Energy Conservation in

Simple Harmonic Oscillations

Lecture 25

U = 12 kx 2

Chapter 13: Oscillations

E = K + U = 12 mv 2 + 12 kx 2 = E0

Today
Todays topics:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Energy conservation in SHM

Damped oscillations
Driven oscillations
Resonance

Damped & driven Oscillations

OSU PHYS2014 Lecture 25 (Xie)

U = mgyCM = 12 mgLCM 2

LCM

E = K + U = 12 I 2 + 12 mgLCM 2 = E0

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Damped & driven Oscillations

OSU PHYS2014 Lecture 25 (Xie)

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Example

Energy Conversion between

Potential and Kinetic Energies

A 0.25-kg block oscillates on the end of the

spring with a spring constant of 200N/m. If the
system has an energy of 6.0 J, then the
maximum speed of the block is:
A. 0.06m/s
B. 0.17m/s
C. 0.24m/s
D. 4.9m/s
E. 6.9m/s

K
U

Damped & driven Oscillations

OSU PHYS2014 Lecture 25 (Xie)

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(c-1) Two springs (with k1 & k2) in parallel

A block attached to a spring undergoes simple

harmonic motion on a horizontal frictionless surface. Its
total energy is 50 J. When the displacement is half the
amplitude, the kinetic energy is:

keff = k1 + k 2

(stronger than individual springs : keff > ki )

(c-2) Two springs (with k1 & k2) in series

1
1 1
= +
keff k1 k 2

zero
12.5J
25 J
37.5J
50 J

( weaker than individual springs : keff < ki )

(c-3) Two springs with a mass in the middle

keff = k1 + k 2

(b) Diatomic vibrations

Damped & driven Oscillations

OSU PHYS2014 Lecture 25 (Xie)

Applications of SHM

Clicker Question 1

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Damped & driven Oscillations

OSU PHYS2014 Lecture 25 (Xie)

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Damped & driven Oscillations

m1

m2

OSU PHYS2014 Lecture 25 (Xie)

k eff
m
& =

m1m2
m1 + m 2
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Summary of Pendulum Motions

Fun study: Transport Tunnel

Equation of Motion: = I, & = 2f = 2 / T

z
ml 2

d 2
= mgl
dt 2

g
l

I = 13 mL2

d 2
= 12 mgL sin
dt 2

x CM

mg

g
( 23 )LRod

F = kr = mg

pivot (nail)

2mR 2

cm

R
m

Damped & driven Oscillations

= 2f =

d 2
= mgR sin
dt 2

A straight tunnel is dug from Stillwater through the center of

the Earth and out the other side. A physics 2014 student jumps
into the hole at 9:30 am. What time does she get back to
Stillwater? (Note: RE = 6.38106 m)

r
d 2r
=m 2
RE
dt

2
=
T

g
RE

T = 5067 s 84 min

g
2R
OSU PHYS2014 Lecture 25 (Xie)

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Damped Oscillations

Damped & driven Oscillations

OSU PHYS2014 Lecture 25 (Xie)

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Damped Oscillations
The ideal systems: no frictions so
that an oscillation continues forever.

Main concepts:
Damped oscillations
(a) Under-damped
(b) Critically damped oscillations
(c) Over-damped oscillations

RealReal-world systems: oscillations

die out with time caused by dissipative
forces.

The decrease in amplitude caused by dissipative forces

is called damping, and the corresponding motion is
called damped oscillation.
Damped & driven Oscillations

OSU PHYS2014 Lecture 25 (Xie)

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Damped Oscillations

Damped & driven Oscillations

OSU PHYS2014 Lecture 25 (Xie)

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Underdamped Oscillations

One type of damping force is proportional to

velocity:

dy 2 b dy k
+
+ y=0
dt 2 m dt m

F = bv

For weak damping: k b > 0

where b is called the damping coefficient.

m 2m

Using Newtons 2nd Law:

Ftotal = bv ky = m

Solution: y (t ) =

dy 2
dt 2

= 2m/b & = (k / m) (b / 2m) 2

This equation of motion is valid no matter if the

damping force is weak or strong.
Damped & driven Oscillations

OSU PHYS2014 Lecture 25 (Xie)

Ae t / cos(t + )

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This is called underdamped oscillations.

Damped & driven Oscillations

OSU PHYS2014 Lecture 25 (Xie)

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Properties of Damped Oscillations

Application 1: Damped Oscillation

(a) Underdamped oscillations:

2

k b

>0
m 2m

A 250 g mass is suspended from a 4.0 N/m spring, which is in

turn suspended from the ceiling. The damping constant of the
system is b = 0.070 kg/
kg/s. What is the period T and time
constant of the oscillator.

(b) Critically damped oscillations:

(1) Damped oscillatory motion:

y (t ) = Aet / 2 cos(t + )

k b

=0
m 2m
Solution: y (t ) =

Ae t / cos(t + )

= 2m/b

= m / b = 3.6s

k b

<0
m 2m

2
= (k / m) (b / 2m) 2
T

Damped & driven Oscillations

(2) Time constant:

(c) Overdamped oscillations:

OSU PHYS2014 Lecture 25 (Xie)

(3) The period:

2
k b2
=
=

, T = 1.6 s
m 4m 2
T
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Damped & driven Oscillations

OSU PHYS2014 Lecture 25 (Xie)

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Amplitude & Resonance

of Driven Oscillations

What Are Driven Oscillations?

Equation of Motion:

Driving force : F = F0 cos d t

Ftotal = F0 cos d t bv ky = m

Damping force : Fd = bv

dy 2
dt 2

Amplitude of oscillations:
Using Newtons 2nd Law:

Ftotal = F0 cos d t bv ky = m
Solution:
Damped & driven Oscillations

dy
dt 2

x(t ) = A( ) cos(d t + ) for t >>

OSU PHYS2014 Lecture 25 (Xie)

A(d ) =

F0
m (d2 02 ) 2 + b 2d2 / m 2

A(0 ) = F0 / b0
Resonance conditions: driving frequency (d) equals to the
natural frequency (0)

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Clicker question 2

Damped & driven Oscillations

OSU PHYS2014 Lecture 25 (Xie)

Page 16

Power of Resonance in Driving Oscillation

A sinusoidal force with a given amplitude is applied

to an oscillator. To maintain the largest amplitude
oscillation the frequency of the applied force should
be:
(A) half the natural frequency of the oscillator
(B) the same as the natural frequency of the oscillator
(C) twice the natural frequency of the oscillator
(D) unrelated to the natural frequency of the oscillator
(E) determined from the maximum speed desired

Damped & driven Oscillations

OSU PHYS2014 Lecture 25 (Xie)

Page 17

Collapse of the Tacoma Narrow Bridge on November 7, 1940 only

four month after its opening caused by wind driven oscillations.
Damped & driven Oscillations

OSU PHYS2014 Lecture 25 (Xie)

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