Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2008
Table of Contents
Contents
Page No
1. Introduction.
10
14
21
22
28
4.3.Evaporator selection
32
4.4.Compressor selection .
36
4.5.Condenser selection.
39
40
4.7.System balance
40
5. Appendix.
41
41
5.2.Table2: Frost and dust (fin spacing) reduction factor as function of fin spacing.
41
41
42
43
44
45
45
46
46
46
Page 2 of 46
o
o
0 F Te 32 F (- 18 o C Te 0 o C )
Te >32 o F ( Te >0 o C )
Page 3 of 46
Page 4 of 46
For commercial coolers and freezers, air cooled direct-expansion systems using reciprocating
compressors are more economical.
compressor
expansion
valve
condenser fan
4
evaporator
1
evaporator fan
Fig a) schematic diagram of single stage vapor compression
Page 5 of 46
Pc
2
Pe
Tc
3
1
Te
S
Fig b) Temperature (T) versus entropy (S) diagram of vapor compression refrigeration
systems (single stage ideal system)
1.5.Refrigerants and coolants
Refrigerant
A refrigerant is the primary working fluid used for absorbing and transmitting heat in a
refrigeration system. Refrigerants absorb heat at a low temperature and low pressure and release
heat at a higher temperature and pressure. Most refrigerants undergo phase changes during heat
absorption evaporation and heat releasing - condensation.
Coolant (cooling medium)
A cooling medium is the fluid (air or water) cooled (at the evaporator) and heated at the
condenser by the refrigerant.
1.6.Refrigeration Processes and Cycles
Refrigeration Processes
A refrigeration process indicates the change of thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant and
the energy transfer between the refrigerant and the surroundings. The following refrigeration
processes occur during the operation of a vapor compression refrigerating system:
Evaporation - In this process, the refrigerant evaporates at a lower temperature than that of its
surroundings, absorbing its latent heat of vaporization.
Superheating - Saturated refrigerant vapor is usually superheated to ensure that liquid refrigerant
does not flow into the compressor.
Compression - Refrigerant is compressed to a higher pressure and temperature for condensation.
Condensation - Gaseous refrigerant is condensed to liquid form by being de-superheated, then
condensed, and finally sub-cooled, transferring its latent heat of condensation to a coolant.
Throttling and expansion - The higher-pressure liquid refrigerant is throttled to the lower
evaporating pressure and is ready for evaporation.
Page 6 of 46
Refrigeration Cycles
The refrigerants undergo a series of evaporation, compression, condensation, throttling, and
expansion processes, absorbing heat from a lower-temperature reservoir and releasing it to a
higher temperature reservoir in such a way that the final state is equal in all respects to the initial
state. It is said to have undergone a closed refrigeration cycle.
1.7.Refrigeration Effect, Refrigeration Load, and Refrigerating Capacity
Refrigeration Load (or cooling load)
Refrigeration load is the total heat load of the storage to be refrigerated.
Refrigeration effect
The refrigeration effect is the heat extracted by a unit mass of refrigerant during the evaporating
process in the evaporator.
Refrigeration capacity (or cooling capacity)
Refrigerating capacity is the actual rate of heat extracted by the refrigerant in the evaporator. It
can be expressed as follows:
The cubic feet per minute (CFM) suction vapor of refrigerant required to produce 1 ton of
refrigeration (liters per second to produce 1 kW of refrigeration) depends mainly on the latent
heat of vaporization of the refrigerant and the specific volume at the suction pressure. It directly
affects the size and compactness of the compressor and is one of the criteria for refrigerant
selection.
1.8.Sub cooling and Superheating
Sub-cooling
Condensed liquid refrigerant is usually sub-cooled to a temperature lower than the saturated
temperature corresponding to the condensing pressure of the refrigerant. This is done to increase
the refrigerating effect. Sub-cooling is shown in Fig. 1b. The degree of sub-cooling depends
mainly on the temperature of the coolant (atmospheric air) during condensation, and the
construction and capacity of the condenser.
Superheating
Superheating is heating the saturated vapor slightly above its saturation temperature. This is done
to avoid compressor slugging damage. Superheating is shown in Fig. 1b. The degree of superheat
depends mainly on the type of refrigerant feed and compressor as well as the construction of the
evaporator. Generally, the degrees of super heating and sub cooling have the following ranges:
o
Super heat temperature = 5 to 7 C temperature of a gas above the saturation point
o
Sub cooling temperature = 3 to 8 C - temperature of a liquid below the saturation point
1.9.COMPRESSORS
The four main types of compressors used in commercial refrigeration today are:
Open - belt driven (low speed, 500-1750 rpm)
Open - direct driven (medium speed, 1160 or 1750 rpm)
Semi-hermetic (1750 rpm)
Hermetic (welded, 3500 rpm)
The compressor type used is often a matter of personal preference but it is important to be aware
that compressor life decreases with increased speed and increased condensing temperature.
Page 7 of 46
On commercial refrigeration applications, compressors are most commonly used with air-cooled
condensers. They are also used with water-cooled condensers and occasionally with evaporative
condensers. Water restrictions in recent years and simpler maintenance are the reasons for the
popularity of air-cooled systems.
The air-cooled condenser may be an integral part of the compressor unit (air-cooled condensing
unit) or it may be remotely located (on the roof, for example).
Compressor/condensing units are generally classified as high, medium or low temperature.
Approximate evaporating temperatures are:
High +30F to +50F
Medium -10F to +30F
Low 40F to -10F
In a reciprocating compressor a piston (single or double acting) in a cylinder is driven by a
crankshaft via a connecting rod. At the top of the cylinder are a suction valve and a discharge
valve. There are usually two, three, four, or six cylinders in a reciprocating compressor.
Vapor refrigerant is drawn through the suction valve into the cylinder until the piston reaches its
lowest position. As the piston is forced upward by the crankshaft, it compresses the vapor
refrigerant to a pressure slightly higher than the discharge pressure. Hot gas opens the discharge
valve and discharges from the cylinder. The gaseous refrigerant in a reciprocating compressor is
compressed by the change of internal volume of the compression chamber caused by the
reciprocating motion of the piston in the cylinder. The cooling capacity of a reciprocating
compressor ranges from a fraction of a ton to 200 tons (1 to 700 kW). Refrigerant HCFC-22,
HFC-134a, HFC- 404A, HFC- 407A, and HFC- 407C in comfort and process air conditioning
and R-717 (ammonia) in industrial applications are the currently used refrigerants in
reciprocating compressors because of their zero ozone depletion factors, except HCFC-22 which
will be restricted from the year 2004 due to its ozone depletion.
The maximum compression ratio ( Pd / Ps ) of a single-stage reciprocating compressor is about 7.
Volumetric efficiency of a typical reciprocating compressor v decreases from 0.92 to 0.65 when
Pd / Ps increases from 1 to 6, and the isentropic or compressor efficiency ise decreases from 0.83
to 0.75 when Pd / Ps increases from 4 to 6. Methods of capacity control during part-load operation
include on/off, cylinder unloader, and hot-gas bypass controls.
Reciprocating compressor design is now in its mature stage. There is little room for significant
improvement. Reciprocating compressors are still widely used in small and medium-size
refrigeration systems. However, they will be gradually replaced by rotary, scroll, and screw
compressors.
Hermetic, Semi hermetic, and Open Compressors
In a hermetic compressor, the motor and the compressor are sealed or welded in the same
housing. Hermetic compressors have two advantages: They minimize leakage of refrigerant, and
the motor can be cooled by the suction vapor flowing through the motor windings, which results
in a small and cheaper compressor-motor assembly.
Motor windings in hermetic compressors must be compatible with the refrigerant and lubrication
oil, resist the abrasive effect of the suction vapor, and have high dielectric strength. Welded
compressors are usually used for small installations from <1 hp to 24 hp (< 0.7 kW to 18 kW).
Semi hermetic compressors are also known as accessible hermetic compressors. The main
advantage that semi hermetic compressors have over hermetic compressors is accessibility for
Page 8 of 46
repair during a compressor failure or for regular maintenance. Other features are similar to those
of the hermetic compressor. Most of the medium compressors are semi hermetic.
In an open compressor, the compressor and the motor are enclosed in two separate housings. An
open compressor needs shaft seals to minimize refrigerant leakage. In most cases, an enclosed
fan is used to cool the motor windings by using ambient air. An open compressor does not need
to evaporate the liquid refrigerant to cool the hermetic motor windings. Compared with hermetic
compressors, open compressors may save 2 to 4 percent of the total power input.
Many very large refrigeration compressors are open compressors.
Direct Drive, Belt Drive, and Gear Drive
Hermetic compressors are driven by motor directly or driven by gear trains. Both semi hermetic
and open compressors can be driven directly, driven by gear trains, or driven by motor through V
belts. The purpose of a gear train is to increase the speed of the compressor. Gear drive is
compact in size and rotates without slippage. Like belt drive, gear drive needs about 3 percent
more power input than direct- drive compressors. Some large open compressors may be driven
by steam turbine, gas turbine, or diesel engine instead of electric motor.
1.10. Power absorption of refrigeration systems
Power absorption of a refrigeration system is the power input at the compressor shaft, brake
horse power. Power rating of refrigeration equipments is the brake horse power which doesn't
include mechanical and motor losses. But the actual power requirement of the system is higher
because of mechanical loss at the coupling of compressor shaft and electric motor and electric
motor inefficiency.
1.11. Coefficient of performance (COP) of refrigeration systems
The coefficient of performance is an index of performance of a thermodynamic cycle or a
thermal system. COP is defined as the ratio of the refrigeration effect to the work input.
1.12. Energy efficiency ratio (EER) of refrigeration systems
EER is energy use index defined as the ratio of the net cooling capacity to the electric power
input under designated operating conditions.
Page 9 of 46
(1)
Where
C I ( x ) is annual cost of insulation as function of thickness
C M ( x ) is annual cost of refrigerating machinery as function of thickness
C OP ( x ) is annual operating cost as function of thickness
Annual cost of insulation can be approximated by:
C I ( x ) = 0.1 PI x A + Constants
1a
Where
Page 10 of 46
C M ( x ) = 0.1 PM Q + Constants
Where
PM
1b
Q = UAT + Constants
Where
U is over all heat transfer coefficient
A is envelope area
T is temperature difference
Annual operating cost of the refrigerating machinery can be approximated by:
Q ave
C OP ( x ) = Pel (
) 10 3
COPave
Where
Pel
Where
Tave is annual average temperature difference approximated by:
Tave = Tave - Troom
Where
Tave
By substituting all the values in equation (1) and setting the derivative of equation (1) with
respect to insulation thickness ( x ) equal to zero and solving for U gives:
U eco =
0.1 PI
Pel
10 3
0.1 T PM Tave
COP
ave
Where
U eco is U value for which total annual cost is minimum
Over all heat transfer coefficient of an envelope neglecting laminate effect can be calculated by:
1
U=
1 / hi x / 1 / ho
Where
x
hi
is insulation thickness
is thermal conductivity of insulation material
is inside film or surface conductance
ho
For still air, h i = h o = 9.37 W/ m 2 .o C . If the outer surface is exposed to 6.1m/s wind, h o is
increased to 34.1 W/ m 2 .o C
Simplifying and solving the above equation for thickness gives:
1
x=
RO
U
Where
RO =
hi ho
, assuming still air then, RO = 0.21 ( m 2 .o C ) / W
hi ho
x eco =
RO
U eco
Page 12 of 46
Tatm Tdew
Tatm Troom
Where
U
ho
Tatm
Tdew
Note:
First economic thickness (U value) is to be calculated and then to be checked for condensation of
vapor on wall surfaces.
Page 13 of 46
1) Transmission Load
The transmission load is sensible heat load caused by the refrigerated space being located
adjacent to a space at a higher temperature. Heat always travels from the warmer to the cooler
atmosphere. The sensible heat gain through walls, floors and ceilings will vary with the
following factors:
Type and thickness of the insulation
Type of construction
Area
Temperature difference (TD) between the refrigerated space and the outside ambient,
adjusted to allow for solar heat load on any surface exposed to the sun.
The following explains the formulae used to calculate the transmission load:
Q = A x U x TD
Where
Q is transmission heat load
A is area of the wall, roof, floor, etc
U is over all heat transfer coefficient
Page 14 of 46
TD is temperature difference between the refrigerated space and the outside ambient,
adjusted to allow for solar heat load on any surface exposed to the sun.
Over all heat transfer coefficient of an envelope neglecting laminate effect can be calculated by:
1
U=
1 / hi x / 1 / ho
Where
x is insulation thickness
is thermal conductivity of insulation material
h i is inside film or surface conductance
h o is outside film or surface conductance
For still air, h i = h o = 9.37 W/ m 2 .o C . If the outer surface is exposed to 6.1m/s wind, h o is
increased to 34.1 W/ m 2 .o C
Note:
Latent heat gain due to moisture transmission through walls, floors, and ceilings of modern
construction refrigerated facilities is negligible and can be ignored.
2) Air Change or Ventilation Load
Each time a door is opened to a refrigerated room from an adjacent unrefrigerated space, some
outside air will enter the room. This untreated warm moist air will impose an additional
refrigeration load and must be taken into account in the heat load calculation. Usually, the
infiltration air's moisture content is more than that of the refrigerated space. As this air is cooled
to the space temperature, the moisture will condense out of the air. This imposes both a sensible
and latent heat load in the space which must be removed by the refrigeration equipment.
Infiltration air quantities are difficult to determine accurately. Usually, a number of air changes
per day are estimated. Table3 indicates the number of air changes that may be expected in a
given size of room over a 24-hour period. The data contained in this table have been determined
by experience and may be used with confidence. Please note that the air change factors vary for
rooms above and below 32F. For rooms below 0F, some further reduction of the air changes
may be considered. There is usually less traffic involved in a 0F room, with less air movement
resulting. Having determined the number of air changes to be expected, the room volume is then
multiplied by the number of air changes. To obtain the infiltration load, a factor is then obtained
from Table 4 and is applied to the total volume of air. The Btu/cubic foot factors in Table 4 are
based on the dry bulb temperature and the relative humidity of the infiltration air.
Page 15 of 46
4) Miscellaneous Loads
All electrical energy used by lights, motors, heaters, etc., located in the refrigerated area, must be
included in the heat load. These loads are calculated as follows:
Page 16 of 46
a) Lights
Lights = Total lighting wattage x hours in use x 3.41Btu/Watt for incandescent or 4.2 for
fluorescent lights.
Note:
Coolers and freezers = 1 to 1-1/2 Watts per square foot of floor area. Allow up to double this
amount for work areas
b) Motors
The heat input from motors varies with the motor size, BHP output, efficiency and whether it is
located within, or outside of, the refrigerated space. The heat equivalent of one BHP is 2545
Btu/hr. Motor efficiencies vary from 40% and less for small fan motors to 80% or more for
integral horsepower motors. The motor output will be its BHP x 2545 Btu/hr x hours of
operation.
If the motor is located inside the refrigerated area, divide its output by its efficiency. If the motor
is located outside the refrigerated area, its inefficiency will be dissipated outside, then only its
output will figure in the room load. If the motor is located in the room and the load is outside,
only the inefficiency will be added to the room load. Multiply the output by (1 - efficiency).
For motors rated in Watts output, divide by 746 to obtain the heat equivalent horsepower rating.
See Table 7, Heat Equivalent of Electric Motors.
c) Occupancy Load
People working in a refrigerated storage area dissipate heat at a rate determined by the room
temperature. The heat load added to the room equals the number of people, the hours of
occupancy and heat equivalent per person. Multiple occupancies of short duration will carry
additional heat into the room. See Table 8, Heat Equivalent of Occupancy.
d) Equipment related loads
Heat gain associated with the operation of the refrigeration equipment consists essentially of the
following:
Fan motor heat where forced air circulation is used
Reheat where humidity control is part of the cooling
Heat from defrosting where the refrigeration coil operates at a temperature below freezing
and must be defrosted periodically, regardless of the room temperature
Equipment heat gain is usually small at space temperatures above approximately -1C. Where
reheat or other artificial loads are not imposed, total equipment heat gain is about 5% or less of
the total load. However, equipment heat gain becomes a major portion of the total load at freezer
temperatures. For example, at-30C the theoretical contribution to total refrigeration load due to
fan power and coil defrosting alone can exceed, for many cases, 15% of the total load. This
percentage assumes proper control of defrosting so that the space is not heat excessively.
Page 17 of 46
5) Safety Factor
A minimum 10% safety factor is normally added to the total refrigeration load to allow for minor
omissions and inaccuracies.
6) Total refrigeration Load
To arrive at the total Btu/24 hr load, sum all four main sources of heat gain and add a 10% safety
factor as recommended.
Page 18 of 46
Page 19 of 46
D. Miscellaneous Load
a. Electrical load (Watts) __________ x 3.42 x 24 = ___________________Btu / 24 hr
b. Number of occupants________ x (Table 8) ________ x 24 = __________ Btu / 24 hr
E. Total Load without safety factor.....................................................= __________ Btu / 24 hr
F. Safety Factor (add 10% of Btu load per 24 hours) .......................= __________ Btu / 24 hr
G. Total Load with safety factor (Add E and F) ............................... = _________ Btu / 24 hr
Page 20 of 46
Evaporator selection
Compressor selection
Condenser selection
Expansion valve selection
Page 21 of 46
Where
TD is temperature difference which depends on RH, see table 1
Page 22 of 46
Page 23 of 46
R
V
=
KW
P C 1 Texit
p
Tin
Where
.
KW
R
P
Cp
Tin
Texit
Page 24 of 46
V
v=
A
Where
A is evaporator coil face area = Fin height x Finned length
6) Suction pressure ( Ps )
Suction pressure of compressor is given by:
Ps = Psat - PD
Where
Psat
PD
7) Discharge pressure ( Pg )
Discharge pressure is the pressure at the exit of the compressor. Discharge pressure for a given
refrigerant is the saturation pressure corresponding to condensing temperature of the refrigerant.
The condenser is cooled by the ambient air; therefore, condensing temperature depends on the
ambient air temperature.
Entering temperature difference (ETD) of Condensers
ETD is the temperature difference of entering (ambient) air dry bulb temperature and condensing
temperature. ETD for air condensers is in the range (
).
Condensing temperature ( Tc ) = ETD + Tatm
8) Power consumption
Power consumption is the power to be absorbed by the system to extract the cooling load. The
power consumption of the system is calculated as follows:
Power transferred to the refrigerant ( Win ) can be calculated by:
Win =
Cooling Capcity
COP
Where
COP is coefficient of performance of a system with sub cooling & superheating
Page 25 of 46
i.
Where
com
ii.
Where
Win
Wshft
mec em
is cooling capacity
is power transferred to the refrigerant
b. Condenser fan air quantity (m3/s) per KW of heat rejection can be calculated by:
.
R
V
=
KW
P C 1 Texit
p
Tin
Page 26 of 46
Where
.
KW
R
P
Cp
Tin
Texit
V
v=
A
Where
A is condenser coil face area = Fin height x Finned length
.
m=
Cooling Capacity
h1 h4
Where
Page 27 of 46
Inputs
i)
ii)
II.
Liquid temperature:
______ o C
Superheat:
______ o C
Temperature difference (TD) ______ o C
Coil face area:
______ m2, or
Fin height: ______m & Finned length: ______m
Leaving air: DB ____ o C & WB _____ o C
Leaving air velocity: ____m/s or _____CFM, or
Air throw: _____m
Fixing and relating the parameters
1. Refrigerant selection
- Order of preference: R404A, R134a, according to heat of vaporization requirement and
evaporation temperature
2. Cooling capacity calculation
2.1 Fix SST ( saturated suction temperature)
SST = Room Air Temperature (DB) TD
TD use table1 or product catalog
Page 28 of 46
R
V
KW =
P C 1 Texit
p
Tin
Where
P = Patm in KPa
C p = average specific heat capacity of air
Texit = Leaving air temperature (DB)
Tin = ambient air temperature (DB)
3.1 Evaporator coil face entering air velocity
.
V
v=
A
Where
Coil face area (A) is to be taken from product specification
4. Required Air throw (X)
X should be, at least maximum of (width, height or length of the storage room)
Page 29 of 46
5. Suction pressure
Suction pressure of compressor is given by:
Ps = Psat - PD
Where
Psat
PD
6. Discharge pressure
From refrigerant properties table of the selected refrigerant:
Discharge pressure = Saturation pressure @ Tc
Where
Condensing temperature ( Tc ) = ETD + Tatm
ETD = () or specified by the manufacturer
m=
Cooling Capacity
h1 h4
Where
Win
com
Where
Cooling Capcity
COP
COP is coefficient of performance of a system with sub cooling & superheating given by:
Win
COP = (1 Y1 Y3 Y4 )COPb
Page 30 of 46
Where
COPb is coefficient of performance of the system with out sub cooling and super heating
Y1 is percentage influence of sub cooling on COP
Y3 is percentage influence of internal super heating on COP
Y 4 is percentage influence of external super heating on COP
(See refrigerant cycle data table)
Wshft
mec em
9. Selection
Knowing the above parameters, from manufacturers catalog packaged unit which best full fills
the parameters is to be selected.
Page 31 of 46
The evaporator is the basis for capacity calculation - it is the component directly
responsible for absorbing heat energy from the storage.
Page 32 of 46
I.
Inputs
i)
ii)
-
II.
1. Refrigerant selection
- Order of preference: R404A, R134a, according to heat of vaporization requirement and
evaporation temperature
2. Cooling capacity calculation
a. Fix SST ( saturated suction temperature)
SST = Room Air Temperature (DB) TD
TD use table1 or product catalog
Page 33 of 46
R
V
KW =
P C 1 Texit
p
Tin
Where
P = atmospheric pressure ( Patm ) in KPa
C p = average specific heat capacity of air
Texit = Leaving air temperature (DB)
Tin = ambient air temperature (DB)
V
v=
A
Where
Coil face area (A) is to be taken from product specification
4. Required Air throw (X)
X should be, at least maximum of (width, height or length of the storage room)
Page 34 of 46
m=
Cooling Capacity
h1 h4
Where
6. Selection
Knowing the above parameters, from manufacturers catalog DX fin and tube evaporator which
best full fills the parameters is to be selected.
Page 35 of 46
4.4.Compressor selection
The compressor has 2 functions in respect to the circulation of refrigerant. It must:
Discharge refrigerant into the condenser against the head pressure (high side pressure)
(determined in principle by the ambient temperature) and
Pull refrigerant through the evaporator (via the suction) to provide a nominated
saturation temperature / pressure at an adequate flow rate (i.e. to pull the refrigerant
temperature down)
The flow rate varies depending on the conditions in which the compressor is operating.
These conditions are often specified in the compressor ratings or performance graphs, which
must be referred to in the selection process of the compressor. The following parameters are
important for compressor selection:
i)
Compressor capacity
Since the capacity and power requirement of a compressor and so of the system, vary with
changes in evaporating and condensing temperatures (pressures), liquid sub cooling and super
heating of the refrigerant, these conditions must be specified on selecting a compressor for an
application.
ii)
Operating conditions of the compressor
The maximum operating conditions of the compressor (suction & discharge pressures) can be
determined from the ambient temperature and required evaporation temperature as follows:
P
iii)
Suction pressure ( s )
Suction pressure is the pressure at the inlet of the compressor.
Suction pressure of compressor is given by:
Ps = Psat - PD
Where
Psat
PD
iv)
Discharge pressure ( Pg )
Discharge pressure is the pressure at the exit of the compressor. Discharge pressure for a given
refrigerant is the pressure corresponding to condensing temperature of the refrigerant.
From refrigerant properties table of the selected refrigerant:
Discharge pressure = Saturation pressure @ Tc
Page 36 of 46
Where
v)
Compressor mass flow rate ( m comp )
Mass flow rate of compressor is given by:
.
Where
.
suc =
1
v suc
Where
v suc
is specific volume of suction vapor which can be read from refrigerant properties
table of the selected refrigerant at suction pressure and temperature i.e.
V act = v V
Where
Where
N
D
is number of cylinders
is cylinder bore diameter
Page 37 of 46
is stroke length
Q comp = m comp ( h1 - h 4 )
Where
Where
Wshft
mec em
Page 38 of 46
4.5.Condenser selection
In commercial refrigeration forced circulation type air cooled condensers are used. An air-cooled
condenser is required to reject the heat load as well as the power drawn by the compressor. The
air-cooled condenser, installed outside, rejects the heat to outdoor ambient air.
The selected air-cooled condenser must meet the capacity requirements at the maximum outdoor
ambient air temperature of the region where the air-cooled condenser is installed.
Condenser Selection Factors
There are factors that are required to enable the selection of a suitable condenser. These are:
- Application (low, medium, high temperature), approximate evaporating temperatures are:
High +30F to +50F
Medium -10F to +30F
Low 40F to -10F
- Total heat rejection
- Condenser fan air quantity
Selection Procedure
1. Maximum ambient operating temperature should be slightly greater or equal to ( Tatm )
2. Total heat rejection (THR)
Medium temperature refrigeration applications - use the following formula:
THR = Compressor capacity x THR factor x 1.05
Low temperature applications - use the following formula:
THR= Compressor capacity x THR factor x 1.1
R
V
=
KW
P C 1 Texit
p
Tin
Where
.
R
is gas constant, for air = 277.7kJ/kg
P
is pressure of entering air in KPa
C p is specific heat capacity of air
Tin
Texit
Page 39 of 46
V
v=
A
Where
A is condenser coil face area = Fin height x Finned length
4.6.Expansion valve
The function of an expansion device in a refrigerating system is first to maintain the pressure
differential between the low pressure side (evaporator) and the high pressure side (condenser) for
a compressor driven refrigerating process. The second purpose is to regulate the refrigerant flow
to match the heat flux in the heat exchangers. If the heat flux in the evaporator increases, the
mass flow through the evaporator should be increased accordingly.
Expansion devices can be divided into eight basic types:
1. Hand expansion valve
5. Electronic expansion valve
2. Capillary tube
6. Low pressure float valve
3. Automatic expansion valve
7. High pressure float valve
4. Thermostatic expansion valve (TEV)
8. Constant level regulator
The first two are non-regulating expansion devices, while the other types adjust the flow based
on different means of signals.
In commercial refrigeration capillary tube and TEV are commonly used.
Selection
Using inputs from the selected evaporator, compressor and condenser suitable expansion valve
from manufacturer's catalog is to be selected. The inputs are:
- Refrigerant type
- Compressor mass flow rate or capacity
- Pressure drop ( P )
4.7. System balance
Page 40 of 46
APPEDEX:
Table 1: Influence of RH on system temperature difference (TD)
Relative Humidity % (RH)
Over 90
80-90
70-80
50-70
TD (F)
8
10
15
20
Table 2: Frost and dust (Fin spacing) reduction factor as function of fin spacing
Fin spacing (fins/inch)
Cooling capacity reduction factor (F)
4
0.95
6
0.85
8
0.8
12
0.7
Table 3: Average air changes per 24hrs
Storage Rooms Below 32F
Air
Volume
Air
changes
(cubic feet) changes
per 24hrs.
per 24hrs.
30.0
6000
5.2
26.5
8000
4.5
23.5
10000
4.0
20.0
15000
2.8
17.5
20000
2.5
15.0
25000
2.2
13.5
30000
2.0
12.3
40000
1.8
11.9
50000
1.5
7.8
75000
1.2
6.0
10000
1.0
5.6
Volume
(cubic
feet)
250
300
400
500
600
800
1000
1500
2000
3000
4000
5000
Note:
For storage rooms with anterooms reduce values by 50%; for heavy usage rooms, increase values by 2.
Page 41 of 46
Table 4: Heat Removed in Cooling Air to Storage Room Conditions (Btu per cu. ft.)
Storage
room
temp.
F
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
Storage
room
temp.
F
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
40
70
0.21
0.37
0.52
0.66
0.80
0.92
1.04
1.15
1.26
1.37
1.47
1.57
1.67
80
0.26
0.43
0.58
0.72
0.85
0.97
1.09
1.20
1.31
1.42
1.52
1.62
1.72
70
50
.18
.27
.39
.59
.76
.93
1.08
60
.18
.27
.51
.72
.89
1.06
1.21
0.62
0.78
0.93
1.07
1.20
1.32
1.43
1.55
1.65
1.76
1.86
1.96
2.06
1.09
1.19
1.39
1.50
1.63
1.74
1.80
1.92
2.05
2.15
2.25
2.35
2.44
1.21
1.36
1.51
1.63
1.75
1.87
1.98
2.05
2.18
2.28
2.38
2.47
2.56
90
50
2.05
2.20
2.33
2.46
2.58
2.69
2 80
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.19
3.29
3.38
60
2.31
2.46
2.60
2.72
2.84
2.95
3.06
3.16
3.26
3.36
3.46
3.55
3.64
95
50
0.85
1.10
1.32
1.53
1.71
1.88
2.04
2.33
60
1.12
1.37
1.59
1.79
1.98
2.15
2.31
2.64
Page 42 of 46
See
Page 43 of 46
32F
40F
Btu/Pound/24Hours
60F
Product
Melons Honeydews
Apples
0.45
0.8
2.05
Asparagus
4.70
9.0
18.5
Mushrooms
Beans - Green
3.15
5.15
19.1
Okra
Beans - Lima
1.35
2.6
12.2
Onions
Beets
1.35
1.75
3.6
Blueberries
0.85
Broccoli
3.75
Brussels
Sprouts
Cabbage
32F
40F
-
3.1
0.5
-
60F
1.4
-
6.0
15.8
0.45
0.5
1.2
Onions Green
1.8
4.9
9.0
Oranges
0.35
0.7
2.2
7.0
21.0
Peaches
0.6
0.85
4.2
2.9
4.4
10.1
Pears
0.4
0.85
5.4
0.6
0.85
2.05
Peas
4.2
7.4
21.0
1.35
2.4
4.3
1.35
2.4
4.3
0.3
0.6
1.3
1.3
2.4
0.8
1.0
Peppers Green
Peppers Sweet
Carrots
1.05
1.75
4.05
Cauliflower
1.95
2.25
5.05
0.8
1.2
4.1
Cherries
0.75
1.4
6.0
Corn
4.65
6.0
19.2
Cranberries
0.33
0.45
Raspberries
2.4
3.8
10.1
Cucumbers
0.28
Spinach
2.3
5.1
18.5
Grapefruit
0.35
0.50
1.55
Strawberries
1.6
2.7
9.0
Grapes
0.3
0.6
1.75
0.9
1.25
2.7
Lemons
0.35
0.65
1.8
0.3
0.55
3.1
Lettuce - Head
1.15
1.35
4.0
0.5
0.65
2.8
Lettuce - Leaf
2.2
3.2
7.2
0.95
1.1
2.65
Melons Cantaloupes
0.65
1.0
4.3
Celery
Plums
Potatoes Immature
Potatoes Mature
Sweet
Potatoes
Tomatoes Green
Tomatoes Ripe
Turnips
Page 44 of 46
Motor
Hp
Connected Load in
Refrigerated Space1
Btu/Hp/Hr
Motor Losses Outside
Refrigerated Space2
Btu/Hr
Watts
Btu/Hr
Watts
Btu/Hr
Watts
1/8 - 1/2
4,250
1,243
2,545
744
1,700
497
1/2 - 3
3,700
1,081
2,545
744
1,150
337
3 - 20
2,950
863
2,545
744
400
117
Note:
1. For use when both useful output and motor losses are dissipated within refrigerated space,
motors driving fans for forced circulation unit coolers.
2. For use when motor losses are dissipated outside refrigerated space and useful work of
motor is expended within refrigerated space; pump on a circulating brine or chilled water
system,
3. For use when motor heat losses are dissipated within refrigerated space and useful work
expended outside of refrigerated space; motor in refrigerated space driving pump or fan located
outside of space.
50
720
40
840
30
950
20
1,050
10
1,200
1,300
-10
1,400
Page 45 of 46
55% - 65%
Operating T.D o F
20 - 25
Designed running
time for unit
18 hours
Desirable Insulation
U Factor
0.01
0.04
0.06
0.075
0.1
Vegetables
Beef
Lamb
Pork
Veal
Poultry
-10
-10
-10
-10
-10
-20
Page 46 of 46