DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION:

TOWARDS OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION

12 Feb 2008
by Muhamad Subian Sukaimy
1

Objectives

Overview of Distribution Protection

Designing for optimal performance
Protection initiatives to achieve optimal
performance
fundamental of OCEF coordination*.
Optimisation project**

Overview-Type of Protection
Protection system is to protect equipment.
- Reliable/dependable
- Minimum area/load disrupted
Categorised into:

Unit protection

Non unit protection
3

Overview Unit Protection

Unit protection
- A protection scheme having a defined area
of coverage.
- Also referred to as main protection
- Fast operating time

Overview-Non unit Protection

Non Unit protection

- No defined area of coverage.
- Also known as back-up protection
- Slower operating time

Overview-Main Vs Backup
Main:
- Operating time
fixed; sensitivity is
adjustable

Feeder
Bus-bar
HV
Transformer

Backup:
- Operating time
and sensitivity are
to be adjusted

LV

Overview-Main Vs Backup
Comparison of relay tripping time:Eqv time
Differential - 50mS
50mS
REF - 50mS
50mS
Solkor Rf - 50mS
50mS
OCEF (11kV feeder) 0.4 S
400mS
OCEF (33kV feeder) 1.2 S
1200mS
SBEF Stage 1 - 2 S
2000mS

X factor
1
1
HV
1
8X
24X
LV
40X

Overview-Main Protection
Examples are:
- Feeder Current
Differential
- Transformer bias
differential,
Restricted Earth
Fault
- Busbar High/Low
Impedance

Feeder
Bus-bar
HV
Transformer

LV

Overview-Backup Protection
Examples are:
- Over-Current and
Earth Fault
- Unrestricted Earth
Fault
- Can be definite
time or Inverse
Definite Minimum
Time

Feeder
Bus-bar
HV
Transformer

LV

Backup - OCEF Protection

OCEF Relay are:
- Either 2 OC & 1 EF
or 3 OC & 1 EF
- Placed at feeders,
transformers for
various backup
purposes

Feeder
Bus-bar
HV
Transformer

LV

10

Fault path

OC fault will affect

whole system.
EF is normally
within specific
voltage level.

Feeder
Bus-bar
HV

- Thus coordination
of backup is
important

Transformer

LV

ef
oc

11

Main Protection practice

Operate for in
zone fault.
- Normally operate
more than 1
breaker to isolate
equipment

Feeder
Bus-bar
HV
Transformer

LV

12

Backup - OCEF practice

OCEF Relay are:
- Time arranged so that
downstream relay
operates faster

Feeder

d
Bus-bar

- OC required to be
coordinated for all
voltage level

HV
Transformer

LV

- EF required to be
coordinated up to the
transformer LV

b
a

13

Optimal performance
It requires:

Planning criteria:
- Zero interruption
- few seconds interruption
- normal
-

Need to simulate fault condition

14

Optimal performance
It requires:

Proper equipment/installation
- Selecting Primary equipment-feeder, bus-tie
- Proper protection scheme chosen-CT,
relaying sheme

15

Optimal performance
Point to note:

Protection system available are capable of
handling system design, however system
installation and operation may affect
system protection

16

Zero interruption- parallel

operation
For optimal performance of parallel circuits:

Same source

Equal load sharing between c1 & c2

Max load not exceeding one cable rating

No other load in between

Proper laying method to eliminate induction

Unit protection for cable (or directional
protection if time is not a problem)

Inter-tripping scheme implemented (at
source)

Busbar separation scheme( at load s/s)

Proper back up coordination

c1

source

c2

17

Same source
Paralleling 2
different sources
will result in the
power cable to act
as inter-connector
between the two
sources. May
cause power swing
and system
tripping if it is
above threshold

Same source

c1

c2

Diff source

c1

c2

18

Equal load sharing

Equal load sharing achieved
by having same resistance
(i.e. same capacity, same
length).

Same source

c1

c2

This is to prevent uneven

loading which will lead to
tripping of one cable on
over-current
19

Cable laying
Improper cable laying
(especially for single core
cables) may introduce
mutual inductance
between the 2 cables

Same source

M
c1

c2

This may lead to unbalanced

phase current and may
result in one cable tripping
on earth fault when load
picks up
20

Unit protection
Required to prevent double circuit
tripping occurring when a fault
occurs on one cable (since unit
protection is faster than back up
protection)

source

F c1

c2

21

Directional protection
Directional protection will also
provide similar effect when the
circuit are in parallel

source

F c1

c2

However it may mal-operate for

faults happening on other
feeders.

22

Inter-tripping scheme
When source substation
backup protection
operated, bus-tie may be
tripped causing both
cable to be the interconnector now.

Before ope

c1

c2

After ope

c1

c2

An inter-tripping scheme
need to be installed to
decouple one cable so as
to prevent both cable
tripping and/or
preventing the total
source tripping
23

Busbar separation scheme

Busbar separation scheme( at

load s/s) need to be implemented
to prevent total load loss for
busbar fault

c1

c2

24

Proper backup protection

Need to be properly
coordinated to
have tripping
sequence that is
coordinated from
downstream
upwards.
Setting should also
cover single cable
outage.

Before ope

c1

c2

After ope

c1

c2

25

Few second interruptionspur and auto transfer on

For this :

Source can be different

One cable as main, the other as back up.
When relay at receiving detect loss of
supply, it command change over of supply.
Interruption is 1 to 3 second.

Max load not exceeding one cable rating

No other load in between

Unit protection for cable may be an option

Proper back up coordination

Idealy 1 set per circuit.

c1
on

source

on
c2
off

26

Minutes interruption- spur

and off-point
on
:

Source can be different

One cable as main, the other as
back up. Change over of supply is
either done by manual or
supervisory from control centre
Max load not exceeding one cable
rating
Proper back up coordination

c1
on

source

on
c2
off

27

Other initiative

Busbar protection using arc method.

Optimizing relay maintenance project

28

Tutorial

600/5

OCEF 1
Oc plug 100%
OC tms = 0.475

Given:

10km 33kV cable feed
into a 33/11kV
substation

1 transformer in service;
30MVA, Z=10%, Dyn11,
NER 4 ohm
Find:

3 and 1 phase fault
current at PPU 11kV
busbar

current and TMS for
overcurrent setting of all
relays

At 1.2 sec

600/5

33kV

OCEF 2

11kV

1600/5
300/5

OCEF 3; t=0.8s
OCEF 4; t=0.4s
29

Tutorial

S
11kV

yn

Discuss the problem

with the following
scheme from
protection
perspective.

D
33kV

Y
y

Yn
D

11kV

30

THANK YOU

31

DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION:
BUSBAR ARC PROTECTION

12 Feb 2008
by Muhamad Subian Sukaimy

BUSBAR PROTECTION USING ARC PROTECTION METHOD

Method Of Sensing:

Detection of light (arcing) + Overcurrent = Trip

Sensing of arc using photo sensors

or bare fibre

Sensing of overcurrent using current input

from OCEF

BUSBAR PROTECTION USING ARC PROTECTION METHOD

typical sensor locations for single bus-bar and double bus-bar switchgears

L or Z type
mounting plate

ARC protection Master-Slave

Vamp 220 + 12CD:

ARC protection Basic MV

application

Modular Cable
3

BUSBAR PROTECTION USING ARC PROTECTION METHOD

ABB REA 101:

-Can be independent
-Constraint: fibre loop distance

BUSBAR PROTECTION USING ARC PROTECTION METHOD

ABB REA 101-103:
- Master-slave
-Both can have diff
loop
- 101 trip incomer

ABB REA 101-105:

- Selective
-Both can have diff
loop
-105 trip feeder
-101 trip incomer

ARC protection Installation

examples

ARC protection Installation

examples

Termination fault isolated by ARC

Protection 27 Nov 2007

DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION:
FUNDAMENTAL OF COORDINATION

12 Feb 2008
by Muhamad Subian Sukaimy
1

Backup OCEF Protection

OCEF Relay are:
- Star connected

CT

- Based on:
Ir+Iy+Ib = 0

OC

Star
point

R
Y
B

OC
EF

OCEF Protection-Illustration
Earth Fault On B phase
- Highlighted relay circuit
will be energized
- Relay element EF will
OC
operate

Star
point

CT

R
Y
B

OC
EF

OCEF Protection Coordination

OC element are set
based on 3 phase fault
- EF element are based on
earth fault or 1 phase
OC
fault
- Coordination are done
Star
using simulator or point
coordination software
- Fundamental ??

CT

R
Y
B

OC
EF

OCEF Coordination Fundamental

Network Diagram to be coordinated

Construct Thevenin Eqv diagram
Obtain source & circuit impedances
Calculate 3 ph and 1 ph fault current (using
per unit system is very useful)
Determine relay operating time
Obtain relay time multiplier

Main Protection practice

Obtain the
network to be
coordinated

Obtain the short
circuit impedances
of each
equipment.
- i.e R+jX+, R+jXo
incl length

Feeder
Bus-bar
HV
Transformer

Dyn
LV

Component Short Circuit

Impedance
typical cable short cct resistance value
unit in ohm per metre
kv

type

MVA

R+

jX+

Ro

jXo

33

o/h 150 silmalec

18

0.000219

0.000373

0.0008

0.00037

33

u/g 630 Al 1 core

30

0.0001296

0.0001723

> Fed Pow

11

xlpe 240 sq. mm

3c

0.000129

0.00009

0.00489

0.000031

11

xlpe 150 sq. mm

3c

0.000211

0.000096

0.00578

0.000027

] fujikura

11

xlpe 500 sq. mm

1c

0.0000647

0.000097

0.001298

0.000086

typical transformer
impedance

kv

MVA

z%

33/11

30

10.06

33/11

15

9.54

0.75

11/0.433

Thevenin Eqv Network

R+jXs

In approximation:
Z+ = Z-

R+jX

+ seq network
Fault
Point
R+jXs

R+jX

- seq network
R+jXs

R+jX

0 seq network
8

P.U. Calculation (1)

Declare:
- MVA base (normally 100 MVA)
- KV base (depend on source level)
- Z base (this is calculated; at all voltage
level if required)
- I base (this is calculated; at all voltage
level if required)
9

P.U. Calculation (2)

Source impedance formulae:

Zs+ pu= j MVA base
3 Fault MVA
Zs0 pu = j [ {3 x MVA base } - 2Zs+ ]
[ { 1 Fault MVA}
]

10

P.U. Calculation (3)

Useful formulae:
Z base = (KV base)2 check (V x V)
MVA base
(V x I)
I base A= (MVA base) check (V x I)
(KV base)
(V)

11

P.U. Calculation (4)

Changing of base formulae:

Z pu new = Z pu old x MVA base new
MVA base old

Z pu = Z ()
Z base

I pu = I (A)
I base

12

Thevenin Eqv Network: Fault

Simulation (1)
I
R+jXs

R+jX

3 phase fault:

- short the
positive
sequence
network only.

+ seq network
Fault
Point
R+jXs

R+jX

- seq network
R+jXs

R+jX

0 seq network
13

Thevenin Eqv Network: Fault

Simulation (2)
I
R+jXs

phase to
phase fault:

- connect the
positive and
negative
sequence
network only.

R+jX

+ seq network
Fault
Point
R+jXs

R+jX

- seq network
R+jXs

R+jX

0 seq network
14

Thevenin Eqv Network: Fault

Simulation (3)
I
R+jXs

Single phase to
ground fault:
- connect all
sequence
network in
series and short
at fault point.

R+jX

+ seq network
R+jXs

R+jX

If

Fault
Point

- seq network
R+jXs

R+jX

If

- I fault = 3If

0 seq network
15

IDMT Curve (1)

Observe:
at tms=1:

At psm=2; t op = 10 sec
At psm=10; t op = 3 sec
For psm > 20 t op = t op at psm=
20.
That is the characteristic of an
IDMT curve

16

IDMT Curve (2)

10.00

Observe:
X axis = multiple of
current; increases to
the right
Y axis = operating
time; increases
vertical

1.00

TX LV

10800
OPERATING TIME (S)

0.10
1000.0

10000.0
EQUIVALENT FAULT CURRENT AT REFERENCE BASE IN TABLE BELOW

100000.0

17

Observe:
X axis = multiple of
current; increases to
the right
Y axis = operating
time; increases
vertical

10.00

Increase
Plug eg
200%
1.00

TX LV

10800
OPERATING TIME (S)

IDMT Curve (3)

0.10
1000.0

10000.0

100000.0

EQUIVALENT FAULT CURRENT AT REFERENCE BASE IN TABLE BELOW

18

IDMT Curve (4)

10.00

Observe:
X axis = multiple of
current; increases to
the right
Y axis = operating
time; increases
vertical

Increase
TMS eg
0.2 to 0.4
1.00

TX LV

10800
OPERATING TIME (S)

0.10
1000.0

10000.0
EQUIVALENT FAULT CURRENT AT REFERENCE BASE IN TABLE BELOW

100000.0

19

IDMT Curve

Observe from last 3 slides:

by varying these 2 variables
namely plug (current) setting and
time multiplier setting for 2 or
more relays; the IDMT curve will
be changed!
This is the basis of OCEF
Coordination.
20

Optimization of Distribution Protection

Relays Maintenance
TNBR-UNITEN Power Engineering Centre

76.9C

70

60

50

40

33.2C

Involve to Solve
Slide No. 1

Copyright 2006 TNB Research

Project Overview
Project Background
Maintenance cost of distribution protection relays is quite
sizeable given the large amount of them in the system
Large collection of historical test data is available but without
any analysis/trending study
With the vast amount of data, there is good prospect to
optimise maintenance scheduling through proper data
analysis/trending

Involve to Solve
Slide No. 2

Copyright 2006 TNB Research

Project Overview
Potential Benefit
Currently, relays are required to be maintained once a year
Maintenance Cost: RM140/relay per year
(Kadar Harga Tetap, Panduan Kejuruteraan Bil.A10/2006)

Assume 50,000 relays in the system

Annual Maintenance Cost: RM140x50,000 =
RM7million/year
If we can reduce the frequency of maintenance (relay test)
by half (ie. maintenance every 2 years);
Saving of RM3.5million/year
Note:
CESI Italy recommends that relay maintenance/testing to be done every 3-4
years (Internal Working Report IWR 3a-01, 19 Jan. 2006)
Total no of relays as of 1 July 2006: 57,590
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 3

Copyright 2006 TNB Research

Project Overview
Project Aims & Objectives
To develop an intelligent system in identifying problematic
relays and performance trending
To optimise maintenance schedule of relays
Deliverables
A database to store and manage all relay test data
A system to capture relay test data, with automated/intelligent
algorithm for analysis/trending and maintenance optimisation
Relay test
results

Relay
parameters:
age, make etc

Intelligent
System

Analysis/trending of
relay performance
Relay Maintenance frequency

Relay
Criticality
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 4

Copyright 2006 TNB Research

Proposed Research Methodology

Methodology Flow Diagram
Initial Phase: Lit. Review & Data Identification

START

Hypothesis Development
Data Collection, ie. historical data from relay test sets.
Progress Phase: Initial Statistical Data Analysis
Design of Data Structure/Format, System Interfacing
Development of Intelligent System
Results validation, modification & improvement
Final Phase: Final analysis & Report of findings
Adoption strategies
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 5

Copyright 2006 TNB Research

END

Scope of Work
Data collection
To study the numerical relay data in Negeri Sembilan

Initial Statistical Data Analysis
Enable identification of patterns/trend from relay test data

Development of Intelligent System
To investigate factors that contribute towards
optimisation of relay maintenance eg. Relay parameters,
test data, criticality etc.
To develop a model for relay maintenance optimisation
(AI algorithm for Data Mining Microsoft SQL Server 2005)

Involve to Solve
Slide No. 6

Copyright 2006 TNB Research

Data Capture
How shall the data be obtained?
TNB Distribution (Engineering Services) has given
the consent and commitment to co-operate with data
collection [Tn. Hj. Subian, En. Norazman Atib]
Data to be obtained from distribution maintenance
engineers (paper copy)

What shall be done to ensure data

integrity?
Data obtained will be examined and any doubts will
be verified with TNBD (Engineering Services)
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 7

Copyright 2006 TNB Research

Data Requirement eg. Relay Inverse Time Test

Involve to Solve
Slide No. 8

Copyright 2006 TNB Research

Data Collection
All relay overcurrent and earthfault test data
were collected from the state of Negeri
Sembilan.
The data collected are historical data dated
back from 1995.
A total of 1316 no of relays data were
collected. These are the historical data used
in the AI Engine.

Involve to Solve
Slide No. 9

Copyright 2006 TNB Research

Data Analysis
How shall the data be analysed?
Depending on the TMS and plug setting, the
operating time T is calculated.
A healthy relay should fall within +-10% of the
calculated value.
A collection of historical data for a particular relay
shows the deviation (in %) from the reference
operating time.
The system developed will analyse the data for
trending/pattern
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 10

Copyright 2006 TNB Research

Time/current
characteristics of IDMT
relay

Formula for operating

time of IDMT relay

Where:
T = operating time
IF = Fault current
IS = Setting current
TMS = Time multiplier
setting
Panduan Kejuruteraan
Bil.A10/2006

Involve to Solve
Slide No. 11

Copyright 2006 TNB Research

Data Analysis
Example:
-- Trending for a particular relay using 3 years of test data
Time(s)
Test data year 1
Test data year 2
Test data year 3
(relay failed)

10%
Error thickness
current
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 12

Overview of AI
The scatter will be the
training data Artificial
Neural Network
Training data will enable
te network to determine
the right weightings for
each perceptron and
control its sensitivity.
A trained network would
enable the output to
indicate if a relay is prone
to failure or otherwise.

Involve to Solve
Slide No. 13

The ArtificiaI Intelligence Engine

Involve to Solve
Slide No. 14

Copyright 2006 TNB Research

What can the software reports on?

Faulty Relay Detector can predict which relay is
prone to become faulty for the current year.
Normal listing of relay information, such as:
- list all relays based on different makes
- list all relays according to age
- list all relays in certain areas/SSUs
- list all relays that has been replaced and their test
results, and many others.
The reports generated will be updated automatically
as new relay test data are added in the database.
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 15

Copyright 2006 TNB Research

Conclusions
This project will save TNB in terms of their
maintenance cost of protective relays (optimum
period for routine maintenance)
Reduces unnecessary power outages due to maloperation of protection relays
Increase work efficiency of protection engineers
Add value to distribution protection system/protection
relays test activities by undertaking analysis of test
result
Identification of problematic relay types/model
Enhanced decision-making process related to
maintenance frequency for protection relays
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 16

Copyright 2006 TNB Research

Thank You

Contacts:-

TNB Research Sdn. Bhd.

No. 1, Lorong Ayer Itam,
Kawasan Institusi Penyelidikan,
43000 Kajang, Selangor, MALAYSIA
Tel: +603-89268818 Fax: +603-89268828 / 29
Involve to Solve
Slide No. 17

Copyright 2006 TNB Research