GENTRIFYING GERIATRIC HEALTH COMPLEX FACILITY

THROUGH THERAPEUTIC DESIGN PARADIGMS

A Thesis Presented to the

School of Architecture, Industrial Design and the Built Environment
Mapua Institute of Technology
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Architectural Design 11/ AR200/ AR200S
For the Degree of BACHELOR OF SCHIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE

Presented by:

Nuevo, Angel G.
2011121441

Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap, MSAE

Adviser

Month Year

CHAPTER I.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW

I.1

INTRODUCTION
Age is an individuals development measured in terms of the years requisite for

development of an average individual. Aging is not lost youth but a new stage of opportunity and
strength. No one can avoid aging, but aging productively is something else.
Nowadays, the world is experiencing and enduring a sudden and change in the way people
live and work. Considering the number of human population that is being higher than it has ever
been before, which cant stop increasing.
The world is undergoing a grey revolution, with the average age of human population
being higher than it has ever been before. There number of people cant stop increasing. There
are people enter into late adulthood that require an increased degree of support as age related
needs increase. Continuing care communities have attempted to provide an integrated model to
assist through all the stages of late adulthood. With exception of in home care, all architectural
structures for the elderly care have been driven by a paradigm of aging as disease which is
through isolation, differentiation, set up and enclaves the elderly.
Older adults have the right to be involved in decisions affecting their care and environment.
They have the right to effective methods of prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care in health
services. They are unique and their well-being comprises physical, psychological, intellectual, social,
cultural, spiritual, emotional and sexual dimensions.
One essential to this is the reconsideration of the nature of the adulthood which focuses
and emphasizes more on lifestyle rather than illness. In line with this, this thesis aimed to address
the needs of the spaces concerning therapeutic design that can be very beneficial to the aged and
aging.

I.1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The number of people in the society cant stop increasing. There are people who enter
into late adulthood that require an increased degree of support as age-related-needs increase. In
the Philippine setting, most of the Hospitals cater high numbers of patients with different illness.
In line with this, the purpose of the study is to provide decent facility that will cater new ideas and
new techniques of therapeutic, adaptive and interactive design that can be applicable and help
promote healthy lifestyle of the aged and aging. In particular, the study aims to answer the
following questions:
1. How does architecture affect the health of the elderly?
2. What is the significance of an architectural design to the health of the user?
3. What innovations can be applied to the Healthcare facility that can help promote and
support healing?
4. What are the components needed to consider to have an effective elder-friendly health
care facility?
5. How can sustainable design improve the architectural aspects of Filipino hospitals?

I.1.3 Project Goals, Objectives and Strategies

The main goal of this study is to provide an establishment that focuses on the needs of the
elderly and the youth as well as integrating their activities while being ecologically aware about
sustainable design through a geriatric healthcare complex facility.
The goal of the project can be achieved through the following objectives:

To maintain, promote and enhance the functional abilities of older patients

To have a patient focused approach to all activities that includes ensuring a hospital
environment that is sensitive to the age-related needs of older people

To express unlimited possibilities when designing in line with nature

To focus on the healing environmental factors and the disabling effect on vulnerable older
people

To give attention to physical design features that enable independent function

To apply the concept of a therapeutic design that deals with the enhancing of the physical,
mental, spiritual and emotional well-being of the person.

To provide a facility that encounters both activities of the elders and the children

To have an effective Geriatric Health Complex Facility that will help promote and support
healing

Objectives can be achieved by having these strategies than can be applied to the study:

To gather relevant information and achieve excellent outcome on this thesis paper.

Consult experts for critics and comments for further improvement and revisions.

By proposing an architectural design in line with nature that supports sustainable and green
living.

By providing facilities that will benefit to the healthy lifestyle of an elder

By proposing services that is not common to any other healthcare facility in the Philippines

By proposing a facility that will focus on the needs of its users and in areas lacking medical
attention.

By enhancing the resiliency of the structure especially during disasters

By providing recreational facilities that will encourage productivity as well as helping build
the relationship of elders and children.

I.1.4 Significance of the Study

This study will be a significant effort in promoting healthcare facilities cure ill patients not
only through medicinal aspects but also through the architectural therapeutic design and
surroundings. This study will be beneficial for the doctors, staff and employees of a certain health
care facility to cater and serve people who are in need by having a great environment and
ambiance. It will also benefit the patients which can help reduce stress especially when inside the
facility and to help ease illness quickly. Also, it would be advantageous for the Department of
Health and the government in boosting the quality of a certain health care facility that will help
promote healthy lifestyle.

This study will also be vital for researchers and scholars who will conduct studies about
planning and development of large scale projects particularly health care facilities and wellness
centers. It will serve as a basis of future studies and improvement of any study related to this
subject or topic.

I.1.5 Scope and Limitation

The study shall focus merely on the therapeutic ideas and modernization designs applicable
for healthcare facilities and institutions. The study will particularly focus on the effective and
efficient planning of the facility as well as identifying new trends healing patients with consideration
of architecture as well as finding new techniques on making the facility more comfortable for both
patients and staff.
On the other hand, the proposal shall mainly focus on the improvement and development
of architectural design and will not cover on the medical field such as finding new cures and it will
not also discuss other fields such as finances and estimates.

I.1.6 Assumptions
It is assumed in this proposal that there is a great need to improve the design of the health
care facilities in the Philippines particularly Geriatric Healthcare Centers. Through the presented
innovations and improvement, therapeutic design of a geriatric healthcare facility will provide highquality health care services and facilities as well as being high-ecologically aware to its surroundings
and that it can help the recovery of sick patients and decrease the number of ill patients.

I.1.7 Theoretical Framework

The study will be provided through essential understanding of how knowledge and skills
applied and acquired directly in the architecture field, mainly sustainable architecture, therapeutic
design, resiliency parameters and adaptability to the environment.
The said study would anchor theories about proxemics, which deals with the amount of
space that people feel it necessary to set between themselves and others as well as behavioral
pattern of people that focuses and analyzing their circulation, daily routine and activities inside a

certain structure that would integrate with the circulatory aspects of spaces in the building, as well
as color psychology, which deals with the surroundings that greatly affect the mood of its users.

I.1.8 Research Framework

In conducting the proposal, the following are several measures and procedures that will be
followed:

Problem
Identification

Proposal to
Problem

Data Gathering

Identify involved
institutes and
establishments

Library Research

Inquire with the

local government

Case Study

Consult planning
experts

Conduct Interview

Analysis of the
study and result
interpretation

Consult planning
and design experts
for critic
Development of possible
solution for the healthcare
facility

I.1.9 Conceptual Framework

Lack of Healthcare center

for the aged and Aging

Insufficiency of Health and

Wellness

Architectural Problems
concerning Healthcare Facilities

Development for
Therapeutic Design

Health Awareness

Considering Sustainable
Design Parameters

Integrating with Resiliency

and Adaptive parameters to
the environment.

Environmental Awareness

Stress free and Eco-friendly

Environment

Development of Geriatric
Healthcare Complex Center

I.1.10 Definition of Terms

Geriatric the branch of medical science devoted to the study of the biological and
physical changes and the diseases of old age.

Geriatric Health Service medical services and intervention provided by a Geriatrician

Therapeutic providing or assisting in a cure; relating to the treatment of diseases or

disorders by remedial agents. For this proposal, it shall be defined mainly about the
environmental design through therapeutic parameters.

Resiliency the ability to become strong, can withstand and be successful again after
something bad happens.

I.1.11 Acronyms
WHO world health organization
LGU local government unit
DOH department of health

Chapter I.2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the summary of related literature and related studies as references
for the study.

I.2.1 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This portion of the study is divided into two parts to fully understand the needs of its users
and to come up with a great architectural solution for the proposal. The first part deals with the
aspects concerning its users such activities and needs. The second part focuses on the architectural
designs that can be applicable to the proposal which would have a great impact especially for its
users.
A Profile of Older People in Hospital
Older patients have varying degrees of age-related physiological change, diseases and
illness. It has a corresponding functional abilities that is why older people belong to the
heterogenous group.
Some older patients seek autonomy and participation in decision-making and they dont
consider themselves as clients or patients, and they are not willing to abandon their judgment for
others and wanted to maintain and control their own destiny. These older patients are able to
function properly and they are cognitively aware. They can be able to solve problems and have a
predictable hospital stay. (Parke, 2007) They are able to conform to the demands of the
environment and they require few concessions by hospital employees and such. However, there
are also patients that do not fit well within the traditional acute care model. Those are older people
who are unable to function independently while in hospital, they are those people who experience
pronounced visual, hearing, physical and have greater risk of problematic experiences. They have
health care needs that consume more time than is considered reasonable for their condition. The
incongruence between the needs of the patients and demands of the acute care environment make
performing work duties troublesome for hospital employees. Parke (2007) argues that attention

must shift away from the problem of old people and toward the consequences of converging
hospital environment factors and their disabling effect on vulnerable older people.

Immune System
The following summary is not about architecture but is valuable as well because it explores
and explains the potential of a body to heal itself. With a strong immune system, the body can
overcome illness; but with a weak immune system, the body often gives in to illness or death. The
book Health and Healing by Andrew Weil, MD is considered as the informative source for the study.
Dr. Weil considers good lifestyle a key ingredient for good health, but acknowledges that
the mind has its own healing system. There are some case studies that show details on how it is
possible to heal through the power of the mind by emphasizing diet, exercise and healthy
environment as crucial for good health.
Dr. Weil believes that there are three main categories of weakening influences on the
immune system:

Persistent Infections

Toxic injuries by
certain forms of
matter and energy

Figure 1. Three Main Categories of Weakening Influences of Immune System

In the book entitled Health and Healing, Dr. Weil presents the "Ten Principles of health
and illness"(1983, 1988), which are,: (1983/1988, p. 52-62)
1. Perfect Health Is Not Attainable;
2. It Is All Right to Be Sick;
3. The Body Has Innate Healing Abilities;
4. Agents of Disease Are Not Causes of Disease;
5. All Illness Is Psychosomatic;
6. Subtle Manifestations of Illness Precede Gross Ones;

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7. Every Body Is Different;

8. Every Body Has a Weak Point;
9. Blood Is a Principal Carrier of Healing Energy;
10. Proper Breathing Is a Key to Good Health.
The brain controls the immune system and the environment has an impact to it as well.
In healthy environment, the immune system remains strong and functions properly while in toxic
environment, the immune system tends to struggle to maintain its strength.

Building Related Illness

Some of the most informative and accessible sources about building related illness are
Why Use Green Building Materials?, Influences on sick building syndrome symptoms in three
buildings by Max O. Bachmann and Jonathan E. Myers, Green Realities by Deborah K. Deitsch
and Blueprint for Green Future by Edward Gunts (article in Progressive Architecture)

Why Use Green Building Materials an article from the book Green Building Materials, this
article provides large quantity data needed for the research, it discuss about the benefits on using
green building materials and the importance of it in considering the climate change and human
behavior factors as well. It is stated that using green building materials can help divert indoor air
quality liability claims, respond to consumer demand and provide compliance with certain
regulatory requirements.
Architects of the design effort play a vital role in ensuring a healthy indoor environment
because they create the design and select the materials. Gobbell directs his claims and sources to
the architect, and urges all architects to become more involved and responsible in designing livable
spaces.
In the article Influences on Sick Building Syndrome Symptoms in three buildings, it is
investigated in three buildings the relationship between typical symptoms of sick building syndrome
and reported indoor environmental exposure, psychological state, work stress and interpersonal
relationships at work. Reported odors and uncomfortable humidity and temperature were also

11

independently associated with the symptoms.

"Green Realities" by Deborah K. Deitsch initiates the issue with a look at reality, saying that
no matter how hard architects, builders, and owners try to be ecological, there are trade offs and
hang ups. In some instances, it attempts to be ecologically conscious backfire. For example, the
Audubon Society, in attempting to build consciously, suffered because "The tropical woods certified
as sustainably harvested turned out to be technically flawed; temperate forest maple had to be
substituted" (Deitsch, 1993, p. 15).

"Blueprint for a Green Future" by Edward Gunts reports that many large architectural firms
are joining forces to design and build environmentally conscious buildings from now on. Companies
like MacDonald's and Wal-Mart have also gotten involved in the movement and have made
concerted efforts to stop hurting the planet. They are using "renewable construction materials"
and are recycling (p. 49).

Healing Environment
There are some sources that primarily focus on the healing and sensory environments.
These are: Healing Environment by Carol Venolia, Creating a healing Environment by Jone Geimer
Flander, Healthcare Environment article in Environmental Psychology for Design by David Kopek
and Simple Feng Shui Cures by Jonathan Dee

Healing Environments by Carol Venolia is a comprehensive source about all aspects of

healthy environments. Throughout the book, she developed qualities of a healing environment.
These are:
1. Stimulate positive awareness of ourselves;
2. Enhance our connections with nature, culture, and people;
3. Allow for privacy;
4. Do no physical harm;
5. Provide meaningful, varying stimuli;
6. Encourage times of relaxation;

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7. Allow us to interact with them productively;

8. Balance constancy and flexibility;
9. Be beautiful.
(p. 11)
According to Dr. Flander, it has long been known that the physical environment greatly
affects ones lifestyle. In health region, it usually has implications on the disease process. One of
the instances of environmental surroundings impact on disease is the appreciation of the discovery
that through hand washing and linen change, childbed fever could be removed.

Moreover,

nowadays, everyone believes that infection is all about the battle between bacteria and the humans
immune system exposure to the bacteria through the environment. Environmental care is part of
the holistic healing and blended medicine. Stress is the natural part of the hospital experience and
can cause to complicate the patients illness. The general image of the hospital rooms, grounds
and environment greatly affects patients.

Research shows that the more attractive the

environment, the higher the perceived quality of care and the lower the anxiety of patients.
In Environmental Psychology for Design, It is stated that hospitals of the 19th century were
made up of large open spaces that housed beds arranged in long rows in which lack of sanitation
and privacy dehumanized patients and their loved ones.
There are issues of concern within the healthcare environment stated in the article that
include stress, place attachment and wandering. Stress is the basic form that affects peoples
normal state of well-being. For most people, illness is a source, which is elevated when they are
placed into a hospital setting. The bonds of place attachment can be also a source of stress that
involves peoples perspective toward the environment and their direct reaction to it. People with
dementia of the Alzheimers type tend to wander, it is a behavior that inadvertently places them at
risk and often leads to their being placed in a long-term care facility.
Many people who enter healthcare environments experience anxiety and stress that impair
their cognitive abilities leads to greater stress. This applies to short- and long-term patients, visitors
and healthcare providers and staff members, all of whom have various needs that design can

13

accommodate. Everyone who enters a healthcare facility must cope up not only with his or her
condition but also with the stress of receiving treatment. Planners and designers must consider
the numerous special needs and afflictions of all users of healthcare facilities.
Studies show that a strong sense of attachment promotes mental and physical health that
is crucial in care environments. Design can serve to increase the likelihood of place attachment
for patients and staff alike by meeting the needs of all users as comfortably, efficiently and
attractively as possible.
Throughout the article, it is agreed that architectural design features should include the
elements of nature. In which it can provide patients sanctuary and relief from confinement and
where people may choose to just sit quietly while appreciating the greeneries or pursue gardening
activities.
In the book Feng Shui for the Garden, there is one article that mainly focuses on the cures
that people can get. There are eight simple remedies that will cover most of the problems found
in the normal garden. According to tradition, each of the cures are associated with a particular
direction and its governing element, but in the practice they tend to overlap in effect and can be
used in any part of the garden where there is a problem. The simple cures are:
1. Light
2. Life
3. Movement
4. Stillness
5. Straight Lines
6. Sound
7. Colour
8. Devices
(p. 51)

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The aging process

According to Mendoza (2005), age changes are not in themselves diseases but rather are natural
losses of functions. And the professional who specialize in treating the elderly with their natural
losses of functions are called geriatricians and those who study the problems of the aging
population in society are not usually physicians but gerontologists.
According to Fessler (2006), the following is a list of impairments that frequently occur with aging.
Although every aging individual with experience some of these conditions, few will experience all
of them, and each problem varies in its degree of seriousness. This list should be used to better
understand potential conditions of aging, and not to stigmatize or make assumptions about the
elderly.
Common Physical Impairments of Aging
Impairment
Balance
Bone Density and Muscle
Strength
Blood Circulation

Brain Function
Decline/Memory Loss or
Disease
Decreased Nerve Sensititvity
Elasticity f skin
Exertion

Hearing

Mobility

Affects on Health and

Functionality
Elderly can be more prone to
falls
Strength and resilience of
bones and muscles decline
More rapidly fatigued, less
oxygen available to muscles,
less ability to tolerate cold or
hot temperatures
Some elderly individuals face
loss of memory or some
degree of ability to process
cognitive though
Greater propensity for injury
More susceptible to soft
tissue injuries
In addition to decreased
blood circulation, a decrease
in the oxygen exchange of
the lungs contributes to more
rapid fatigue
Decline in physical and neural
components of hearing
In addition to a decline of
bone density and muscle
strength, elderly individuals
commonly have decreased
flexibility from pain of

Potentially Impacted Activities

Activties of Motion, Climbing,
Physical Activities, etc.
Physical Activities, Activities
that Require Strength
Activities in unusally warm or
cold climate, increased risk of
heat attack or stroke from
exerting physical activities
Communication, Language
Games, etc.
Physical activities
Physical activites
Physical activities

Activities that require a high

degree of conversation,
activities in which hearing is
necessary for safety
Activities that require physical
travel or challenging terrain

15

arthritis and other conditions

affecting mobility
Deterioration of teeth and/or
replacement with dentures

Teeth

Sight

Deterioration of physical
and/or neural components of
the eyes

Eating foods that are difficult

to chew may be
uncomfortable and
challenging.
Decline of visual acuity can
affect many activities such as
reading, driving, game-play,
etc.

The age-related impairments described in the table above indicate that it is sometimes necessary
to choose activities that suit the individual needs of the elderly. This may require simple
modifications to normal activities or the complete avoidance of certain activities.

I.2.2 RELATED STUDIES

Santa Rita Geriatric Center

Santa Rita Geriatric Center is located at Ciutadella, Illes, Baleares, Spain. It has an area of
5990 square meter for its building while 6200 square meter provided for its landscaping and
gardens. Manuel Ocana is the architect of the said center.
It is stated in the article in Archdaily that geriatric centers must have the optimistic features
and must be appealing to live in and to visit. The concept is to create an atmosphere in a certain
space where spare time prevails and where residents spend the last years or months of their lives.
In reality, it is possible to create a geriatric health care facility that doesnt have the characteristics

16

of a typical hospital., with neither architectural barriers and in which all rooms have direct access
from a garden that can serve as hallway, lobby towards a collective space. The goal is to ensure
total accessibility, physical autonomy, psychical security and respect to individual privacy as well
as facilitating access to visitors.
The facility also include an open, interconnected, flat and unusual space that
accommodates at once the different program and circulation uses between the residential area and
the polygonal perimeter. Going over the whole building means transversing a space with neither
doors nor corridors, establishing paths that do not necessarily entail a single solution.
Polyatmospheric circulation is also implemented which is a series of events that can stimulate the
senses and ease the disorientation and spatial tedium that one can experience in a geriatric center.
The facility also have a synthetic enclosures of two-layer cellular polycarbonate which also
contribute in the design of its interior skin of the flat outer enclosure with accordance to its
geographical orientation. The north side faade of the buildings help strengthen the cold light
through the use of the blue and greenish plastic whereas the south and west one favors warmer
atmospheres through yellow plastics. The facility also have defining spaces parameters through
the projection of orientation lines in the roof and slab, as well as the three ranges of colors that
include the outer adapted restrooms. This palette of changing atmospheres allow the user to decide
which way to go and where to stay.

Putget Dolors Aleu Center for the Elderly

This facility is located on a fully complex urban context in Barcelona, Spain and the
architect-in-charge of it is Albert de Pineda Alvarez. The facility has an area of 7500 square meter
and was constructed last 2009.
According to the architect, the facility is a public building that is equipped by geriatric
facilities. The building has two different scales which are appropriate for two different surroundings
on where it is located and oriented, the Ronda General Mitre and the Putxet streets. The building

17

which look onto the Ronda General Mitre has a total of seven floors while the furthest side that is
oriented and looking towards the Putxet streets has a total of three floors. In this perspective, the
buildings are oriented and determ ined according to the distances of the surrounding buildings.
General services departments are located at the two floors of the building (Basement and Ground
floor), while the remaining six floors were composed of bedroom units. Another room is also added
for the technical installation equipment. The diverse room location on several floors, regardless to
the buildings shape has contributed to the different openings and windows to the outside. This is
due to the fact that a modular design has been used to unify them formally. The modular design
adapts different practicability cases with the use of various materials.

Dynamic Environment Through Sustainable Landscape Architecture

The researcher of the study, Cabrera, J., (2010) conducted an interview on the hospitals
that were members of the Philippine Society of Geriatrics Medicine and used descriptive research
method that is used to obtain information about what exists.
According to his study, sustainable design in should be applied in every building. A building
that is sustainable in design will cut a huge amount of cost in maintaining it. It was stated in the
study that landscaping has always played an important role in modifying the environment and it is
not only just for looks, it can extremely functional in saving energy as well. It is also stated that
landscapes are not only solutions to sustainable design but it is also a solution in a humans health
problems, which are commonly called as therapeutic garden.

Therapeutic garden specifically

designed to meet the physical, psychological, social and spiritual needs of the people using the
garden.
It is recommended to have natural environment to medical institution. This will not only
bring satisfaction to patients and staff but it will also help maintain and protect the environment.
It can also provide and produce cool air instead on depending on air conditioners.

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Geriatric Multidisciplinary Clinic

The Geriatric Multidisciplinary Clinic is located at the ground floor, Manila Doctors Hospital
Annex building, in Ermita, Manila. The clinic is an outpatient consultative service that provides most
of the needs of the older persons through medical, cognitive, social and psychological problems
that slows down their progress, function and threaten independent living. The clinic is a complete
one-stop facility which is designed to cater the requirements of an elder, including the treatment
of their disorders and illnesses such as frailty, cognitive problem, memory lapses, polypharmacy,
incontinence, problem on mobility, depression, behavioral pattern and sensory problems. Their
services include comprehensive geriatric assessments which deals with the assessment of the basic
and advance activities of daily living, assessment of the nutrition status, evaluation of the mental
status, gait and balance assessment. They also have home visit as well as inpatient consultative
services if needed.

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Chapter I.3 RESEARCH AND DESIGN PROCEDURE

1.3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research typology used in this study is a descriptive research. This method focuses on
the descriptive and explanatory analysis of the case study observations and it is used to acquire
information concerning to the current status of the phenomena to describe what exists considering
the different conditions and variable of the situation. It addresses the what questions and does
not answer questions about how/why/when the characteristics occurred. The proponent aims to
gather deep understanding of the existing problems that will be observed in the case study
observation and it aims on how to provide solution to the problem. Case study and interviews to
professionals were also conducted to acquire and obtain their analysis and opinions regarding the
proposal and that the proponent will eventually be able to identify current situations about the
aged and the aging people which will definitely help to improve their lifestyle as well as identifying
more means of providing solutions to their needs. The proponent will conduct an investigation and
will follow-up with examinations of why the observations exist and what the implications of the
findings are.

1.3.2 RESEARCH LOCALE

The study was conducted in Rizal Medical Center located in Pasig Boulevard, Pasig City,
Metro Manila. Figure 2 shows the location map of the said hospital. The said hospital is indicated
with an arrow and tagged with the letter A.

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Figure 2. Location of Rizal Medical Center

1.3.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The research instrument used by the proponent in this study are, personal interviews,
photo documentation and careful investigation and observations on the said site.
Personal interview with the professionals was conducted by the proponent to obtain expert
opinions that will be valuable and reliable to the study. Photo documentation was done by
personally visiting the site. Different parts and spaces were captured and documented and will be
used as a reliable source as well for this study. Mostly, problematic areas and structures were taken
photo for the purpose of keen observation and future reference for developing solutions of the
problems.

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1.3.4 POPULATION UNIVERSE AND SUBJECT OF THE STUDY

The population universe shall focus on the professionals and individuals who have the
qualities and character that can provide relevant information about the things that needs to be
considered in the study.
The users of the hospital specifically, doctors, nurses, or professionals that are
knowledgeable about the proposal. These are people who can also evaluate the current situation
and provide possible solution for the improvements of the health care facility that are depending
on their own perceptions. They are to identify various aspects that have a great impact on the
lifestyle of elderly.

1.3.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

The sampling procedure that is used in the study is a Cluster Sampling. In this procedure,
it requires the selection of respondents from a defined segment of the population. The researcher
will get sample from the medical facility population that composed of medical professionals and
other professionals that are capable and knowledgeable about the proposal.

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Chapter I.4 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

This chapter presents the data that has been gathered through the two methods that have
been used. The first section is through case study method and careful investigation and observation
that was utilized by the proponent at the chosen hospital located in Pasig. The second section of
this chapter consists of the relevant sources that was obtained from the interview method
conducted by the proponent with professionals to obtain and acquire expert opinions concerning
the proposal.

I.4.1 PRESENTATION OF THE COLLECTED DATA

I.4.1.a

CASE STUDY: RIZAL MEDICAL CENTER

The Rizal Medical Center is a DOH-retained Level IV hospital born out of
a need for the government to solve health problems and alleviate sufferings of
medically indigent patients and clientele of the various people of the province of Rizal
in particular. It is a teaching and training hospital with 300-bed capacity. They have a
variety of medical specialty services from minimally invasive surgery and endoscopy,
comprehensive maternal and child health care, laboratory and radiologic facilities,
multi-specialty cancer care to nuclear medicine and physical therapy.

Figure 3. Faade of Rizal Medical Center

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The faade faces Pasig Boulevard and it is referred as the primary entrance to the hospital, which
will lead to the administration offices, patient wards and as a way also that will lead to some
laboratories in the hospital.

Figure 4. Waiting area and lobby

As seen in the figure 4, hallways were made to be a waiting area for the patients and their
relatives. The researcher observed that they are provided by seats and noticed as well the electric
fans which make the place somehow cooler. The natural light also cannot pass through the hallway
which results to open the artificial lights even at day time.
The outpatient department is located at the first floor and second floor of the building.
The ground floor consists of the registrations/reception, laboratory, cashier sections, ear-noseandthroat clinics, eye clinics, minor operating room, surgery clinics and treatment rooms, blood
extraction rooms, pharmacy, medical social service, obstetrics and gynecology clinics as well as
family planning clinic. In addition, the second floor consists of a mental hygiene clinic, public health
unit, medical clinic, pediatric clinic, immunization clinic, dental clinic, ECG room and medical subspecialty clinic, EEG Laboratory, office of the head, tumor clinics and cancer registry unit.

24

The health care facility is not equipped by an air-conditioned system. There are only
several areas of the facility that have an air-conditioned system. The emergency area/room is very
open to all people and staff. The waiting area in the emergency room is also crowded, due to the
high number of patients that are being served, patients stay in the area together with their
respective families and relatives.

Figure 5. Windows
The window shown in figure 5 is located at the ramp area of the health care building. As
seen in the figure, the surrounding of ramp looks dull and does not give a pleasing feeling for the
users and people who will be passing through the ramp. There are also some broken windows
located in the ramp as well.

25

Figure 6. Kidney Dialysis Center

Rizal Medical Center also includes the Kidney Foundation of the Philippines. It serves
patients who have kidney illnesses. They have provided 20 machines to cater the patients. The
kidney center only allows people or patients to enter the room. Other people who doesnt have
business in the center is prohibited. Most of the patients that use this facility are adults and elders.

Figure 7. Scraps

26

Scraps and unused beds are only placed at the open area near the engineering section of
the hospital. It is exposed to every user who will pass by that area, may be a staff or layman as
well.
Nurses, doctors and staff are doing their best to serve all patients at the same time. The
problem in this facility is that, there is no sense of comfort ability, the feeling of easiness and the
sense of relief, when you are inside the facility.

I.4.1.b

INTERVIEW METHOD
Dr. Roel Tito Marcial, the Emergency Room Head and a CEO-Medical Director of

Rizal Medical Center was interviewed to provide and discuss agendas and programs that will be
beneficial and can support the elderly.
According to Dr. Marcial, geriatric care hospital deals with the problems and
diseases of old age and aging people. These people are suffering from many forms of diseases
that is common and usually affects elderly and the aging people. They are also suffering from the
fact that they cant be able to do things independently, unlike before. These people needs constant
care and supervision. He also stated that the common problems that were always encountered by
the hospital staffs are their illness such as dementia. He also added that it is advisable to consider
wellness centers that serves the aging people and the elderly which focuses and caters physical,
mental and spiritual aspects, as well as having a nutritional and counseling spaces that will be very
influential and can support the elderly. In addition to this, he also advised that the geriatric health
care facility must have a natural setting environment.
Another professional that was interviewed by the researcher is Architect Eric
Guerrero, who is currently an Architect IV at the National center for Health Facility Department,
Department of Health, Manila. He was interviewed to obtain his expertise in the design
considerations needed for a Geriatric Health Care facility. According to Architect Guerrero, there
are different types and classifications of hospital that also have different conditions and

27

considerations. He stated that geriatric hospital doesnt have emergency rooms since they
specialized and cater people who are aging. One of the requirements that must be considered is
accessibility, in which, facilities must be easily accessible for the elders because they are also
considered as persons with disability owing to the fact that the activities that they can do are
limited. He stated that it is important to provide ramps, in the case of geriatric hospital, he advised
that all design considerations will be smaller than the usual. If the standard ramp ratio is 1:20, we
could design the ramps for these facility by applying 1:15 ratio of ramp to make it less steeper. He
also stated that it is also important to put grab rails in the hallway walls, especially in toilets. He
also advised to have more open spaces in the facility to get natural ventilation pass through the
building as well as allowing natural lighting to pass through the building.

1.4.2

SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS
Rizal Medical Center is a Level IV hospital retained by the Department of Health
that is born out of a need for the government to solve health problems and alleviate
sufferings of medically indigent patients and clientele of the various people. Furthermore,
the location of the hospital is somehow ideal owing to the fact it is located inside an urban
area and is near to some nodes and establishments.

WEAKNESS
Rizal Medical Center has a very minimal developments and the site is not flexible
and not ideal that much for future expansions since the area is limited and already
occupied, considering as well the surrounding establishments of the building. Due to the
fact that Rizal Medical Center is a public or a government general hospital, it caters high
number of patients daily with different kinds of illnesses, diseases, disorders and other
health and medical concerns, this results to lack of patient-focused characteristics that is
very essential, necessary and needed by the patients and it also lack architectural aspects
that can be very beneficial to its users. Furthermore, the location of the hospital is

28

accessible but there are only one entrance which serves entry and exit of private vehicles,
as well as ambulances. In terms of facilities and building architecture, concrete is usually
used which produce carbon emissions that has a great impact not only to the users but to
the environment as well. Due to the limited space of the hospital, another problem is the
ventilation of the buildings which pushed them to use air-conditioning systems on different
areas of the hospital.

OPPORTUNITIES
Usually public hospital deals with high numbers of patients every day and as a
result, crowding of patients and the need of nurses, doctors and other medical professional
is at high level. This serves and offers an opportunity for the jobless nurses, doctors who
will be qualified and willing to serve the patients in order to achieve the patient-focused
system.

THREATS
The ratio of the medical professionals as to the number of patients that come to
the hospital daily is a big threat not only to the hospital but also to the patients who will
be greatly affected by the lack of medically inclined professionals and medical spaces. If
there is no appropriate action with this problem, there will be chance that high number of
patients will be dead due to the absence and lack of facilities and professionals.

I.4.3

NEED ANALYSIS
Considering the services of a typical Hospital, Rizal Medical Center is a General Hospital

that caters and deals with different kind of patients with different kind of diseases, disorders,
illnesses and concerns. They may be able to serve patients through the typical set up of a typical
hospital, but they lack at the patient-focused approach to the activities and services that includes
ensuring the safety and needs of the patient and the environmental aspects that is sensitive to the
patients especially to the age-related needs of the older people. With this, there is a need for

29

improvement. They may be able to provide basic services to the patients but it is essential to
provide a facility and environment that can be expressed and shown through architectural aspects.
Based on the data gathered from the case study, interviews, investigation and
observations, with the determined characters on weakness, strengths, opportunities and threats,
it shows that there is a need for a development of hospitals especially to have a facility that will
mainly focus the elderly who are in dire need of extreme care.
Through observation during the visiting of the Rizal Medical Center, there is a need for
developing the facility to provide great ambiance for its users. Solutions can be done by providing
strategic location of spaces to allow ventilation to pass through the building. Concerning the spaces,
areas which are supposedly made to accommodate just a number of people, it turned out to be a
crowded area which makes the place hot.
During the interview, it was stated that elderly must be considered with the design of the
building and facilities as well as persons with disabilities, because there are different kinds of
illnesses of the elders that must be catered and considered in a health care facility. It was also
stated that spaces that focuses on physical, spiritual, emotional wellness must be considered as
well as considering the open spaces which gives and allows natural elements such as greeneries,
air and light to surround the building. Although it shows that the hospital have comprehensive
basic services for its users, it is important to acknowledge the needs of the users for the betterment
of their lifestyle.

I.4.4

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

The data collected shows the gathered data which are relevant for the proposal and will

be used for the future study of this proposal.

30

Staff in 300 beds

Burn Unit

Rehabilitation Medicin

Respiratory Unit

Dialysis Unit

Heart Station

Electrophysiology Unit

Endoscopy Unit

Radiation Oncology

Department of Nuclear Medicine

MRI section

Interventional Radiology

Mammography

Figure 8: Staffing of Beds

The data above shows the staffing organization for a 300-bed capacity governmental
hospitals. The data shows that 12% of the staffs are located for the burn unit, 32% of the staffs
are for Rehabilitation Medicine, 10% for the Respiratory Unit, 5% for the Dialysis Unit, MRI section,
Mammography, Interventional Radiology, 7% are for the Radiation Oncology and Heart Station,
2% are for the Electtrophysiology Unit and 6% for the Department of Nuclear Medicine.

Impairment
Balance
Bone Density and Muscle
Strength
Blood Circulation

Brain Function
Decline/Memory Loss or
Disease

Affects on Health and

Functionality
Elderly can be more prone to
falls
Strength and resilience of
bones and muscles decline
More rapidly fatigued, less
oxygen available to muscles,
less ability to tolerate cold or
hot temperatures
Some elderly individuals face
loss of memory or some
degree of ability to process
cognitive though

Potentially Impacted
Activities
Activties of Motion, Climbing,
Physical Activities, etc.
Physical Activities, Activities
that Require Strength
Activities in unusally warm or
cold climate, increased risk of
heat attack or stroke from
exerting physical activities
Communication, Language
Games, etc.

31

Decreased Nerve
Sensititvity
Elasticity of skin
Exertion

Hearing

Mobility

Teeth

Sight

Greater propensity for injury

Physical activities

More susceptible to soft

tissue injuries
In addition to decreased
blood circulation, a decrease
in the oxygen exchange of
the lungs contributes to more
rapid fatigue
Decline in physical and neural
components of hearing

Physical activites

In addition to a decline of
bone density and muscle
strength, elderly individuals
commonly have decreased
flexibility from pain of
arthritis and other conditions
affecting mobility
Deterioration of teeth and/or
replacement with dentures
Deterioration of physical
and/or neural components of
the eyes

Physical activities

Activities that require a high

degree of conversation,
activities in which hearing is
necessary for safety
Activities that require physical
travel or challenging terrain

Eating foods that are difficult

to chew may be
uncomfortable and
challenging.
Decline of visual acuity can
affect many activities such as
reading, driving, game-play,
etc.

Figure 9: Impairments of Aging

The data above shows the common physical impairments of aging. This list can be used
to further understand the potential conditions of aging and not to stigmatize and make assumptions
about the elderly.

32

CHAPTER 1.5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis of the data gathered through various primary and secondary
resources, the proponent determined the weakness of the hospital facilities, as well as identified
the potential opportunities of the hospital that are depending to the needs also its strengths. With
that, the proponent came up to a conclusion that there is a need of a facility that will improve
hospital environment through architectural solutions as well as to achieve the patient-focused
system pertaining mainly to the elderly and aging, who are in dire need of assistance, love and
care. It is shown that the design of such facilities have a great impact on the users lifestyle and
well-being.
To achieve the patient-focused approach, the proponent had arrive to a conclusion that
Geriatric Healthcare Facility have a highly demand that will be beneficial to its users. By providing
architectural innovations and improve the ambiance of a certain health care facility. Also, providing
spaces for the facility that will have an impact to their wellness which will help improve the
relationship between the youth and the elderly that promotes healthy lifestyle and to develop
peoples interaction to one another and to encourage more people into using health facilities and
create a better community.

RECOMMENDATION
Based on the preceding arguments of the study, the following are recommendations for
future researchers:

1. The future proponents to provide innovation that will focus on the aspects that can be
influential to the lifestyle of the elderly.

33

2. The future proponents to look for innovations that can be applied for the improvement
of geriatric healthcare facilities.
3. To compromise the possibility of establishing these type of structure with other
possible types of facilities that can integrate for the betterment of the elder community.
4. To encourage future architectural thesis students to propose related to the geriatric
health care facilities to develop more innovations and promote healthy lifestyle for the
elderly.

34

CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH FOCUS

This chapter shall briefly discuss the chosen focus and innovations for the proposal.

RATIONALE
Better designs of a certain facility will come out if the designer understands the behavioral
patterns of people and how they interact with their environment. With the technology developing
more and more, health facilities need to maintain and go with the flow of the advancement of
science and technologies. Some say that there is no need for technologies in order to maintain a
healthy lifestyle, but it is on the disciplinary trait of a certain person, not only through the activities
and food that the person eat, but also by being ecologically aware to our surroundings.
A well-planned hospital design stimulates and promotes healthy lifestyle to its users
especially for patients. It goes under a strategic study of locating spaces which will have a great
impact not only for its users but to the environment as well. Environment have a great impact on
the lifestyle of people, it can set the mood of a certain person. Based on the case study conducted
in Rizal Medical Center, the high number of patients going to the hospital is not proportional to the
number of medically inclined professionals. As a result, they lack focus on their patients.
Designing for a specialized hospital and for a generation requires deep study and a detailed
process to further understand the needs of its users and to improve their overall lifestyle. Geriatric
healthcare center mainly focuses on the needs of the elderly as well as the aging. It caters and
serves elderly who are in need of assistance especially who are undergoing diseases and disorders.
As a response to the problem observed on the case study done in Rizal Medical Center,
hospital lacks on ambiance that promotes health and focus on patients. Hence to provide solution
to the developments inactivity, a specialized geriatric healthcare combined with wellness center is

35

proposed that would provide therapeutic dynamism to the productivity of the development.
Furthermore, based on the case study conducted, it is observed that there is also a need to provide
solution for the natural ventilation, natural lighting and other green living aspects of the facilities.

ARCHITECTURAL INNOVATION
Architectural innovation focuses on the space planning, circulatory process of the users to

provide

great

circulation

and

achieve

proxemics.

Innovation can also be achieved by applying therapeutic design on the structure to help ease the
illness of the patients, for their fast recovery and by setting the mood of the patients through the
holistic design. Innovation on space planning can be achieved by providing spaces of the geriatric
health care facility and wellness centers and locating it in a strategic location giving the users a
relaxed and comfortable location.

ENVIRONMENTAL INNOVATION
As a solution to the environmental problem and to be ecologically aware, the study proposes

the use of green walls, water features which will be located in strategic place in the site that can
absorb heat and bring a great ambiance to the facility.
Studies show that materials used for construction, especially concrete produce a lot of carbon
emissions to the greenhouse gas due to the fact that it is a non-renewable material. However, the
use of sustainable and eco-friendly building concepts and incorporation of natural and renewable
materials will be considered in this study.

36

PRINCIPLES AND RELEVANCE TO THE PROJECT

The innovations proposed in this study will be beneficial through proper use and
considerations of the principles such as green architecture, and through the efficient planning and
locating of spaces in the design. It will also help promote environmental awareness through green
architecture and this is not only for the betterment of the building and the community but also for
the environment.
In order to strengthen the project including the said innovations, principles are needed in
order to attain and support the innovations of the project. These principles will serve as a guide in
achieving and implement the focus of the study. Morever, it will serve as a basis in attaining an
excellent therapeutic design for the geriatric health care and wellness center.
PRINCIPLES:

Green Architecture
Considering the strategies for in attaining green architecture, one must comply with the
eco-mimicry, seamless and bio-integration as well as bio simulation that will help focus and promote
architecture that is need of the environment and for the benefits of its users as well.

Tropical architecture
Considering the tropical climate of the country, the design of the project must comply with
the characteristics and parameters that can integrate with the climate to allow smooth natural flow
of the circulation as well as the design of the structure.

Therapeutic Design
Considering the principles that will be needed to achieve a therapeutic design in a certain
structure to help promote healthy lifestyle in line with the basic elements that people can get from
the environment which will serve as a tool to boost their health concerns and conditions. This can
also achieved by applying design that defines and identifies spaces.

37

Morever, a list of some relevant principles is to be provided which will follow the needs in
executing the innovations for the design

USERs NEEDS:
1. All users from youth to elders are to be considered in the design of the health care and
wellness facility.
2. Users should be able to use facilities with an excellent comfort ability.
3. Children will be provided with facilities appropriate to their age, as well as the elderly.
4. Elderly should have an easy access to every area.
5. Ramps should be provided to cater the needs of those persons with disabilities as well as
the elders who are not able to walk properly.
6. Users should be provided with spontaneous selection of activities.

OPERATIONAL NEEDS:
1. Healthcare facility and the wellness center should be operational for the benefits of the
users.
2. Visitors should also have a place to stay and unwind in the facility.
3. Adequate parking should be provided for the users and maintenance
4. Proper users circulation flow is to be considered and observed to avoid congestions and
confusion.
5. Health center and wellness center should remain operational under any weather and
should accept whatever concern of the patient has.

38

APPLICATION TO THE PROJECT

The application of these innovations to the project will bring positive impact on the
environmental aspects of the urban areas as the same time providing unique features that are
appealing and inviting for people to live in and visit. Furthermore, the project itself will provide
relaxation and easy living for the elderly especially to those who have disorders due to aging, and
it will provide an escapade from the stress from work and the pollution by not taking a long drive
just to reach a relaxing center.
In terms of planning and architecture, these new innovations will provide a new approach
in eco-friendly design which will help in the betterment of the environment within the urbanized
areas. It will help lessen the contribution of carbon footprint emission of the building and will
promote healthy lifestyle.

39

CHAPTER III. SITE SELECTION PROCESS

III.1 Site selection Process

III.1.1 Criteria for Site Selection
a. Selected site should be within the perimeter of Metro Manila
b. It has to zoned under general institutional
c.

Site should be accessible by public and private vehicles

d. Site should be near in areas where it is has a short travel time from the possible users
e. Site should be flexible for future development
f.

Promote benefits for the community through the projects innovation

III.1.2 SITE OPTION DESCRIPTION

The proponent initially selected three possible locations that are suitable for the project.
The two sites were situated in the City of Manila and Pasay.

One is bounded on the Northeast along Department of Public Highways, on the southwest,
along line of unfilled portion, on the northwest, along the Philippine Plaza Hotel and the lot is
containing one hundred six thousand sixty seven (106,067) square meters. The lot is under the
Cultural Center of the Philippines.

40

The other lot that is also situated in the city of Manila and Pasay is also under the name
of the Cultural Center of the Philippines. It is bounded on the southeast along line by the
Department of Public Highways, by road on northeast and northwest and by a lot that is registered
and occupied by the Cultural Center of the Philippines. The area contains of one hundred thirty
two thousand nine hundred twenty four (132,394) square meters.
Another lot was also obtained by the proponent is situated in the City of Taguig. The area
contains about 6000 square meters and is located near Mckinley Hills.

III.1.3

Site Selection and Justification

The selection of site has been attained by considering the criteria for site selection. The
site has to be classified under general institutional classification and has to be within the perimeter
of Metro Manila. The researcher initially selected 3 locations which can be the possible locations
and has the potential to meet the criteria set above. The proceeding step was to look for a location
that is classified under the general institutional use. The process was done by direct inquiry at
different city halls within the Metro Manila from the assessors department and registry of deeds
department, specifically in Pasay and in Taguig. In this part, the three given sites in site options
shall be marked according to the main site selection crriteria and principles to which every site will
be graded from 1-5 in each category. The grade of 1 is the lowest meaning unparalleled or unfit,

41

while the highest is 5 which mean it suits perfectly and is utmost perfect for the needs of the
project and the given problems.
Site Selection
Criteria
Within the Perimeter
of Metro Manila
Zoned under general
institutional
classification
Accessible by public
and private vehicles
Lot Area
Safety and Security
Total

Site A

Site B

Site C

21

20

15

As tallied, site C got the lowest score from amongst the three. Site C is located at Taguig and was
smaller than the other two. Site A got the highest score which is located along Roxas Boulevard
but it is a big lot. Site A & Site B only got few differences. Hence, the proponent come up to a
solution that the ideal location is site B which is situated in Pasay City.

42

Figure 11: Zoning Map of Pasay City

The chosen site for the proposal is located in Pasay City which is also inside the perimeter
of Metro Manila. It is also suggested by the officials in Pasay City hall which can be very ideal for
a geriatric health facility with a total of 10 hectares. The chosen site has all the characteristics
given on the criteria for site selection. It is also accessible by public and private vehicles as well as
a big possibly and has the opportunity for future developments.

43

III.1.4

Site Evaluation and Analysis

Looking at the macro setting of the selected site, it is located at the southeast part of Asia
which is the Philippines, and it is located in National Capital Region which is the capital of the
country. It is bounded by four cities in Metro Manila, at the north is Manila, while at the east side
is Makati and Taguig, on the southern part is Paranaque. It is also bounded by Manila Bay on the
western side.

Figure 12: Metro Manila Map and location map

44

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

Figure 13: Land Suitability Map of Pasay City

In terms of area, Pasay City is the third smallest political subdivision among the cities and
municipalities of NCR. Based on the digitized map, the city has a total area of 1,805.11 hectares.
The city proper or Barangays 1 to 201 occupies around 1,399.50 hectares or 77.53 percent of the
total area. The Cultural Center Complex occupies around 191.95 hectares (10.63%) while the
reclamation area covers an area of 213.66 hectares (11.84%).

45

Figure 14: Geology map of Pasay City

o

Geology:
Pasay City consists of two geologic units, an eastern undulating section and a western

alluvial portion, which extends into Manila Bay. The undulating to gently sloping terrain is
underlain by Guadalupe formation. In terms of physiography, however, Pasay City belongs
to the Coastal Margin or the low-lying flat strip of land east of Manila Bay with an elevation
of less than 5 meters above mean sea level.
o

Physiography:
Pasay City belongs to the low-lying flat strip of land east of Manila Bay with an elevation
of less than 5 meters mean sea level.

Topography:
Active tidal flats and former tidal flats which are both of the coastal landscape can be

46

found with the City of Pasay. Active tidal flats with an almos flat, relief have elevations
that range from 0 to 1.5 meters and sometimes reaching up to 3 meters above the
mean sea level. This land system has very poor drainage characteristics. The former
tidal flats consist of almost flat plains, backswarmps and depressions of the coastal
landscape formed from marine and fluvio-marine deposits. It is slightly lower than the
alluvial plain, that has an elevation which ranges from 2 to 5 meters.
o

Hydrology:

Figure 15: River and Coastal Protection Area Map of Pasay City

The city is traversed by two main waterways that feed the Paranaque River namely
the Estero de Tripa de Gallina and Marichan Creek. The city lies within the Manila Bay
Watershed Area. The bay has a catchment area of about 17000 square kilometers that
is made up of about eight river basins.

47

The city is situated in a delta that has produced locally confined aquifers. However,
groundwater utilization has resulted in significant drawdown causing much land
subsidence and saline water intrusion particularly in the coastal areas. The
groundwater basin contains The groundwater basin contains several connected and
interrelated aquifers, composed of tuffaceous sandstone and conglomerates belonging
to the Guadalupe Formation. Recharge to the aquifers comes from rainfall and inflow
from the extension of these aquifers. However, groundwater in the city has already
been over-exploited by uncontrolled pumping and excessive underwater withdrawal.
The water quality in Manila Bay and the river system within the City has
progressively deteriorated due to the domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes being
dumped in the waterways.

Climatic Factors

Figure 16: Liquefaction Hazard Map of Pasay City

48

Figure 17: Flood Prone Areas of Pasay City

According to the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA), the climate of Pasay City is classified as Type 1 under the
Corona classification and is dependent on the rainfall pattern. Natural hazards that are
likely to hit Pasay City are ground shaking, liquefaction, flooding and tsunamis. There
are policies that are being implemented by the city in order to achieve the Clean Air
Act of 1999 that recognizes the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and environmental
concerns.

POPULATION AND LAND USE

Based on the preliminary results of the 2000 Census, the population of Pasay City stood at
363,000, which represents a reduction of about 2.34% from its 1995 population. Barangay 183
has the biggest population with 45,733 or about 11% of the total city population. It is followed by
Barangays 184 and 76 with about 2% each. The smallest barangays are Barangays 15 and 17

49

with less than 0.04%. Average household size (AHHS) in 1995 was about 4.7 in the city. Barangay
17 has the highest AHHS with 6.57 while Barangay 30 has the smallest with 3.3.

Figure 18: Baranggay Boundaries of Pasay City

It is estimated that more than half of the total land area of Pasay City is occupied by
national government facilities such as the NAIA, the domestic and PAL terminal areas, the ATO,
the LRTA and LRT Line 1, the Nayong Pilipino Complex, the Cultural Center of the PhilippinesFinancial Center Area (CCP-FCA), Villamor Air Base, major thoroughfares such as EDSA (C-4), Roxas
Boulevard/Coastal Road (R-1), Taft Avenue/Quirino Avenue (R-2) and the like. Extreme levels of
traffic congestion on Pasay Citys main thoroughfares are exacerbated by the effects at grade level
of major national government projects such as EDSA-MRT.
Estimated Land Use Distribution of Pasay City, 2001
Land Use Category
Land Area (hectares)
Percent to Total (%)
Residential 1
17.06
0.95
Residential 2 and 3
550.13
30.48
Commercial 1, 2 and 3
66.10
3.66
Industrial
23.45
1.30
Institutional
179.13
9.92
Cultural
14.92
0.83
Tourism
7.51
0.42
Planned Unit Development (PUD)
298.54
16.54
Open Spaces (Road ROW)
136.48
7.56
Cemetery
4.26
0.24
Utilities and Transportation
507.52
28.12
TOTAL
1805.11
100.00
Note: Computed from digitized map, subject to ground survey/confirmation.

50

The table above shows the estimated land use distribution of Pasay City which is computed from
the digitized map.

Figure 19: Existing Land Use Zones and Land Use Map of Pasay
ECONOMIC SECTOR
This sector presents the main drivers of Pasay Citys economic development namely: trade,
industry, commerce and tourism. Pasay City has the basic fundamentals that could sustain its
economic machinery. It has highly educated and skilled manpower as well as managers; adequate
supply of electricity and water; excellent access provided by light rail transit systems, excellent
communication facilities, road networks and airports; and some land for expansion. There are 203
drug stores and optical clinics registered in 2000. The others were six private hospitals namely, the
Manila Sanitarium and Hospital, San Juan de Dios Hospital, Miraculous Medical Hospital, Pasay
Doctors Polyclinic, Balbidos Clincal laboratory and Psay Paranaque Chest Clinic.

51

ROADS AND TRANSPORTATION

Figure 20: Transportation System of Pasay City

Pasay City has a network of mostly concrete roads that provide internal access within the
city. Several roads serve as important linkages to the rest of Metro Manila. Minor roads that are
found within Pasay City cater to light vehicles and tricycles. In terms of pavement type, the major
roads in Pasay City were of concrete, asphalt and gravel.
Traffic from the adjacent city of Manila in the north side, Makati City in the east side, and
Paranaque City in the south side flowed through some of the major roads traversing Pasay City
contributing to vehicular congestion in many of the intersections. There were about 15 terminals
for provincial buses mostly located in the major thoroughfares of Pasay City which also contributed
to vehicular traffic. Most of these bus lines service southern destinations in Region IV and Region

52

V. Tricycles were still popular for short distance travel in the inner streets, secondary thoroughfares
and tertiary roads.
The Ninoy Aquino International Airport is located within the cities of Pasay and Paranaque.
The international airport is the Philippines main port of entry of foreign visitors. The runway length
is 2,720 meters and the width is 46 meters. The Manila Domestic Airport, which provides services
to airlines that fly local destinations, is also located in Pasay City.

III.1.5

Related Laws and Ordinances

The following development and management controls shall be observed in the designated
institutional zones at the NCRZ:

Table 1: Pedestrian Traffic Restrictions

53

Table2: Building Footrpint, Bulk and Height Requirement

Table 3: Open Space and Minimum Off-Street Requirement

Table 4: End-User Population Limit

54

Table 5: Vehicular Traffic Restrictions

55

CHAPTER III.3 SITE ANALYSIS

Figure 21: Access Route Mapping of Site Selected

Figure 22: Sun Path Mapping

56

Figure 23: Wind Source Mapping

Figure 24: Noise Mapping

Figures from 21-24 show the analysis of access route mapping when going to the site
selected, sun path mapping, it also shows the analysis of wind source, and the possible places that
will produce noise on the site selected.

57

CHAPTER III.3 SITE DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS

Figure 25: Schematic Diagram

Figure 26: Site Development Scheme 1

58

Figure 27: Massing of Scheme 1

Figure 28: Site Development Scheme 2

59

Figure 29: Massing of Scheme 2

60

APPENDICES

61

62

63

64

65