WWW - Iitj.ac - in CSP Material 20dec Refrigeration

SOLAR REFRIGERATION
: Current Status and Future Trends

by
Dr. A. MANI
PROFESSOR
12/27/2013
REFRIGERATION AND AIRCONDITIONING LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Solar Refrigeration : Current Status
INDIAN INSTITUTE
TECHNOLOGY
MADRAS
andOF
Future
Trends
CHENNAI 600 036
SOLAR ENERGY
PHOTOVOLTAIC
ORGANIC RANKINE
CYCLE
SOLAR THERMAL
VAPOUR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION
VAPOUR ABSORPTION
REFRIGERATION
VAPOUR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION
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VAPOUR JET
REFRIGERATION
THERMOELECTRIC
REFRIGERATION

and Future Trends
SOLAR VAPOUR COMPRESSION

REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
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and Future Trends
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and Future Trends
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Refrigeration : Current
Status
SOLAR VAPOUR Solar
COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION
and Future Trends
SYSTEM
Fig. 3 Comparison of mass flow rate for R12 and R134a

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and Future Trends
Fig. 4 Comparison of compressor capacity for R12 and R134a

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and Future Trends
Fig. 5 Comparison of power requirement for R12 and R134a

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and Future Trends
Fig. 6 Comparison of COP for R12 and R134a

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and Future Trends
Intermittent solar Refrigeration System
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and Future Trends
10
Fig. 7 Basic Intermittent Absorption Refrigeration System

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and Future Trends
11
A solar refrigerator capable producing of 250kg of ice

per day reported by Kirpichev and Baum (1954) which is
operated by a vapour compression principle. Steam is
used as working fluid which produced by a cylindrical
parabolic concentrators.
A intermittent solar refrigerator of production capacity 6
kg per ice per day built by Trombe and Foex (1957),
working on vapour absorption principle and ammoniawater combination used as working fluid.
Willam et al (1957) tried different refrigerant-absorbent
combination like methonol-silicagel, accetone-silicagel,
ammonia-water etc, for a small food cooler working on
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: Current Status
12
intermittent
cycle.Solar Refrigeration
and Future Trends
Chinnappa (1961) investigated intermittent solar

refrigeration system theoretical with absorption
cycle for ammonia-water and ammonia-lithium
nitrate combinations and compared the results with
experimentally.
A small refrigerator operating on the absorption
principle with parabolic concentrator collector built,
Desa (1964) with ammonia as working fluid.
Theoretical
performance
of
NH3-NaSCN
intermittent absorption refrigeration system analysis
done by Sargent and Beckmann (1968) and
compared with NH3-H2O system.
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and Future Trends
13
Muradov and Shadie (1971)investigated an intermittent

absorption solar refrigerator with ammonia-calcium
chloride. A sub-zero evaporator temperature reported
which obtained within 1-2 hours from starting of
refrigeration process.
A solar refrigerator of 5 ton capacity working on
absorption principle with NH3-H2O working fluid
reported, Farber (1973).
Swartman et al (1973) have reported experimental results
on an intermittent solar refrigerator which built based on
two vessel system, one for generator cum absorber and
other condenser and evaporator. NH3-H2O and NH312/27/2013
14
NaSCN
solution used
asandworking
fluid.
Future Trends
A LiBr-H2O intermittent absorbent refrigeration

system theoretical studied and its performance
predicted as a function of initial and final
temperature of generator and condenser by Perry
(1975).
A theoretical and experimental study on NH3-H2O
solar refrigerator carried out by Venkatesh et al
(1978) and its performance predicted as a function of
generator temperature, condenser temperature and
initial solution con concentrations.
Ali Mansoori and Vinod Patel(1979) studied
theoretically and computed the performance of
vapour absorption cycle as a function of generator,
atmospheric and evaporator temperatures.
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and Future Trends
15
Ramesh chandra et al (1978) built a solar refrigerator,

NH3-NaSCN as working fluid which is operated 0C
evaporator temperature and 104C generator
temperature.
Giri and Barve (1978) built a solar absorption system of
one ton capacity with 18 flat plate collectors each
having 2m2 area producing a cooling rate of 2769
Kcal/h with solar energy input 4390 Kcal/h.
Flechon et al (1981) built a refrigerator working on
vapour absorption cycle with electrical energy to
simulate the performance.
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EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
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RefrigerationON
: Current
Status VESSEL
Fig.12/27/2013
EXPERIMENTAL Solar
STUDIES
TWO
and Future Trends
22
Table 1. Experimental
performance of two
vessel intermittent
system
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and Future Trends
23
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Solar Refrigeration
: Current Status
COLLECTOR
WITH MIRROR
BOOSTERS
and Future Trends
24
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and Future Trends
25
Fig.15 Thermodynamic cycle for single stage intermittent solar

refrigerator
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and Future Trends
26
Fig. 16 Effect of tg and xl on COP of single stage system

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and Future Trends
27
Fig. 19 Effect of tc and tg on COP of single stage system

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and Future Trends
28
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Solar Refrigeration
: Current Status
SOLAR
REFRIGERATOR
and Future Trends
29
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SOLAR REFRIGERATOR
WITH
Solar Refrigeration : Current
StatusINSULATION
and Future Trends
30
Fig. EXPERIMENTAL
STUDIES
ON
SINGLE STAGE
Solar Refrigeration
: Current
Status
and Future
Trends
INTERMITTENT SOLAR
REFRIGERATOR
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31
Fig. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON SINGLE STAGE

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SolarSOLAR
Refrigeration REFRIGERATOR
: Current Status
32
INTERMITTENT
and Future Trends
Fig. 24 Effect of decrease in evaporator temperature on single stage

intermittent solar refrigerator
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33
Fig. 25 Effect of increase in condenser temperature on single stage

intermittent solar refrigerator
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and Future Trends
34
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35
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Fig. 30 Effect of tgh and volume ratio on COP of two stage system
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37
Fig. 31 Effect of tgh and x1 on COP of two stage system

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and Future Trends
38
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TWO-STAGE INTERMITTENT SOLAR

REFRIGERATOR
(FRONT
Solar Refrigeration : Current
Status VIEW)
and Future Trends
39
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TWO-STAGE INTERMITTENT SOLAR

REFRIGERATOR (REAR VIEW)
and Future Trends
40
TWO
STAGE INTERMITTENT
SOLAR REFRIGERATOR 41
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GENERATION PROCESS and Future Trends
TWO STAGE INTERMITTENT SOLAR REFRIGERATOR

REFRIGERATION PROCESS
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and Future Trends
42
Fig. 35 Comparison of predicted and experimental performance

characteristics of two stage solar refrigerator
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and Future Trends
43
Triple Fluid Vapour Absorption

Refrigerator
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and Future Trends
44
PLATEN-MUNTERS ABSORPTION SYSTEM
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45
Platen and Munters[1926] modified the existing

refrigerators that utilized solely the heat in
practice. Electrolux Inc. took up the responsibility
of commercial production of it. Later on, further
modifications were being added and refrigerators
were then assigned with different names, Triple
Fluid Vapour Absorption Refrigerator,
Absorption-Diffusion
Refrigerator,
Pumpless Continuous Action Absorption
Refrigerator, etc.
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and Future Trends
46
Nesselmann[1933] conducted theoretical

investigations on the gas circuit of TFVAR
with an ideal operating conditions. He
ignored the propulsion force required for the
circulation of the gas mixture and diffusion
effects in evaporator and absorber, but
clarified the influence of the circulation rate
of the gas mixture and Gas Heat Exchanger
(GHE) efficiency.
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47
and Future Trends
Miller et al[1946], Nesselmann[1933]and

Backstorm[1956] proposed Helium as an
alternative for Hydrogen because of its lower
specific heat and hence height difference
between evaporator and condenser required
will be more.
Young and Makiya[1983] illustrated that
COPs are higher at higher evaporator loads .
Helium yield lower COP at lower loads.
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and Future Trends
48
Watts and Gulland[1958] experiments

proposed a noticeable
increase in
refrigerating effect when TFVAR was
operated at low unit pressure and higher
evaporator temperature. It involved force,
natural and restricted gas flows through the
circuit at pressures: 11.4 and 16.7 bar and
mean evaporator temperature 00C,-100C and
0C.
-20
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49
and Future Trends
Martynovsky et al[1973] suggested an

increase in the COP of TFVAR by cooling the
weak gas mixture from absorber temperature
to the ambient temperature prior to its gas heat
exchanger entry.
Shpilevoy[1982] and Almen[1983] have
reported the usage of the special tubes with
internal capillary incision for evaporator to
increase the mass transfer area.
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and Future Trends
50
Narayanhedkar and Maiya[1985] worked

for the increase in optimum power input to
the TFVAR and also refrigerating effect
with the inert gas charge pressure which
validates the results of Watts and
Gulland[1957] and Prasad[1986].
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and Future Trends
51
Maiya[1988] carried out theoretical and

experimental investigations of Triple Fluid
Vapour Absorption Refrigerator which
concluded following results:
Helium as a better substitute to hydrogen as
inert gas with corresponding increase in the
height difference in evaporator and condenser.
However, hydrogen does marginally better for
the same height difference.
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and Future Trends
52
Major Components of Triple Fluid Vapour Absorption

Refrigerator
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and Future Trends
53
Evaporator of Triple Fluid Vapour Absorption

Refrigerator
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and Future Trends
54
Transfer Tank operated Vapour

Absorption Refrigeration System
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and Future Trends
55
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and Future Trends
56
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TRANSFER
TANK OPERATED
Solar Refrigeration
: Current Status VARS
and Future
Trends
(FRONT
VIEW)
62
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TRANSFER
TANK OPERATED
Solar Refrigeration
: Current Status VARS
and
Future Trends
(REAR
VIEW)
63
EFFECT OF GENERATOR TEMPERATURE ON TRANSFER

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64
TANK VAPOUR FLOW
and Future Trends
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EFFECT OF GENERATOR TEMPERATURE ON

65
CIRCULATIONandRATIO
Future Trends
Solar Refrigeration :TEMPERATURE

Current Status
EFFECT OF GENERATOR
ON COP 66
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and Future Trends
SOLAR VAPOUR ABSORPTION

REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
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and Future Trends
67
A water cooling VAR system used R22-DMF as

working fluid built by Agarwal and Sabti (1982),
capacity of 60 kg of water per day from 30C to 15C.
A theoretical study of NH3-H2O two stage absorption
system with high generator temperature range 100C to
170C by Jhonston(1980). He suggested that the
performance of the system improve than a steady state
system by using evacuated tubular collectors.
Keizer (1982) reported a theoretical and experimental
analysis of single and two stage ammonia-water
absorption system. He also made a detailed study about
film
and vertical tubular
bubble absorber and compared
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68
and Future Trends
the obtained result
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and Future Trends
69
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF VARS
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and Future Trends
70
T20
T22
T5
Capillary tube
P5
HSV4
T21
BV5
HSV2
T7 P7
T18
P6 T6
NV1
Absorber
storage
tank
Absorber
GV7
HSV3
P2
Throttle valve
Evaporator
BV4
T2
T19
Condenser
HSV8
S5
GV10
P3
NV2
R134a liquid
receiver
Solution
pump
T8 P8
T3
BV2
L3 BV6
T17
GV9
HSV1
L2
S1
HSV5
P4
BV3
BV11
BV1
T4
BV7
T1
HSV7
GV8
S4
S2
GV11
S6
T9
Online density HSV6

meter
T14
P9
T10
P1
P10
P14
T11
Generator
NV3
GV6
GV14
T13
P13
GV13
BV8
Solution
heat exchanger
GV5
T15
T16
BV10
T12
Hand shut-off valve

GV12
Cooling load
simulator
(Chilled water)
Water
pump
GV4
BV9
Generator L1
storage
tank
P11
Ball valve
Cooling water
thermostat
Water
pump
Gate valve
P12
S3
GV3
Needle valve
S Flow meter
R134a-DM F Solution line
GV2
F Filter/Drier
L Level gauge
R134a refrigerant line

Water line
T
P
Temperature gauge
Pressure gauge
Water
pump
Hot water
thermostat
GV1
Fig. 41 Schematic diagram of R134a-DMF based vapour absorption

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refrigeration system
and Future Trends
71
Liquid refrigerant
receiver
Condenser
Expansion
device
Liquid
refrigerant
flow meter
Evaporator
Generator
MCB switch
board
Generator
receiver
Chilled water
flow meter
Data acquisition
system
Hot water
flow meter
Solution
heat
exchanger
Hot water tank
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72
Fig.42 Experimental setup R134a-DMF

vapour absorption refrigeration system
and Future Trends
Liquid
refrigerant
receiver
Expansion
devices
Liquid
Refrigerant
Flow meter
Evaporator
Absorber
Absorber
receiver
Cooling water tank
with cooling coils
Condensing unit
for cooling water
system
Chilled water
tank
Fig.43. Experimental setup VARS with plate heat

exchangersSolar Refrigeration : Current Status
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and Future Trends
73
Chilled
water
pump
Hot water
pump
Cooling
water
pump
Solution
pump
Online
density
meter
Fig.44 Solution pump, water pumps and online density meter

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and Future Trends
74
Condensers
Condenser fans
Compressors
Fig.45 Condensing unit for cooling water system

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and Future Trends
75
Data
Acquisition
System
0 - 5 V DC
power
supply
Glass
absorber
Expt. set-up
equiped with DAS
Mass
flow
controller
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Mass
flow
indicator
24 V DC
power
supply
R134a
gas
cylinder

and Future Trends
76
Difference in strong and weak soln. concentrations, kgkg -1
0.3
Cooling capacity = 3.4 kW
Condenser temperature = 21 C
Absorber temperature = 19.7 C
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
Evaporator temp. = -1.7o C

Evaporator temp. = 4.2 o C
0.05
Experimental
- - - - - Simulation
0
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
Generator temperature, oC
Fig.59 Effect of generator temperature on strong and weak solution

concentration difference at different evaporator temperatures
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77
18
16
14
Circulation ratio
Evaporator temp. = -1.7 C

Evaporator temp. = 4.2 oC

12
10
8
6
4
Experimental
2
0
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
Generator temperature, oC
Fig. 60 Effect of generator temperature on circulation ratio at different

evaporator temperatures
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78
Coefficient of Performance, COP
0.7
0.6
Evaporator temp. = -1.7o C

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Experimental
0.1
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
Generator temperature, C
Fig. 61 Effect of generator temperature on coefficient of performance at

different evaporator temperatures
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and Future Trends
79
SOLAR VAPOUR JET

REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
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and Future Trends
80
Working Fluids
Working fluids generally used in Jet refrigeration system are
R11, R12, R-113, R-123, R-141b, R134a, R718b, and R717.
Working fluids could be classified as wet and dry vapor by

Chang et al. [22]. Wet vapour experiences small droplets at the
exit of the primary nozzle, and it undergoes two phase
condition. The small droplets block the hypothetical throat area
and hits on the ejector walls, causing damage. It can be avoided
by slightly superheating the primary stream working fluid .
Dry vapour is preferable compared to wet vapour. Comparative
studies on the performance of ejector refrigeration cycle with
eleven refrigerants including water, halocarbon compounds
(CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs), a cyclic organic compound and an
azeotrope were carried out by Da- Wen Sun [23]. The
refrigerants were used for achieving better performance of the
system.
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81
One dimensional analysis
Huang et al.[1] carried out one dimensional analysis for

predicting the ejector performance at critical conditions using
R141b with an Ideal gas assumption. He compared analytical
results with their experiments using 11 ejector combinations.
From the experimental results they achieved coefficients to
account for the losses of the primary flow, secondary flow and
frictional losses in the mixed flow. With these empirical
coefficients, the author claimed that one dimensional analysis
could accurately predict the performance of the ejectors.
Two empirical correlations which could be used from the

experimental results of 15 ejector geometric combinations (3
primary nozzle and 5 mixing chamber) with R141b were
derived by Huang and Chang [2].
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82
One dimensional analysis contd.,

Ozzane and Aidoun [6] carried out one dimensional analysis of
compressible refrigerant flow of ejector based on forward
marching technique for the solution of conservation equations
through computer simulation for R141b. Mixing chamber
length had a great impact over the performance by controlling
the shock wave occurrence and intensity, its length was
adjusted to bring supersonic mixed flow to near sonic
conditions for maximum exit pressure.
The performance of the ejector under critical operating mode
was studied by Selvaraju and Mani [7] and also they compared
the performance of the ejector with different environmental
friendly refrigerants like R134a, R152a, R290, R600a and
R717.. Among the refrigerants selected for analysis, R134a
gives a better performance and higher critical entrainment ratio.
They observed that critical entrainment ratio increases with
increase in driving pressure ratio and decrease with increase in
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83
compression ratio. [8] and Future Trends
Development of mathematical models on hydrodynamic

and thermodynamic character with in the ejector refrigeration
system was reviewed by He et al. [9]. They stated that
dynamic model could predict with higher precision and give
more information compared to steady thermodynamic models.
Khalil et al. [10] have developed mathematical model for

designing an ejector and also predicted the performance
characteristics of vapour jet refrigeration system with R134a
over a wide range of operating parameters like temperatures of
generator, condensing and evaporator, degrees of superheat,
nozzle efficiency and diffuser efficiency. A number of valid
conclusions were drawn from the analysis. Some of them were:
diffuser efficiency has less effect on entrainment ratio
compared to primary nozzle efficiency, area ratio increases as
generator temperature. Effect of superheat on entrainment ratio
is larger than its effect on both area ratio and COP.
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84
Simulation of one dimensional analysis based on mass,

momentum and energy balances was carried out Cizungu et al.
[36] and validated the same with experimental results from
literature. . Also they compared the system performance using
the environmentally friendly working fluids like R123, R134a,
R 152a and R717. The author suggests that the entrainment ratio
and COP of the system depends on ejector geometry and
compression ratio.
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and Future Trends
85
Numerical CFD analysis

Bartosiewicz et al. [14] carried out performance analysis of
supersonic ejector using CFD analysis and experimental under
different modes, ranging from on-design to off-design
condition. Six turbulence models namely, k-, RNG-k-, RSM
and two k- were tested and compared with measurements
from literature.
The effect of suction tube which entrains secondary flow on
entraining performance was studied by comparing the
axisymmetric and 3- dimensional analysis by Pianthong et al.
[21]. They concluded that the suction tube does not affect the
overall performance of the system, because the flow velocity
at the suction is very low.
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86
Numerical CFD analysis contd.,

Numerical analyses were performed with 3D axisymmetric
geometry, with realizable k- model as a turbulence model[15].
He studied the performance of the ejector with different
combinations of primary nozzles throat diameter and exit
diameter, mixing chamber diameter, length of constant area
mixing tube under varied operating conditions. The author [16]
continued the work to explore the flow phenomena inside
ejector.
The influence of geometrical factors of steam ejector on the
performance was studied using CFD by Szabolcs et al. [17,18].
The optimal area ratio fo the corresponding operating
conditions could be achieved by adjusting the area ratio, by an
adjustable spindle arrangement in the conventional ejector
system.
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87
Numerical CFD analysis contd.,
Selvaraju and Mani [37] carried out performance analysis

with R134a using 3-Dimensional CFD analysis. Governing
equations for mass, momentum, energy and turbulence models
were solved using CFD technique.
Riffat and Omer [12] have studied ejector refrigeration system

using methanol as a working fluid, numerically using CFD and
experimentally. The results of the CFD analysis focused on
determining the optimum ejector geometry for the given
operating conditions. Rusly et al. [13] have studied the flow
behavior of the ejector with 2D -CFD analysis.
Scott [11] carried out CFD analysis of an ejector working with
R245fa for cooling / refrigeration applications.
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88
Two phase ejector

Navid Sharifi et al. [28] did analytical modeling of wet steam
based on aerodynamics and thermodynamic performance of
steam ejectors.
Cizungu et al. [29] carried out one-dimensional compressible
flow model, based on control volume approach to model and
optimize one and two-dimensional ejectors in a steady state
operation. The working fluid may be of single component or
two components, homogenous model was considered for two
phase working fluids.
Senthil kumar et al. [41] carried out two-phase variable
geometry jet pump designed for the application of flash
desalination system for creating vacuum in the flash chamber.
The objective was to determine the optimum distance between
orifice and mixing tube which could give maximum
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Refrigeration : Current
Status
performance
and the Solar
corresponding
efficiency
was reported. 89
and Future Trends
Two phase ejector contd.,

Stefan Elbel [35] studied two-phase ejector used as an
expansion device to reduce throttling losses The author listed
the types of ejector based on the thermodynamic state of the
working fluid as shown in Table.
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90
Experimental analysis
Eames et al. [19] have studied steam jet refrigerator

theoretically and numerically. The author emphasized that,
choking of the secondary flow in the mixing chamber play a
major role in the performance of the system.
Meyer et al. [20] attempted experimentally to operate steam

ejector at a temperatures below 100 C, so that the
conventional solar flat plate or evacuated tube water heaters
can be used for operating steam ejector systems for producing
cooling and refrigeration. The author claimed that, no
published experimental data could be found on primary nozzle
throat diameters and ejector profiles for an operating
temperature below 110 C.
Putilov [40] claimed that there exist an optimal nozzle position

for each geometry and operating conditions that give higher
entraining performance of the ejector thereby increase in COP
of VJR system.
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91
Experimental analysis contd.,

Zhang et al. [42] numerically using CFD and experimentally with
R236. The author varied angles of nozzle outlet as 8, 10, and
14, distance of nozzle exit to mixing chamber was varied as 23
and 33 mm and diffuser length varied as 88 and 103 mm.
Experimental studies on the ejector performance using ammonia

was studied by Sankarlal and Mani [34,35] with three different
area ratios under simulated operating conditions.
Experimental studies on the performance of vapour ejector

refrigeration system with R134a were carried out by Selvaraju
and Mani [37] for a rated capacity of 0.5 kW. The influence of
generator, evaporator and condenser temperature on system
performance was studied for six ejector configurations.
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92
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Fig. 19. Schematic

diagram of solar VJRS
and Future Trends
93
6
a
Fig. 2 Thermodynamic diagram of vapour jet refrigeration system

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94
Assembled view of the ejector components

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95
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EJECTOR
COMPONENTS
Solar Refrigeration
: Current StatusOF VJRS
and Future Trends
96
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VAPOURSolar
JET
REFRIGERATION
Refrigeration
: Current Status SYSTEM
and Future
Trends
(RIGHT
SIDE
VIEW)
97
Fig. 105 Meshed view of the ejector

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and Future Trends
98
Fig. 106 Shaded view of the ejector

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99
Region of shock waves
Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 30.00 e+05 Pa
Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 26.25 e+05 Pa
Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 32.35 e+05 Pa
Fig. 109 Static pressure contour

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100
Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 26.25 e+05 Pa
Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 30.00 e+05 Pa
ms-1
ms-1
Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 32.35 e+05 Pa
ms-1
Fig.110 Velocity vector

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101
Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 26.25 e+05 Pa
Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 30.00 e+05 Pa
Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 32.35 e+05 Pa
Fig. 111 Mach number

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Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 32.35 e+05 Pa
Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 30.35 e+05 Pa
Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 35.81 e+05 Pa
Fig. 112 Distribution of static temperature

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103
Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 30.00 e+05 Pa
Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 32.35 e+05 Pa
Pe = 4.15 e+05 Pa
Pc = 7.05 e+05 Pa
Pg = 35.81 e+05 Pa
Fig. 113 Variation of enthalpy

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104
Entrainment ratio .
0.4
Tc = 302 K
0.3
0.2
Te
Te = 278.0 K
= 280.5 K
0.1
= 283.0 K
= 285.5 K
NA - MA
0
335
340
345
350
355
360
365
Generator temperature, K
Fig. 119 Effect of generator temperature on entrainment ratio

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105
0.5
Te
Te = 278.0 K
= 280.5 K
0.4
= 283.0 K
= 285.5 K
COP
0.3
0.2
0.1
NA -MA
Tc = 300 K
0
335
340
345
350
355
360
365
Generator temperature, K
Fig. 121 Effect of generator temperature on COP

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106
0.5
Te = 283 K
Entrainment ratio
0.4
Tgg = 358 K
= 361K
0.3
0.2
0.1
NA - MA
0
300
302
304
306
308
310
Condenser temperature, K
Fig. 125 Effect of condenser temperature on entrainment ratio

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107
0.3
Te = 280.5 K
Tg = 358 K
= 361 K
COP
0.2
0.1
NA - MA
0
300
302
304
306
Condenser temperature, K
Fig. 127 Effect of condenser temperature on COP

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108
0.6
Actual critical entrainment ratio .
+10%
-10%
Correlation for
Critical entrainment
ratio
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Predicted critical entrainment ratio
critical 0.27238Rd 0.37332Rc 0.202621 0.968945

Fig.128 Comparison of predicted and actual critical entrainment ratio
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109
0.6
+10%
0.5
Actual critical COP .
-10%
Correlation for
Critical COP
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Predicted critical COP
COPcritical 0.375976Rd 0.284386Rc 0.242682 0.933787

Fig.129 Comparison of predicted and actual critical COP
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110
Payback Analysis
Solar and electrical energy costs intersect at 6th year of operation which is
the payback period.
Cost comparison of solar and electrical

refrigerator
The total cost of a selected refrigerator for 10 years is
= Rs.8390 + Rs. 62,052
= Rs.70,442 / For solar based refrigeration system the total initial
cost is
= Rs 39,340
The saving of cost in 10 years is with a difference of
= 70,442 39,340
= Rs. 31,102.
saving per year is = Rs 31102.00
Courtesy; Ravi Shankar Raman et al / VSRD International Journal of Mechanical,
Auto. & Prod. Engg. Vol. 2 (1), 2012
Performance and costs of various solar

refrigeration systems
Main options of various solar refrigeration

systems and their ranks
The main options and the options are ranked according to
their reported performance and the required investments
per kW cooling.
Solar thermal with single-effect absorption system

appears to be the best option closely followed by the solar
thermal with single-effect adsorption system and by the
solar thermal with double-effect absorption system options
at the same price level.
Solar thermo-mechanical or solar photovoltaic options are
significantly more expensive.
Main options of various solar refrigeration

systems and their ranks , contd..
The vapour compression system and magnetic systems are
the most attractive options followed by the thermoacoustic and Stirling systems .
Desiccant systems and ejector systems will bemore
expensive than the first three systems but since these
systems require specific equipment their exact position is
difficult to identify.
Courtesy: D.S. Kima, C.A. Infante Ferreirab, Solar refrigeration options a
state-of-the-art review,, I n t e r n a t i o n a l Journal o f R e f r i g e r a t i
on , Vol 3, pp.1 3 1 5, ( 2 0 0 8 )
Conclusions
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117
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assessment steam ejector efficiencies using CFD, Int. Journal of Refrigeration, 32,
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novel application of the petal nozzle, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sciences, 22, 203211.
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refrigeration system, Energy, 21, 919-929.
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refrigeration system with environmentally friendly working fluids, App. Thermal
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ejector refrigeration system Int. Journal of Refrigeration 29, 1160-1166.
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experimental investigations on supersonic ejectors, Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow, 26,
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compressor shape parameters for multi-effect desalination plants, Desalination
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Reference contd
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SOLAR REFRIGERATION

: Current Status and Future Trends

REFRIGERATION AND AIRCONDITIONING LABORATORY

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

SOLAR VAPOUR COMPRESSION

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Fig. 3 Comparison of mass flow rate for R12 and R134a

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Fig. 4 Comparison of compressor capacity for R12 and R134a

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Fig. 5 Comparison of power requirement for R12 and R134a

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Fig. 6 Comparison of COP for R12 and R134a

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Intermittent solar Refrigeration System

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Fig. 7 Basic Intermittent Absorption Refrigeration System

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

A solar refrigerator capable producing of 250kg of ice

Chinnappa (1961) investigated intermittent solar

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Muradov and Shadie (1971)investigated an intermittent

A LiBr-H2O intermittent absorbent refrigeration

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Ramesh chandra et al (1978) built a solar refrigerator,

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Fig.15 Thermodynamic cycle for single stage intermittent solar

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Fig. 16 Effect of tg and xl on COP of single stage system

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Fig. 19 Effect of tc and tg on COP of single stage system

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Fig. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON SINGLE STAGE

Fig. 24 Effect of decrease in evaporator temperature on single stage

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Fig. 25 Effect of increase in condenser temperature on single stage

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Fig. 31 Effect of tgh and x1 on COP of two stage system

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

TWO-STAGE INTERMITTENT SOLAR

TWO-STAGE INTERMITTENT SOLAR

TWO STAGE INTERMITTENT SOLAR REFRIGERATOR

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Fig. 35 Comparison of predicted and experimental performance

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Triple Fluid Vapour Absorption

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

PLATEN-MUNTERS ABSORPTION SYSTEM

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Platen and Munters[1926] modified the existing

Solar Refrigeration : Current Status

Nesselmann[1933] conducted theoretical