film inorganic electroluminescent display (TFEL)
Thick film electroluminescent (EL)
Neon
Digital Micromirror Device-Microelectromechanical System (DMD-MEMS, aka Digital Light
Processing, or reflective active matrix micromechanical display on silicon substrate)
Liquid Crystal On Silicon (LCOS, reflective miniature AMLCD on Si subs)
Biaxial Scanning Mirror-Microelectromechanical System (BSM-MEMS)
Unknown
Hybrid: EM/LED
Unknown
Hybrid CRT/LCD

481
329
314
252
204
154
1,194,199

0.04%
0.03%
0.03%
0.02%
0.02%
0.01%
100.00 %

TOTAL

5.3 High Versus Low Information Content

We distinguish between displays capable of high versus low information content as an important qualifier regarding the

level of engineering and industrial capability required in order to meet demand of the DOD market. Analysis of high
versus low information content also allows us to estimate the degree of older dedicated instrumentation versus newer multifunction capability, thereby providing insight as to fleet modernization and opportunities for upgrade. As to definition, one
distinction between high and low is total number of pixels. Number of pixels determines the instantaneous information
density the viewer can see during one frame. In 2006 we defined any display with less than quarter-VGA (<76,800 pixels)
resolution as having low information content (LIC). By contrast, we defined any display with quarter-VGA or greater as
having high information content (HIC). The definition was further refined with reference to video capability, i.e., if the
display had pixel addressing capability characterized by frame and refresh rates, then it, too, was characterized as having
high information content. Based on these two definitions, a total of 183,093 displays out of 1,134,358 were identified as
either HIC or LIC. By contrast, some 961,813 displays were listed as unknown. In order to address this situation of
unknowns, additional criteria is now added to our definition. In the absence of direct knowledge about resolution or frame
and refresh rates, it is hereby reasonably presumed that all virtual-view displays, whether HMDs, NVGs, Head-Mounted
displays or HUDs, by virtue of their necessarily high resolution, are HIC. Too, assuming worst-case pixel densities of
80/inch, active areas for fully electronic displays equal to or greater than 12 in.2 (5 in. diagonal or 4 x 3 in. assuming 4:3
aspect ratio) equate to quarter-VGA and are therefore also considered HIC (unless there is compelling reason to suggest
otherwise, i.e., an LED display known to be capable of alpha-numerics only). This assumption applies even to
electromechanical (EM) displays, given what it would require to replace and represent the EM image with a device that was
fully electronic. By contrast, all incandescent displays, of whatever size, are LIC. Based on these additional criteria,
comparison of LIC and HIC for all platform groups is hereby updated and provided in Table III.

5.4 Design Class

Aside from information content, Table III also addresses design class. Design class regards the manner by which displays
come into existence through research and development (R&D) funding, and what market the finished product is designed for.
Custom refers to a product for which R&D dollars were paid by U.S. government and for which the intended market was
the U.S. military. Nevertheless, the product might eventually be leveraged for dual use by the civil market, e.g., a military
avionics display repackaged and sold to the civil aviation community. Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) on the other
hand, refers to a product for which R&D was wholly funded by private industry and for which the initially intended market
was civil (consumer-grade laptops, notebook computers, etc.). Thanks to the 1992 Perry initiative, these can, and have,
found their way into the military market, as witness Navy surface vessels and command and control centers. Ruggedized
COTS refers to remanufacturing commercial grade display products to meet more demanding military applications in terms
of temperature, altitude, shock and vibration extremes, as well as electromagnetic pulse and nuclear, biological and chemical
hardening. In all such cases, government pays the cost for the ruggedization. Ruggedized COTS, therefore, entails a product
for which R&D was funded by private industry, with design focused on satisfying a civil application, but where
remanufacturing was funded by government for use by a military customer.

Table III. Breakout of LIC, HIC, and Design Class for Military Displays by Platform Type
Category

Platforms

Sizes Displays

LIC

Defense-wide
Aircraft cockpits

642
318

1217 1,194,199 618,478

416 197,673 38,604

HIC

Design Class

575,721
159,069

Custom, RCOTS & COTS

Custom & RCOTS

Type of Aircraft Cockpit

Fighter/attack
Bomber
Helicopter
Sensor /surveillance
Cargo/tanker
Trainer
Experimental

58
3
80
65
91
20
1

44
14
88
100
128
42
unk

38,674
2,013
60,804
11,314
61,615
23,253
unk

1,471
411
568
569
35,255
330
unk

37,203
1,602
60,236
10,745
26,360
22,923
unk

Custom*, some RCOTS

Custom*, some RCOTS
Custom, some RCOTS
Custom; civil aviation.mfr.
Custom; civil aviation mfr.
Custom, some RCOTS
Custom

Other
Land Vehicles
Portable (Dismounted)
Wearable(Downed Pilot)
Maintenance Equipment
Head/Helmet Mounted
Underwater Vessels
Water Surface Vessels
Unmanned Vehicle
Command/Control

114
121
1
17
25
5
38
9
13

51 117,369
40 581,464
1
7,000
7
2,388
6 200,850
61
4,776
765 72,002
12
747
133
3,226

46,600
513,071
0
340
0
1,438
9,349
10
236

70,769
68,393
7,000
2,048
200,850
3,338
62,653
737
2,990

RCOTS, some Custom

RCOTS
RCOTS, some COTS
RCOTS, COTS, Custom
Custom
Custom, but much COTS
COTS, RCOTS, & Custom
COTS and RCOTS
Mostly COTS, some Custom

Note: Display quantities and LIC/HIC information determined via Microsoft Excell Spreadsheet. 3

6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 The Future DOD Market
The DOD display market will continue to grow over the years despite the relatively constant numbers between our 2009
report and the one we published in 2006: 1,194,199 versus 1,134,358. New programs such as MRAP, which since 2004, has
increased demand for DVE by tens of thousands of units, Ground Warrior and Ground Soldier Ensemble, which will add to
Land Warrior to create large demand for head-mounted, wrist-mounted and hand-held displays, and the February 2009
Request For Proposal by AFSOC (720th Special Tactics Group) which anticipates use of goggle-mounted displays such as
Tac-Eye LT, numbering in the thousands, speaks to this future growth. In addition, the DOD display market will continue to
evolve. Newer technologies will continually replace the old. Examples include upgrade of USAFs A-10 cockpit with 4.90 x
4.90 in. MFCDs (AMLCD technology replacing CRTs), upgrade of the B-52 cockpit with new 10.4 in. diagonal MFCDs
(again, AMLCD technology replacing CRTs) and Navys upgrade, driven by the UYQ-70 program, of all AN/SLQ-32 shipboard consoles with newer flat-panel technology. It is predicted the present inventory of some 1,194,199 displays will be
largely replaced over the next 15 years. Given the dwindling industrial base for CRT and EM technologies, together with
ever-increasing sustainment costs, the current inventory of CRT and EM displays will likely be the first to see technology
upgrades via form-fit-function or instrument panel re-design programs. This represents 13.1% of the existing DOD
market, or some 156,507 displays, a decrease of 205,493 CRT and EM displays reported in our 2006 study.
Most technology insertion opportunities will continue to be for AMLCDs. However, several emerging technologies, such as
AMOLED on glass and AMOLED on stainless steel may enjoy progress on future DOD programs. Indeed, we have
witnessed entry of these technologies, e.g., AMOLED on glass for Land and Ground Warrior, and AMOLED on stainless
steel (recently under evaluation at Ft Monmouth) for .Ground Soldier Ensemble. 4

6.2 Display Commonality

The 1,217 display sizes indicated in Table I reveal a net gain of seven sizes since 2006 (one is due to a conversion of
2.499 in. diameter active area for the AV-8B and TAV-8B HUD CRT into virtual-view representation of 22 FOV; the
2.499 in. diam. meanwhile remaining as a direct-view active for the LCU-2021). Although two sizes were lost due to the
conversion of the A-10A and OA-10A (4.84 x 4.12 in. and 20 x 20 FOV), as many as nine new sizes were added, five
of which relative ten or more platforms. The new sizes are the 3.77 x 2.83 in. relative the AIT-G EL display found on 11
aircraft platforms, the 1.61 x 1.29 in. and the 0.70 x 1.8 in. relative the M88 Detector (LED) and the GID-3 RDU (LCD)
found on ten variants of Stryker, the 5.0 x 6.6 in. AMLCD Control Display Unit on the Saudi F-16E and F model Block
60 aircraft (2 variants), the 29.8 (H) FOV Tac-Eye LT for AFSOC, Navy and Army (3 programs), the +40 FOV Puma
X for command and control (Camp Eggers = one known program), the 4.90 x 4.90 in. AMLCD Multi-Function Color
Display for the new A-10C, and the 15.7228 x 12.5783 in. AMLCD upgrade for AN/SLQ-32 (on board ten classes of
Navy ships). Though the prevailing trend is to add new display sizes into the DOD market as part of large acquisitions for
multiple platforms, e.g., the M88 Detector for Stryker variants and the AIT-G display for B-2A, E-3B/C, EC-130E/H,
RC-135S/U/V/W, etc., we note there are still tendancies to introduce new sizes for large acquisition single programs, viz.,

A-10C.. Although the Puma X by Clarity is credited against only one known command and control application (the
Tarheel Bldg at Eggers), the some 1,650 units sold to DOD indeed presumes a much broader program application.
Table 1 shows the majority of existing DOD display sizes, as per 2006, are unique to a single program: 680 out of 1,216
fit this category. However, the promising trend is there are a greater number of DOD display sizes that now apply to 10
or more programs: 65 versus just 60 three years ago. The progress is slow but in the right direction. The Military
Display Market technical report, by this update to the fourth comprehensive edition, is a continuing tool by which DOD
program offices can learn what other programs across the Services are in the process or already doing to satisfy similar
mission requirements. Clearly, there are opportunities for synergy, and DOD program offices should be mindful of these
opportunities in pursuing new system developments and upgrade of existing capabilities. Program managers need to
cooperate across programs and across services. On-going efforts such as Navys UYQ-70 workstation program (carriers,
cruisers, Aegis, submarines, E-2C), and Armys Common Hardware Software program (mobile ground command and
control components) are fortunately continuing on course, while, unfortunately, Air Forces efforts in regard to
common avionics appears to be in decline (the Aging Aircraft System Program Office and its common avionics program
will no longer be funded after FY09). 5 NAVAIRs emphasis on common avionics has waned as well. While NAVAIR
still strives to find common solutions for avionics in general, the pursuit of leveraging common displays has been reprioritized. The Common Avionics Display program, which commenced in FY08, has seen its funding re-programmed in
FY09 to address more emergent warfighter needs. 6 Nevertheless, cross-program investment strategies are needed. And
system acquisition program managers and their display engineers need to be cognizant regarding existing DOD displays
and vigilant regarding upgrade efforts replacing those displays. Only in this way will they be in a position to leverage
already fielded or soon-to-be fielded systems rather than acquiring what may be unnecessarily unique. This paper, and
the associated technical report, is an effort to provide the reference tool for DODs system acquisition program managers.

7. DISCUSSION
Key aspects of six (6) U.S. Navy, Army, and Air Force programs follow.

7.1 A-10C Thunderbolt

The A-10 aircraft was designed in the 1970s to provide close air support to ground forces. Fairchild Republic delivered
a total of 713 A-10A and OA-10A (Observation variant) aircraft between 1975 and 1984. In March 2005, the US Air
Force launched the Precision Engagement program to upgrade the fleet to C models. Lockheed-Martin Systems
Integration, Owego NY, was awarded a $38 million contract for 72 precision engagement upgrade kits with a total
estimated value of $168 million for 356 kits over the five years of the program. The A-10C can make use of Joint Direct
Attack Munitions (JDAM) and Wind Corrected Munitions Dispensers (WCMD) as well as advanced targeting pods and
is expected to fly until 2028. The first A-10 was modified in March 2007, with 21 aircraft modified as of March 2009. A
total of 344 aircraft are to receive the upgrades, constituting the entire updated fleet of A-10Cs (there will be no OA-10
variant) for active duty, Reserve and Air National Guard. All mods are scheduled to be completed by late 2011 or early
2012. 78
The A-10Cs cockpit features two 4.90 x 4.90 in. Multi-Function Color Displays (MFCD). The viewing cone is + 30
horizontal and +30/ -0 vertical, with design viewing distance of 32 inches. Resolution is a minimum of 110 color pixel
groups per inch both horizontally and vertically (e.g., 539 x 539 pixels, the pixels being square). Night mode luminance
range goes from 0.01 to 5 fL; day mode luminance range goes from 2 to 300 fL in equally perceptible steps. Further,
there are 64 gray levels per each primary color for both day and night mode. The display has the capability to provide a
standard color palette for both graphics and symbology, with the following day and night primary color CIE 1976
chromaticity coordinates:
Day Mode
Color
Red
Green
Blue
White

U
0.390
0.134
0.126
0.184

V
0.525
0.562
0.370
0.511

Tolerance
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03

Color
Red
Green
Blue
White

Night Mode
U
0.365
0.127
0.127
0.164

V
0.522
0.561
0.353
0.509

Tolerance
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03

The MFCD is capable of displaying a minimum of 512 mixed colors and provides a minimum 6:1 white to black contrast
ratio under 10,000 fc diffuse and 2,000 fL specular ambient lighting conditions within. Under ambient lighting
conditions of 0.08 fc, the white contrast is at least 65:1. The MFCD is capable of displaying alphanumeric text, raster
video and combined text/video, and can display an object that is a minimum of 0.040 in. square moving at 0.5 in. per
second without observable smearing or loss of information as viewed from the eye reference point. 9

Figure 4. A-10C cockpit.

7.2 Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicle
Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles are a family of armored fighting vehicles designed to survive
Improvised Explosive Device (IED) attacks. Designed with V-hull and weighing between 7 and 22.5 tons, depending on
variant, these vehicles are considered safer and more survivable relative to the on-going use of IEDs in Afghanistan and
Iraq, leading to a decision by the Marine Corps to replace all HMWVVs in combat zones with MRAP vehicles. There
are three categories of MRAP: Cat I are four-wheeled vehicles weighing 7 tons carrying two crew and four passengers,
known as the RG-31 Cougar, while Cat II are six-wheeled vehicles weighing 19 tons carrying two crew and eight
passengers, known as the RG-33 Caiman. Yet a third category, a mine-clearing and detection variant, weighs 22.5 tons
and carries two crew and ten passengers. Current orders for Cat I & II vehicles are with three vendors: Force Protection
Industries (FPI) and British Aerospace (BAE) (for Cat II), and Intl Military Group and FPI (for Cat I). Including past
orders (General Dynamics Land Systems for RG-31, Armor Holdings for RG-33) there are at least eight vehicle variants
from as many as five vendors. Given unique equipment installations relative deliveries to Army and Marine Corps
services, there are therefore as many as 16 different vehicle designs. By 19 October 2007, DoDs total contracts were for
8,800 MRAPs. However, by early 2009 the Pentagon approved an expansion of MRAP to allow Army to purchase
17,700 vehicles, Marines 3,400 vehicles, and Special Operations Forces some 300 vehicles (of which 170 are currently
on order). Army plans to have all 17,700 of its MRAPs in theater by April 2009. 10 On February 20, 2009, Army
celebrated the arrival of the first 10,000 MRAPs into the Iraqi Theater of Operations at Camp Liberty.
In 2004 DRS Tactical Systems was put on contract to deliver Drivers Viewer Enhancer (DVE) for installation on the
MRAP (and other vehicles). DVE displays for all variants of MRAP are included in the B-kit vended by DRS Sensors &
Targeting Systems, Optronics Division (Palm Bay FL). The display head itself is variously manufactured by GD Canada
and DRS to the same specifications (see below). 11 All MRAPs receive the DVE display vended by DRS. Total DRS Bkits (which includes the DVE display head) on contract as of 27 March 2009 is 16.670. Installation is managed by
SPAWAR and shall occur according to Service as follows: 12,751 for Army, 2300 for Marines, 697 for USAF, 544 for
USN and 378 for SOCOM. 12
The display module for DRSs TWV B-kit and the CV B-kit is based on a 10.4 in. diagonal SVGA (800 x 600 pixel)
AMLCD, + 85 horizontal and vertical viewing angle, a dark ambient contrast ratio of 500:1, 30+1 frame rate, -37 to
+49C operating and
-46 to +71C non-operating temperature range, 0 to 15,000 feet operating and 0 to 40,000 feet non-operating pressure
altitude, functional shock of 40G for 11ms and weapon firing shock of 100G for 1ms. Vibration tolerance is per the
M1A1, M2A2, LAV and AAV profiles. The display is submersible to 1 meter for up to 10 minutes. Required voltage is

16-33 Volts dc and power consumption is 45W during normal ops, 80W during cold temp warm-up. Overall module
dimensions are 10.5 in. (L) x 9.0 in. (H) x 4.2 in. (D). Weight is 8.25 lbs. 13

7.3 Puma X: Tiled Display for Command and Control

In what is the largest overall display on record for any DoD command and control application, the Combined Security and
Training Command Joint Operations Center (Camp Eggers, Afghanistan) is host to twelve (12) tiled Puma X (WN-5010-X)
rear-projection AP/LCD displays, each with screen area measuring 40.00 (L) x 44.75 (H) in., for an overall viewable area of
240.00 x 89.50 in. The Puma X is vended by Clarity Visual Systems. Each Puma X is capable of 1,024 x 768 (XGA)
resolution and is independently addressable. Screen viewing angle (assuming SCN-5010-GC high-contrast glass) is + 35
horizontal @ gain, +67.5 @ 1/5 gain. Standard screen mullion is 0.070 in. and screen-to-screen gap is 0.020 in. Typical
screen brightness with all available lamps is 62fL (as low as 32fL if using SCN-5010-GV wide-view glass). Contrast ratio in
an undefined dark ambient is >1,200:1. Brightness uniformity is touted as greater than 80% (Note: this refers to individual
screen uniformity, however, regarding screen integration, author noted a four month period, Nov 06 Feb 07, when lower
tier screen, second from left (see photo!) was typically darker than its neighbors). Color palette allows for a nominal 16.7
million colors. Operating temperature range is 0 to 35C, and operating humidity range is 20-80% RH (the unit is operated
in a benign, temperature controlled environment). Power consumption is 300 watts. The 180 watt High Pressure Mercury
lamp life is advertised as 8,000 hours and the system has proven reliable over a year of full-time use. Routine maintenance
entails swapping out light filters every 8000 hours and blowing dust out of the air filters every two months. Adjusting
alignment must be done on a periodic basis; six can be synched at a time. 14

Figure 5. Twelve tiled Puma X displays at Joint Operations Center, Camp Eggers, Afghanistan.
7.4 B-52H CONECT Program
In March 2005 Boeing was awarded a contract to modify 76 of the existing fleet of B-52H Stratofortress bombers with
the COmbat Network Communications Technology (CONECT) program upgrade. The existing 8.0 x 6.0 in. Radar
Warning Receiver (RWR) Multi-Function Display (MFD), two existing 8.0 x 6.0 in. Navigators and Radar Navigators
monitors, and two 8.0 x 6.0 in. Pilot/Co-pilot monitors (5 CRTs) will be replaced with six 10.4 in. diagonal Honeywell
Multi-Function Color Displays (MFCD), all AMLCD technology. For the RWR MFD, two Honeywell AMLCDs replace

the one CRT MFD. Remaining Navigators and Radar Navigators 8.0 x 6.0 MFDs (CRT technology) will eventually be
replaced under the B-52 EHF program (starting late 2012). The B-52 CONECT first flight test is scheduled for August
2009. Low Rate Initial Production is scheduled to begin May 2010 with a mod completion date of August 2011. The B52H has a retirement date of 2045.
The Honeywell (Albuquerque) 10.4 in. diagonal MFCD shall have a display luminance dimmable to a minimum of no
greater than 0.02 fL and a maximum of no less than 250 fL for White. Display color chromaticity coordinates are
specified as follows:
Color
Red
Green
Blue
White
units.

u
0.442
0.128
0.141
0.206

v
0.532
0.562
0.255
0.478

% Minimum Luminance of White

25
58
8
N/A
Error limits for white are within a radius of 0.03 (u, v)

Contrast ratio for tactical video shall be greater than 7:1 over the Primary Viewing Cone in high ambient, and greater
than 70:1 in a low ambient. Contrast ratio for graphics shall be greater than 5:1 over the Primary Viewing Cone in
high ambient and greater than 50:1 in a low ambient. High ambient is understood to mean full daylight of 10,000 fc
diffuse, 2,000 fL specular. Low ambient is understood to mean complete darkness of 0.1 fc diffuse, 0.01 fL specular.
The Primary Viewing Cone shall support + 30 (H) and +30, -5 (V) and an extended cone that shall support +55 (H),
+35, -5 (V). Video update rate shall be not be less than 30 Hz., while the minimum refresh rate shall be 60 Hz. The
AMLCD shall provide 8 bit drivers in order to produce 256 true gray shade levels (true and uniquely defined intensity
levels per primary color over the primary viewing cone). The Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) radiance
requirements shall conform to MIL-STD-3009 for a Type I, Class B NVIS system. The MFCD shall be capable of full
performance within 30 seconds and during the remaining warm-up period when powering up within an ambient
temperature range of between 20 and 71C. The MFCD shall be capable of full performance within five minutes and
during the remaining warm-up period when powering up within an ambient temperature range of between -18 and -54C.
The MFCD LRU measures 10.0 (W) x 8.00 (H) x 15.375 (D) in. At present, Honeywell plans to use glass provided by
Chimei Opto-Electronics of Taiwan. Boeing analysis claims an MTBF for the MFCD of 20,792 hours. 15

7.5 Tac-Eye LT
The Tac-Eye LT is a goggle-mounted miniature display used by dismounted soldiers for situational awareness.
Manufactured by the Tactical Display Group at Vuzix, Rochester NY, using 0.6 in. diagonal color AMOLED glass from
eMagine Corp, 100 units of the pre-production unit sold in 2008 to Army Special Forces (50), Air Force Special
Operations Command (25) and Navy SEALS (20), while another 100 units of the production version sold in 2009 to
Army Special Forces and some foreign militaries (Tac-Eye LT production start was January 2009). Other programs, such
as AC-130U, AROWS and Ground Soldier Ensemble, are also looking at this product. FOV is 29.5 circular, exit pupil
size is 5 x 7mm at 15 mm, eye relief, image resolution is 800 x 600, with 60 Hz frame and 30 Hz refresh rates. Contrast
ratio (color) in dark ambient is >200:1, and 800:1 (white or green). Dimming circuitry is such as to allow 256 gray levels
per primary color, a minimum luminance of <0.1 fL and a maximum luminance of at least 23 fL as measured at the exit
pupil of the ocular. Power consumption is 350 mW. Operating temperature range is -40 to +49C, storage is -46 to
+71C (min. six hours at each extreme). Total head borne weight (to include protective eyewear) is 1.81 oz. The unit has
been unofficially proven to operate for approx. 40 minutes at 50,000 feet pressure altitude. 16

Figure 6. Tac Eye LT

7.6 AN/SLQ-32
The AN/SLQ-32 provides shipboard capability for early warning of threat system emitters, threat information to ships
defensive weapons, automatic dispensing of chaff decoys, and Electronic Attack to alter Anti-Ship Cruise Missile
trajectories. Award of the first production contract for AN/SLQ-32(V) went to Raytheon in May 1977, with Initial
Operational Capability achieved in FY 79. The system has been modified many times, a first big upgrade coming in 1986
with implementation of the Electronic Warfare Improvement Program (introducing the AN/SLQ-32A(V)), and thereafter
via various Engineering Change Proposals to increase processing speed, interference suppression, radio-frequency
coverage, plus other improvements. Authors experience with all SLQ-32 variants encountered: A(V)1, A(V)3 and
A(V)5 aboard all classes of ships visited: CVN 65 Enterprise, DDG 51 Arliegh Burke, DD 963 Spruance, FFG 7 Oliver
Hazard Perry, LHD 1 Wasp, LHA 1 Tarawa, LPD 4 Austin, LSD 41 Whidbey Island, LSD 49 Harpers Ferry and AOE 6
Supply, revealed the same 13.0 in. diagonal monochrome CRT display sub-assembly. Wihin the last several years,
however, driven by Navys on-going and ubiquitous UYQ-70 Program, Lockheed Martin Maritime Systems and Sensors,
Eagan MN, was put on contract to modify all SLQ-32A(V)s to replace the existing CRT display with a 399.36 x 319.49
mm (15.7228 x 12.5783 in.) color AMLCD. The display monitor, made by Barco, will have the following performance
characteristics: 1280 x 1024 resolution, a maximum luminance of 61.3 fL (210 cd/m2) in white, a minimum backlight
dimming ratio of 50:1, a dark contrast ratio of 400:1, 256 gray levels, + 85 horizontal and vertical viewing angles, an
operating temperature range of -25 to +55C, a non-operating range of -40 to +70 C, an operating maximum pressure
altitude of 25,000 feet (5.45 psi) and a non-operating pressure altitude of 40,000 feet (2.72 psi). The display has been
tested to withstand the following operating and non-operating half-sine shock limits: 2 shocks, 40G @ 16.5 ms (+ X
axis), 2 shocks, 40G @ 16.5 ms (+ Y axis), 2 shocks, 60G @ 16.5 ms (+ Z axis). 17

8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the DOD Program Offices, Logistics Centers, and industrial partners that provided information during the
course of this study. Special thanks go to Marvin Most, ASC/ENAS, Chris Campbell, DRS Technologies, Ken Jones and
Dave Shriver, PM FLIR, Stephen Glaser, Vuzix Tactical Displays Group, James Thornburg, Clarity Visual Systems,
Louie Kitcoff, Naval Surface Warfare Center and Kent Weaver, 651st Aeronautical Systems Squadron. Grateful
recognition is given to co-author Jim Byrd for the first-ever implementation of spreadsheet methodology for the timely
and accurate tabulation of Military Display Market data regarding HIC, technologies, display quantities and number of
platforms by platform groups and for DOD in aggreagate. A final special thanks is in order to Col Lawrence (Kent)
Harrington, 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson AFB, for facilitating additional data collection, leading to
the successful completion of this paper.

9. REFERENCES
1

D.D. Desjardins and D.G. Hopper, Military Display Market: Fourth Comprehensive Edition, Technical Report
AFRL-HE-WP-TR-2006-0039 (February 2006), 762 pp. This document is available for release to US government and
their contractors through AFRL/RHCV (Dr. Darrel G. Hopper), 2255 H Street, Room 300, Wright-Patterson AFB OH
45433-7022.
2

Fiscal Year 2009 Department Of Defense Budget Released, from U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the
Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) News Release, No. 0090-08, February 4, 2008, on the web @
http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=11663.
3

Spreadsheet approach for tabulation of information content by platform category and group, effectively replacing
ACCESS data base tentatively used in 2006. Spreadsheet was also used for break-out of technologies by platform types
and other summary analysis. Due recognition for this fully automated tabular method of data reporting is given to Jim
Byrd, ASC/ENAS Wright-Patterson AFB OH (ret).
4

Telecons with Grant Routzohn, PM Ground Warrior, PM Soldier, Ft Belvoir (703-704-2839), 24 Mar 09 and David
Huffman, Chief Scientist, Adv. Programs, L-3 Communications, Alpharetta GA (770-752-5487), 1 Apr 09.

Telecons with Ms. Sharon Green, AFMC/A5F, Technology Transition Office, Wright-Patterson AFB OH (937-6563937) and Mr. Mark Ragland, 703 AFG Predator SPO, Wright-Patterson AFB OH (937-904-6998), 3 April 2009.
AFMC/A5 is taking over responsibilities for the out-going Aging Aircraft SPO; Mark Ragland was the Aging Aircraft
SPOs immediate past display lead.
6

Telecon between Mr. Gary Daelemans, NAWCAD 5.1.2.1, Mission System Test Lead for C-130 and CDA, immediate
past lead for NAVAIRs Common Avionics Display Program (301-342-0523) and LtCol Dan Desjardins, AFRL/RV,
Kirtland AFB NM (505-846-2875), 7 April 2009. A politically corrected statement was provided by e-mail on 8 April
2009.
7

E-mail from Marvin Most, Displays Lead, ASC/ENAS Displays Branch, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH (937-255-8731),
13 Mar 2009. The fact there are to be 356 kits delivered but only 344 A-10C aircraft for the total fleet translates into 12
spares.
8

Telecon between Mr. David Boice, Avionics Engineer, OO-ALC/LCEB, Hill AFB UT (DSN 777-3802) and Maj Dan
Desjardins, AFRL/HECV, WPAFB OH (937-255-4079), 30 July 2002. The retirement date of 2028 was reiterated in
Avionics Magazine, December 2005, p. 19.
9

A-10C MPCD data provided by Marvin Most, Displays Lead, ASC/ENAS Displays Branch, Wright-Patterson AFB,
OH (937-255-8731) to LtCol Dan Desjardins, AFRL/RVEI, Kirtland AFB NM (505-846-2875), 5 Mar 2009.
10

Excerpts from Defenselink (www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/) provided by Frederick Meyer, AFRL/RHCV Displays

Branch, Wright-Patterson AFB OH (937-255-8821), 23 February 2009. Also, see http://defenseupdate.com/products/m/mrap.htm.
11

Telecon between Mr. Ken Jones, Immediate Past DVE Project Lead, PM FLIR, Ft Belvoir VA (703-704-1156) and
LtCol Dan Desjardins, AFRL/RV, Kirtland AFB (505-846-2875), 24 March 2009.
12

Telecon between Mr. Dave Shriver, Contracts Mgr, PM FLIR, Ft Belvoir VA (703-704-2053) and LtCol Dan
Desjardins, AFRL/RVEI, Kirtland AFB NM (505-846-2875), 27 March 2009.

13

Specifications re DVE from Mr. Chris Campbell, Business Development Mgr, DRS Tactical Systems, Palm Bay FL
(312-727-3672, ext 3349) to LtCol Dan Desjardins, AFRL/RVEI, Kirtland AFB (505-846-2875), 23 Mar 09.
14

Information on Clarity Puma X provided by Mr. Jonathan Nelson, IT Lead for CSTC-A Joint Operations Center,
Tarheel Bldg., Camp Eggers, Kabul, Afghanistan (DSN 318-237-3427), 14 October 2006. Photo by author.

15

Telecon between, and e-mail from, Mr. Kent Weaver, B-52 CONECT Chief Engineer, B-52 SPO, Wright-Patterson
AFB OH (937-656-5133) and LtCol Dan Desjardins, AFRL/RV (505-846-2875), 23 March 2009.
16

Telecon between Mr. Stephen Glaser, VP Sales, Vuzix, Tactical Display Group, Rochester, NY (585-359-7563) and
LtCol Dan Desjardins, AFRL/RV, Kirtland AFB NM (505-846-2875), 26 March 2009. Tech info. also from Vizux
Corps Tac-Eye System Specification-Backgrounder, Rev 1.0, dated 19 March 2009.

17

Telecon between Mr. Louie Kitcoff, Lead Engineer, Integrated Computer Aided Display Program, Surface Fleet
Maritme Electronic Warfare Center, Code WXMQ, Crane IN (812-854-4126) and LtCol Dan Desjardins, AFRL/RV,
Kirtland AFB NM (505-846-2875), 24 March 2009. Mr. Kitcoff transmitted display specs from Mr. Erik K. Erickson,
PM, Lockheed Martin Maritime Systems and Sensors, via e-mail on 2 April 2009.