CHAPTER -6

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Grillage analogy is used for comparison of design of T- beam girder by LSM &WSM. Data
used for numerical study is described below:

Bridge data 1:
EFFECTIVE SPAN OF Tee BEAM= 20 m
Width of carriage way= 7.5 m
Thickness of wearing coat =80 mm
Spacing of main girders =2.5 m
Width of kerb =0.5 m
Width of footpath =1 m
Thickness of deck slab =250 mm
Modular ratio =10
Number of main Girders = 4
Stress in concrete (compression) =10
Stress in steel (tension) = 200
M30 Grade and Fe-415 Grade HYSD bars.
As width of carriage way is 7.5m, number of lanes proposed are 2.
Therefore LIVE LOAD combination: ONE LANE OF 70R OR TWO LANES OF CLASS A.

38

Fig 6.1: Cross Section of Bridge- Deck

Fig 6.2: Plan of Bridge -Deck

39

6.1 DESIGN BASED ON IRC: 21-2000

6.1.1 Load calculation for grillage model

(i) Dead load:
Self weight -1
(ii) SIDL

a) Wearing coat (80 mm) = -1.84 kN/m2

b) Weight of kerb = -7.8 kN/m2
c) Weight of crash barrier = -14.86 kN/m2
d) Foot path load = -3.44 kN/m2

6.1.2 Sectional properties of longitudinal members:

Fig 6.3: Cross Section of End Longitudinal girder

A=1.3*106 mm2, Yc=1400 mm, Ixx =0.9676*10 12 mm4, Iyy=108 mm4 Izz=0.4838 *10 12 mm4
40

Fig 6.4 Cross section of Intermediate longitudinal girder

A=1.237*106 mm2, Yc=1380 mm, Ixx =0.936*10 12 mm4, Iyy=108 mm4 Izz=0.468 *10 12 mm4

6.1.3 Design of B.M reinforcement for external girder at L/2

Table 6.1: B.M due to DL and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT (kN-m)

DEAD LOAD

1370

SIDL

936

Table 6.2:B.M due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)

BENDING MOMENT WITH

IMPACT FACTOR (kN-m)

CLASS A

844

990

70R TRACKED

2420

2662

70 R WHEELED

2380

2784
41

Mmax = (DL +SIDL)B.M +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED)BM

= 1370

+ 936+ 2784

=5090 kN-m

Design of section:
=

Effective depth d =

Ast

= 1854 mm.

2
=

=15434 mm

Provide 16 # of 36
Ast provided = 16286 mm2
Effective depth provided= 1860 mm.

Stress check:
Calculation of neutral axis

Bf *Df*(hc-Df) +Bw*(hc-Df)*(hc hc = 419 mm

1) Compressive stress in concrete:

fc =

fc = 5.81

*
<

10

42

) =m*Ast*(d-hc)

2) tensile stress in steel

fst =
fst = 128

=
<

(200

6.1.4 Design of Shear reinforcement for external girder at L/2

Table 6.3: S.F due to DL and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

DEAD LOAD

192

SIDL

182

Table 6.4:S.F due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

SHEAR FORCE WITH IMPACT

FACTOR (kN)

CLASS A

144

168

70R TRACKED

463

510

70 R WHEELED

427

500

Vmax = (DEAD LOAD +SIDL) S.F +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED)S.F
=192+182+510 =884 KN
Check for shear stress:
=
=

43

>

<

Design of shear reinforcement for Vs

*b*d = 884*103- 0.57 * 350* 1860 = 513kN

Vs =Vu =

=275 mm2

Adopt 4 legged 10 @200 mm c/c .

6.1.5 Design of B.M reinforcement for external girder at L/4:

Table 6.5: B.M due to DL and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT (kN-m)

DEAD LOAD

1030

SIDL

743

Table 6.6: B.M due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)

BENDING MOMENT WITH

IMPACT FACTOR (kN-m)

CLASS A

695

815

70R TRACKED

1978

2176

70 R WHEELED

1830

2141

Mmax = (DL +SIDL)B.M +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED)BM

= 1030+ 743+ 2176

=3949 kN-m

44

Design of section:
=

Effective depth d =

Ast

= 1632 mm.

2
=

=11,979 mm

Provide 12 # of 36
Ast provided = 12,214 mm2
Effective depth provided= 1860 mm.

Stress check:
Calculation of neutral axis

Bf *Df*(hc-Df) +Bw*(hc-Df)*(hc -

) =m*Ast*(d-hc)

hc = 360 mm
1) Compressive stress in concrete:

fc =

fc = 4.8

<

10

2) tensile stress in steel

fst =
fst = 147

<

(200

45

6.1.6 Design of Shear reinforcement for external girder at L/4

Table 6.7: S.F due to DL and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

DEAD LOAD

289

SIDL

202

Table 6.8: S.F due to live load for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

SHEAR FORCE WITH IMPACT

FACTOR (kN)

CLASS A

185

217

70R TRACKED

487

535

70 R WHEELED

537

628

Vmax = (DEAD LOAD +SIDL)S.F +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED)S.F

=289+202+628 =1119 KN
Check for shear stress:
=

>
<

Design of shear reinforcement for Vs

Vs =Vu =

*b*d = 1119*103- 0.57*350*1860 =747kN

=

= 301 mm2, Adopt 4 legged 10 @ 150 mm c/c .

46

6.2 DESIGN BASED ON IRC: 112-2011

6.2.1 LOAD CALCULATION FOR GRILLAGE MODEL
(i) Dead load :
Self weight

-1

(ii) SIDL
a) Wearing coat (80 mm) = -1.84 kN/m2
b) Weight of kerb = -7.8 kN/m2
c) Weight of crash barrier = -14.86 kN/m2
d) Pedestrian load = -3.889 kN/m2
LOAD COMBINATION =1.35*(DL) +1.75 *(SIDL)+1.5*(LIVE LOAD)

6.2.2 Sectional properties of longitudinal members:

Fig 6.5: End Longitudinal girder

A=1.177*106 mm2, Yc=1180 mm, Ixx =0.556*10 12 mm4, Iyy=108 mm4 Izz=0.278 *10 12 mm4

47

Fig 6.6: Intermediate Longitudinal girder

A=1.115*106 mm2, Yc=1162 mm, Ixx =0.54*10 12 mm4, Iyy=108 mm4 Izz=0.27 *10 12 mm4

6.2.3 Design of B.M reinforcement for external girder at L/2:

Table 6.9: B.M due to DL and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT (kN-m)

DEAD LOAD

1670

SIDL

1470

Table 6.10: B.M due to live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)

BENDING MOMENT WITH

IMPACT FACTOR (kN-m)

CLASS A

1210

1419

70R TRACKED

3470

3817

70 R WHEELED

3310

3872

48

Mmax = (DL +SIDL) B.M +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED) BM

=1670+1470+3872
=7012 kN-m
Design of section:
Step1: Assume neutral axis lies in the flange
=1.2 -

=1.2 -
=0.1183
x = 171 mm < Df
Neutral axis lies in the flange, assumption is ok.

Ast =
Ast =
Ast =

mm2

Provide 20 # of 32
Ast provided =16084 mm2
Effective depth provided= 1496 mm

49

Check for Deflection and cracking:

(i) Deflection:

(i)

=20 *0.8*1=16

Provided =

=13.36 <16 ok

(ii) Maximum deflection in T beam girder as per grillage analysis =23 mm

Max .deflection as per IRC: 21-2011 for vehicular =

=25 mm.

2) Cracking:
Wk= Sr,max * (sm-cm)
Sr,max = 1.3 *(d-x)
=1.3*(1496-1213) =283 mm
Wk

= 283 *6 *10-4 = 0.01698< 0.3 mm.

Hence safe in deflection and cracking

6.2.4 Design of Shear reinforcement for external girder at L/2

Table 6.11: S.F due to DL and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

DEAD LOAD

253

SIDL

296

50

Table 6.12: B.M due to live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

SHEAR FORCE WITH IMPACT

FACTOR (kN)

CLASS A

224

262

70R TRACKED

638

702

70 R WHEELED

662

729

Vmax = (DL +SIDL) S.F +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED) S.F
= 253+296+729 = 1278 kN
Shear reinforcement:
1) The design shear resistance VRd.c >VEd.
2) The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement VRd.c is given
by:
VRd.c = [0.12*K*(80*p1*fck) 0.33+0.15*

cp]

*bw*d

VRd.c = [0.12*1.365*(80*0.02*30)0.33 + 0.15*

] *350*1496

VRd.c = 581 kN
Shear reinforcement should be designed for a shear force =697 kN.
VRd.s =

*z*

For 4 legged 10 at 200mm c/c spacing shear capacity carrying of a section=703kN.

51

6.2.5 Design of reinforcement for external girder at L/4

Design of B.M reinforcement for external girder at L/4:
Table 6.13: B.M due to DL and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT (kN-m)

DEAD LOAD

1250

SIDL

1190

Table 6.14: B.M due to live load for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)

BENDING MOMENT WITH

IMPACT FACTOR (kN-m)

CLASS A

1000

1173

70R TRACKED

2680

2948

70 R WHEELED

2600

3042

Mmax = (DL +SIDL) B.M +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED) BM

=1250+1190+3042
=5482 kN-m
Design of section :
Step1: Assume neutral axis lies in the flange
=1.2 -

=1.2 -
=0.0914

52

x = 132 mm < Df
Neutral axis lies in the flange, assumption is ok.

Ast =
Ast =
Ast =

mm2

Provide 12 # of 36
Ast provided =12214 mm2

6.2.6 Design of Shear reinforcement for external girder at L/4

Table 6.15: S.F due to DL and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

DEAD LOAD

353

SIDL

330

Table 6.16: S.F due to live load for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

SHEAR FORCE WITH IMPACT

FACTOR (kN)

CLASS A

275

304

70R TRACKED

722

794

70 R WHEELED

701

820

Vmax = (DL +SIDL) S.F +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED) S.F

53

= 353+330+820 = 1500 KN
Shear reinforcement:
1. The design shear resistance VRd.c >VEd.
2. The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement VRd.c is given by:
VRd.c = [0.12*K*(80*p1*fck) 0.33+0.15*

cp]

*bw*d

VRd.c = [0.12*1.365*(80*0.02*30)0.33 + 0.15*

] *350*1496

VRd.c = 581 kN
Shear reinforcement should be designed for a shear force = 919 kN.

VRd.s =

* *

For 4 legged 10 @150 mm c/c spacing shear capacity carrying of a section =936
kN.

6.3 Deck slab

6.3.1 Design based on IRC 21:2000

DEAD LOAD MOMENTS:
Dead weight of slab = 0.25*24=6 kN/m2
Dead weight of wearing coat=0.08*23=1.84 kN/m2
K=

=
=1,

= 0.8

=1

From pigeauds curves

m1=0.049

m2=0.03
54

Total dead load on the slab panel =7.84*2.5*3.17= 60.1 kN

Taking continuity into effect, the design moments are
MB= (0.8*60.1)*(0.049+0.15*0.03) =2.568 kN-m
ML= (0.8*60.1)*(0.03+0.15*0.049) =1.792 kN-m

Dead load shear force =7.84 * [

] = 9.14 kN

Live load is 70R tracked

u =0.84+2*0.08 =1
v =4.57+2*0.08 =4.73
K=

=
=0.4,

= 0.8

=1

From pigeauds curves

m1=0.08

m2=0.0425

Total load per track including impact =1.1*350 =385 kN

W=Effective load on the span =385 *

= 258 kN

MB=258*(0.08+0.15*0.0425) = 22.28 kN-m

ML= 258*(0.0425+0.15*0.08) = 14.06 kN-m
As slab is continuous, the design bending moments are obtained by applying the continuity
factor as
MB =22.28 * 0.8 =17.82 kN-m

55

ML=14.06 *0.8 =11.248 kN-m

Shear force
Dispersion in the direction of span =0.84+2*(0.08+0.25)=1.5 m
Shear max at 0.75 m
Effective width of slab = k*x*( 1-

) +bw

=3.49m
Load per metre =

=100.28

Shear force = 71.62 kN

Design bending moments are given by:
MB= 2.568+17.82 = 20.388 kN-m
ML= 1.798+11.248= 13.046 kN-m

Design of slab:
Effective depth of the slab =

=117mm

Provided 200mm.
Hence safe.
Area of steel along short span =

Spacing =

=566 mm

=138mm.

Provide 10mm dia bars at 125 mm c/c spacing.

Area of steel along long span =

=362 mm
56

Spacing =

=216mm.

Provide 10mm dia bars at 150 mm c/c spacing.

Check for shear
Design shear force =80.76 kN.
Nominal shear =

=0.403

As per IRC 21, we have

c

=k1 *k2*

co

=0.61 N/mm2

Therefore the slab is safe against shear stresses.

6.3.2 Design based on IRC 112

DEAD LOAD MOMENTS:
Dead weight of slab = 0.25*24=6 kN/m2
Dead weight of wearing coat=0.08*23=1.84 kN/m
K=

=1,

= 0.8

=1

From pigeauds curves

m1=0.049

m2=0.03

Total dead load on the slab panel =11.32*2.5*3.17= 89 kN

Taking continuity into effect, the design moments are
57

MB= (0.8*89)*(0.049+0.15*0.03) = 3.809 kN-m

ML= (0.8*89)*(0.03+0.15*0.049) = 2.659 kN-m

Dead load shear force =11.32 *[

] = 13.15 kN

Live load is 70R tracked

u =0.84+2*0.08 =1
v =4.57+2*0.08 =4.73
K=

=0.4,

= 0.8

=1

From pigeauds curves

m1=0.08

m2=0.0425

Total load per track including impact =1.1*350 *1.5=577 kN

W=Effective load on the span =577 *

= 386 kN

MB=386*(0.08+0.15*0.0425) = 33.34 kN-m

ML= 386*(0.0425+0.15*0.08) = 21.037 kN-m
As slab is continuous, the design bending moments are obtained by applying the continuity
factor as
MB =33.34* 0.8 =26.672 kN-m
ML=21.037*0.8 =16.82 kN-m

58

Shear force
Dispersion in the direction of span =0.84+2*(0.08+0.25)=1.5 m
Shear max at 0.75 m
Effective width of slab = k*x*( 1-

) +bw

=3.49m
Load per metre =

=150.42

Design bending moments are given by:

MB= = 3.809 +26.672 = 30.48 kN
ML= 2.659 +16.82 = 19.472 kN
Design of slab:
Effective depth of the slab required =102mm
Provided 200 mm.
Hence safe.
Area of steel along short span =

Spacing =

=537mm

=146mm.

Provide 10mm dia bars at 125 mm c/c spacing.

Area of steel along long span =

Spacing =

=337mm

=232 mm.

Provide 10mm dia bars at 150 mm c/c spacing.

59

Check for shear

Design shear force =163.6 kN.
As per IRC 112
The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement VRd.c is given by:
VRd.c = [0.12*K*(80*p1*fck) 0.33+0.15*

cp]

*bw*d

VRd.c = [0.12*2*(80*0.36*30)0.33 + 0.15*

] *1000*200

VRd.c = 551 kN
Therefore the slab is safe against shear stresses.

DISCUSSIONS:

Bending moment due to dead load

1800
1600

BM in kNm

1400
1200
1000
800

WSM

600

LSM

400
200
0
0

span in metres

Fig 6.7

60

10

Bending moment due to SIDL

1600
1400

BM in kNm

1200
1000
800

WSM

600

LSM

400
200
0
0

10

span in metres

Fig 6.8

Bending moment due to LL

4500
4000

BM in kNm

3500
3000
2500
2000

WSM

1500

LSM

1000
500
0
0

span in metres

Fig6.9

61

10

Shear Force due to dead load

400
350

SF in kN

300
250
200

WSM

150

LSM

100
50
0
0

10

span in metres

Fig 6.10

Shear Force due to SIDL

350
300

SF in kN

250
200
WSM

150

LSM
100
50
0
0

span in metres

Fig 6.11

62

10

Shear Force due to LL

800
700
600

SF in kN

500
400

WSM

300

LSM

200
100
0
0

10

Length in metres

Fig 6.12

The bending moments due to dead load for LSM and WSM are shown graphically in Fig 6.7.
The bending moments due to SIDL for LSM and WSM are shown graphically in Fig 6.8
The bending moments due to dead load for LSM and WSM are shown graphically in Fig 6.9
The shear force due to dead load for LSM and WSM are shown graphically in Fig 6.10
The shear force due to SIDL for LSM and WSM are shown graphically in Fig 6.11
The shear force due to live load for LSM and WSM are shown graphically in Fig 6.12
The comparison of volume of concrete and area of steel are tabulated below:
Table 17: Comparison between two methods at mid span and quarter span

Volume of concrete(in mm3)

Area of steel (in mm2) at L/2
Area of steel (in mm2) at L/4

WSM

LSM

2.6*
16,286
12,214

2.355*
16,084
12,214
63

As it very visible from above comparison that LSM has found out to be more economical of
the two methods. It means we can design the structure more economically by adopting
ultimate strength design method rather than the WSM.
The savings of concrete and steel for B.M of span 20 m at the center is found to be
0.245 *1010 mm3 and 202 mm2.
The main fundamental difference for working stress approach and limit state approach is that,
in working stress approach service loads are used in the whole design and the strength of
material is not utilized in the full extent, since stresses acting on structural members are
calculated based on elastic method and they are designed not to exceed certain allowable
values. In fact, the whole structure during the lifespan may only experience loading stresses
far below the ultimate state. For limit state approach, for each material and load, a partial
safety factor is assigned individually depending on the material properties and load
properties. Therefore, each element of load and material properties is accurately assessed
resulting in a more refined and accurate analysis of the structure. In this connection, the
material strength can be utilized to its maximum value during its lifespan and loads can be
assessed with reasonable probability of occurrence. This is the reason for LSM to be more
economical than WSM.
However at quarter span there is no much significant change in the area of steel due to B.M,
since we have chosen comparatively smaller section in LSM.
In the deck slab, the area of steel in LSM and WSM are found to be same, though the area of
concrete is same for LSM and WSM, since the loads are multiplied by a partial safety factor
in LSM there is no significant change in area of steel. In case of slab the savings of materials
in slabs is almost nil.
In LSM there is a saving of 9-11 % in volume of concrete and 2% saving in area of steel due
to B.M at mid span, but at the quarter span the savings in area of steel is negligible.
The section in the LSM was comparatively less, but was chosen in a way to satisfy the
cracking and deflection criteria, as both are the limitations of LSM.

64

But for Shear force reinforcement there is not much of change observed in both deck slab and
in girder. The reinforcement is almost same since the sections taken in LSM were smaller
than WSM.
The reinforcement details of end longitudinal girder at mid and quarter span designed as per
IRC: 21-2000 and IRC: 112-2011 is shown below.

Fig 6.13 Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at mid span (IRC: 21-2000)

65

Fig 6.14 Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at quarter span (IRC: 21-2000)

Fig 6.15 Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at mid span (IRC: 112-2011)

66

Fig.6.16 Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at mid span (IRC: 112-2011)

67