MATRICES

AND
DETERMINANTS

E
Examination
i ti corner
1
11
1
1

one mark question in part A

two mark q
question in p
part B
five mark question in part C
four mark question in part D
two or four mark question in
part E

Important 5 mark questions

area:
Finding
Fi
di the
th inverse
i
off a matrix.
t i
Solving
g the simultaneous
equations.
P bl
Problems
on determinants
d t
i
t ; etc.
t

S l
Solve
by
b matrix
t i method:
th d

x+ y+z = 6
xy+z =2
x z = 2
Given system of equation can be
written in the matrix equation as

AX = D

Wh
A iis coefficient
ffi i t matrix,
t i
Where
X is variable matrix and
D is constant matrix.
1 1 1 x 6
1 1 1 y = 2

1 0 1 z 2
Coefficient
matrix

Constant
Variable matrix
matrix

N
it the
th matrix
ti
Now
we can write
equation as X = A 1D
Here A has its inverse only
when it is non singular matrix.
1

A = 1 1 1 = 1(1 + 0) 1(1 1) + 1(0 + 1) = 4

1 0 1

Hence A is non-singular,
non singular its
inverse exists and is given by
1
1
A =
adj ( A )
A

C11 C12 C13

adjA = C21 C22 C23

C31 C32 C33

H
Here
Cij = ( -1) Mij
i+ j

111 M112 M113

M

A = 1 1 1
1 0 1
C11 = M11 = 1
C12 = - M12 = 2
C13 = M13 = 1

C11 = 1

C12 = 2

C13 = 1

C21 = ( 1 0 ) = 1

C31 = 1 + 1 = 2

C22 = 1 1 = 2

C32 = (1 1) = 0

C23 = ( 0 1) = 1

C33 = 1 1 = 2

2
C111 C121 C31

adj ( A ) = C212 C222 C32

0
C113 C
123 C332
1
X=A D=
adj ( A ) D
A
1

1 1 2 6
4 1
1
1

X = 2 2 0 2 = 8 = 2
4
4
1 1 2 2
12 3
Th
There
fore
f

x = 1,
1
y = 2,
z = 3.

Cayley
y y Hamilton Theorem
y State Cayley Hamilton Theorem
1 2
and verify
y for the matrix

3
4

hence find its inverse.

Every square matrix satisfies its

own characteristic
h
t i ti equation.
ti

Cayley
y y Hamilton Theorem
1 2
Let A =

3 4
Its characteristic equation is
1-
2
=0
A I = 0
3
4-

( 1 )( 4 ) 6 = 0 5 2 = 0
2

Cayley
y y Hamilton Theorem
12 2 1 2 7 10
A=A
2I = 15 22
3 45A
3 4

7 10
1 2
1 0
=
5
2

15 22
3 4
0 1
0 0
=

0 0
Hence Caley Hamilton theorem is
verified.
ifi d

Cayley
y y Hamilton Theorem
Now let us find its inverse
C-H
Here using
you have
theorem
to write I
B Cayley
By
C l Hamilton
H ilt theorem
th
we get,
t

A 5A 2I = O
2

Multiplying both sides by A-1 we get

1

A 5I 2A = O

Cayley
y y Hamilton Theorem
2A

= A 5I

1 4 2
A =

2 3 1
1

Determinants
Using
U i properties
ti off
determinant, prove that
1+ a b
2ab
2

2ab
2
2
1a +b

2b
2a

2a

1 a b

2b

= (1 + a + b
2

2 3

Determinants
Applying
A l i
If
each
element
of
a
row
(or
column)
C1 C1 bC3 and C2 C2 + aC3
of a determinant
determinant, constant
multiplies of corresponding
elements of other rows (or columns)
are added then the determinant is
unaltered.
unaltered

Determinants
Now
C
C12 bC
C2 3+ aC3
1 C
0
11+ a +bb+ 2b 2ab
22
22
0
2ab 11+aa ++bb
22

222

1 + a2b(+ b

2b
2a

)( ( 2a

) )1 a b

2 2 2 2
22a
2
2
2
a +1a a+ b
b
2b b 1 a ba+ 1

Determinants
Take out 1 + a2 + b2 from C1
and C2

Determinants
1

2b

= (1 + a + b ) 0

2a

2 2

b a 1 a b
2

Apply

1 0
0
2
2 2
= (C
13+ a +Cb3 +) 2b
0 C11 2a C20
2
2
b a 1 + a + b

Determinants
= (1 + a + b
2

2 2

= (1 + a + b
2

1 + a + b
2

2 3

= RHS

One mark q
questions
1 x
Find
Fi d x, if
iis symmetric
t i

3 1

matrix
A matrix is said to be symmetric
matrix if its transpose is equal to
itself.

1 x 1 3
3 1 = x 1

x=3

One mark q
questions
y x
Find x and y , if
is skew
3 0
symmetric matrix.
matrix

We know that,
that a matrix A is
skew-symmetric matrix if A = - A
So, y = 0 and x = - 3.

y Crammers rule:
Solve by
x + y = 3 and
xy=1.
Determinant of coefficient matrix

1 1

= 1 1 = 2

1 1
=
= 1 1 = 2
1 1

3 1
1 =
= 3 1 = 4
1 1
2 =

1 3
1 1

= 1 3 = 2

 1 4
x =
=
=2
2
2 2
and y =
=
=1

2
2

Two mark q
question
Prove that

a 6 b+c
b 6 c+a =0
c 6 a+b

without expanding at any stage.

stage
A l
Apply

C3

C3 + C1

Two mark q
question
a 6 a+b+c
LHS = b 6 a + b + c
c 6 a+b+c
Let us take common a+b+c
from 3rd column and 6 from
2nd column.

Two mark q
question
a 1 1
LHS=6 ( a+b+c ) b 1 1
c 1 1

=0
= RHS.
RHS

If two rows /columns of a

determinant
the
d t
i
t are identical
id ti l then
th
th
value of the
d t
determinant
i
t vanishes.
i h