Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Slide 1
Approaches to knowledge development and their respective research methods;
i.e., deductive inductive process
o Inductive knowledge: is developed by pulling observations and facts
generated through research together to generate theory
That theory is then used to suggest further observations that might
be expected, which are then used to refine the theory
o Deductive knowledge: is developed by proposing a theory regarding a
phenomenon of interest
It starts with the whole and breaks down the parts of the theory,
seeking observations and facts to support the abstract relationship
proposed in that theory
Observations that support or refute a theorys predictions of
relationships are used to revise or refine the theory, which then
undergoes further testing
o Quantitative Research uses DEDUCTIVE REASONING
o Qualitative Research uses INDUCTIVE REASONING
Nursing theorists and their construct: Orem, Roy, Watson
o Orem: proposed the concept of self-deficit
o Roy: adaptation model
Defined nursing as the science and practices that expands adaptive
abilities and enhances person and environment transformation
o Watson: introduced carative factors or Caring
Nursing theory their relevance to nursing practice: Guides
o Four Main Domains:
Person
Environment
Health
Nursing
Principles of Ethics: Declaration of Helsinki, Nuremburg Code; and the Belmont
Commission Report of 1979 IRB
Different qualitative methods: phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography
o Designs that function to facilitate understanding answer descriptive
design questions
Designs that seek to link ideas and concepts answer questions of
connection or relationship
o Phenomenology: used to discover and develop understanding of
experiences as perceived by those living the experience
The method seeks to avoid external control by going as directly as
possible to those who have lived or are living the experience being
studied
Grounded theory: is to study interactions to understand and
recognize links between ideas and concepts, or, in other words, to
develop theory
Slide 2
Qualitative Method
o Data saturation; how to define Triangulation; Audit trail; Characteristic
of Qualitative Design: Flexible: The researcher become intensely
involved. Requires ongoing analysis and planning
Data saturation: the point at which all new information collected
is redundant of information already collected
Slide 3
Why do we use instruments in Quantitative research vs. Qualitative
How variables are defined in both major methods
o Operational: is one that is defined in specific, concrete terms that allows
us to see how we might actually measure the variable
o Theoretical: is one that is described and understood conceptually, not
concretely
o Independent: are those factors in the study that are used to explain or
predict the outcome of interest and are sometimes called the predictor
variables because they are used to predict the dependent variable
o Dependent: are the variables that depend on other variables in a study or
are the outcome variables of interest
o Bonus: qualitative research tends to not have any operational
definitions
Understand what a measurement error is
o Measurement error: when a variable is not measured with 100%
accuracty
Refers to the difference between what is true and the answer
we obtained from our data collection
Slide 4
Aspects of reliability define, how are they evaluated internal consistency;
equivalence; stability
o Internal consistency reliability: is the extent to which responses to a
scale are similar and related
Evaluated by cronbach alpha
o Equivalence: Inter-rater reliability
When two or more independent data collectors agree in the results
of their data collection process
Inter-rater reliability score is reported as 98% this means that
98% of the occasions two independent raters got the same
score
o Stability: The extent to which scores are similar on two separate
administrations of an instrument
evaluated by test-retest procedure
Slide 5
Validity: The degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to
measure
Threats to Internal Validity: History: Maturation: Selection Bias: mortality
o History: is some factor outside those examined in a study affecting the
outcome or dependent variable
The term history is used because some past event has influenced
the dependent variable
o Maturation: refers to a change in the dependent variable simply because
of the passage of time
Thus, the natural aging process, a type of maturation with time,
might lead to decreased daily functioning, regardless of whether
the subjects were providing care to a family member
Those studies with a design that did not include a control group
would be vulnerable to maturation
o Mortality: refers to the loss of subjects from a study because of a
consistent factor related to the dependent variable
Occasionally, the loss of subjects is from death
At other times, mortality refers to subjects withdrawing from a
study
o Selection bias: refers to subjects having unique characteristics that in
some manner relate to the dependent variable, raising a question whether
the findings from the study resulted from the independent variable or the
characteristics of the sample
A research designs overall internal validity would be best defined as effects
detected in the study are a true reflection of reality rather than an extraneous
variable
Selection of independent and dependent variables, types of Hp
o Selection of independent and dependent variables come from the research
purpose
Research purpose is a clear statement of factors that are going to
be studied to shed knowledge on the research problem
These factors may also be referred to as the variables to
be studied
In general, we expect the research purpose to identify
the major variables
o Types of hypotheses: