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1.0
OBJECTIVE Main propose of our experiment is to determine the relationship betwee
n span and deflection.
2.0
INTRODUCTION A beam must possess sufficient stiffness so that excessive deflecti
ons do not have an adverse effect on adjacent structural members. In many cases,
maximum allowable deflections are specified by Code of Practice in terms of the
dimensions of the beam, particularly the span. The actual deflections of a beam
must be limited to the elastic range of the beam, otherwise permanent distortio
n result. Thus in determining the deflections of beam under load, elastic theory
is used. In this experiment double integrations method is used to give the comp
lete deflected shape of the beam.
3.0
THEORY
L/2-x A X L/2 L/2 x c B
Beam with point load at mid span
3
d2y P L M x - x
EI
2 dx 2 2 dy PLx Px 2 Vx
x
EI
A dx 4 4 PLx 2 Px 3 y x - x
x B 8 12 When x
o; dy
0 ,
A
0 PL3 PL3 When x L/2; y
0;
B 32 96 PL3 B
0; Ymak
(mid sp an; c) 48EI PL2 x
L/2; v mak (at sup p ort) 16EI where E can be
obtained from the backboard I bd 3 12
b d
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4.0
APPARATUS
Figure 1: Apparatus for Span Deflection Experiment ( Double Integration Method )
Figure 2 : Digital Dial Test Indicator
Figure 3 : Hanger And Masses
Figure 2 : Specimen Beam ( Steel )
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5.0
PROSEDURE 1. The moveable knife edge supports had been positioned so that they ar
e 400mm. 2. The chosen beam had placed on the support. 3. The hanger and the dig
ital dial test indicator had placed at mid span. The Digital Reading had been ze
roed. 4. Incremental load had been applied and the deflection recorded for each
increment in the table below. 5. The above step repeated using span of 300mm and
500mm.
6.0
RESULT Specimen Beam : Steel Youngs Modulus, E Steel = 207 GN/m2 = 207 x 109 Nm-2
Second moment of area, I rectangle b = 18.97 mm d = 3.15 mm = bd3 12 =(18.97 x 1
0-3)(3.15 x 10-3)3 12 = 4.941 x 10-11 mm4
EI for rectangular Steel
= (207 x 109 )( 4.941 x 10-11 ) = 10.25 Nm2 = 10.25 x 106 Nmm2
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7.0
ANALYSIS
Experiment 1 : Span = 500mm : 0.5m MASS (N) DEFLECTION (( YMak) ) DIFFERENT (%)
Ymax
PL3 48EI
Ymax
Deflection
x 100
100 Ymax
Ymax
Deflection
x 100
100 Ymax
48EI
Ymax
Deflection
x 100
100 Ymax
Experiment 3 : Span = 300mm : 0.3m MASS (N) DEFLECTION (( YMak) ) = - 0.981 (300
)3 48( 10.25 x 106) = - 0.054 mm 0.981
-0.054mm
DIFFERENT (%) = (0.054 0.08) 0.054 = 44.82 % x 100
= - 1.962 (300)3 48( 10.25 x 106) = - 0.108 mm 1.962
-0.108mm
= (0.108 0.14) 0.108 = 29.62 %
x 100
= - 2.943 (300)3 48( 10.25 x 106) = -0.162 mm
= (0.162 0.18) 0.162 = 11.11 %
x 100
2.943
-0.162mm
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8.0
DISCUSSION Comment on the different between the theatrical and experimental resu
lt. From experiment 1 and the span is 500mm we get the different between the the
oretical and experiment 1 result for 0.981N=4.417%, 1.962N=4.417% and 2.943N=8.2
89%. Then, for experiment 2 with the span is 400mm we get for 0.981N=32..813%, 1
.962N=13.37% and 2.943N=12.272%.. Finally, for experiment 3 with the span is 300
mm we get for 0.981N=44.82%, 1.962N=29.62% and 2.943N=11.11%. Based on this diff
erent show that our experiment is accurate and success for experiment 1 because
our different value is quite small. It can be because we followed the procedure
without any error while doing it. But experiment 2 and 3 not accurate and both h
as a big different of theory and experimental. This can be some errors due to eq
uipment experiment or environmental interference.
9.0
EXTRA QUESTION 9.1 Calculate the deflection when x = L/3 (experiment 1, no 3). C
heck the result by placing the digital dial at this position. P L/3-x A X X L/3 M
B = 0 = RA (L) P( 2L/3 ) :- RA = P(2L/3) L = 2P/3
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x
C
B
2L/3 MX = 0 = RA (L/3 x ) - Mx-x Mx-x = RA (L/3 RA( x ) = 2P/3(L/3) - 2P/3(x) = 2
PL/9 2Px/3
9.2
Calculate Vmax. in experiment 2, no. 2.
Experiment 2 : Span = 400mm : 0.4m Specimen Beam : Steel Vmax = EI dy = PL3 + A
dx Vmax = PL2 16 EI = 1.962 (400)2 16( 10.25 x 106) = 1.914 x 10-3 mm 16
10.0
CONCLUSION
We can conclude that the experimental value and the theoretical value are not ex
actly same. We can see that there are small and big different values. It means t
hat, our experiment (span deflection) is not success. From the result, the value
for theoretical deflection is negative. This is because our experiment is in te
nsion condition.
Besides that, we are able to know how much the span can support the load and hav
e a maximum deflection level until it reached to failure mood. Although wise, we
can design the safety factor from this action.
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11.0
REFERENCES
Mechanics of materials / Ferdinand P. Beer, John T. DeWolf Mechanics of material
s / Madhukar Vable Mechanics of materials / James M. Gere, Barry J. Goodno Mecha
nics of materials / Ansel C. Ugural
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