Managementul traficului n reelele ATM

Scop
Definire QoS
Definire funcii CAC (Connection Admission Control and Virtual
Bandwidth)
Explicare Traffic Shaping
Clase de servicii
Traficul ATM i controlul congestiei
n funie de tipul de trafic controlul congestiei de obicei se rezolv prin
controlul accesului, profilarea traficului i prioritizarea lui.
n Fig. 1 se prezint modul de negociere al traficului n relaia cu clientul
pentru a se evita congestia.

ATM Traffic Congestion & Control

PVC/SVC Connect
Request
Desired QoS

ATM Host

Bandwidth
Requirements

Traffic
Shaping

QoS
Traffic
Descriptor
Parameters
- ACR
- PCR
- SCR
- BT
- MCR

Connection
Admission
Control

Performance
Parameters
- CLR
- CDV
- CTD
- CMR

Forward
Connect
Request

Resource
ATM Switch Check

Traffic Policing
UPC
Generic
Cell Rate
Algorithm

VP / VC
Buffering
Traffic
Shaping

C
L
P

Discard
or Tag

Control
Cell Stream
Information
Flow

Fig. 1 Negocierea parametrilor de traffic cu clientul pentru evitarea

congestiei
Managementul Traficului
Quality of Service
I.350 informaii privind QoS
User-Network Contract
Setul de parametrii de trafic negociai cu clientul
Funciile de control al traficului
Network Resource Management
Connection Admission Control (CAC)

Usage Parameter Control (UPC)

Selective Cell Discarding
Traffic Shaping
Explicit Forward Congestion Indication (EFCI)
Clasele de trafic ATM
Class 1 - Defined to support constant bit rate, connection oriented traffic
where end-to-end synchronisation is required, otherwise known as Class A
performance requirements. This service should meet the current
requirements for performance comparable to current digital private line
services.
Class 2 - Defined to support variable bit rate, connection oriented traffic
where end-to-end synchronisation is required, otherwise known as Class B
performance requirements. This service is intended for packetized video
and voice application like today's video conferencing systems.
Class 3 - Defined to support variable bit rate, connection oriented traffic
where end-to-end synchronisation is not required, otherwise known as
Class C performance requirements. This service is intended to support
connection oriented data protocols such as Frame Relay.
Class 4 - Defined to support variable bit rate, connectionless traffic where
end-to-end synchronisation is not required, otherwise known as Class D
performance requirements. This service is intended to support connection
oriented data protocols such as SMDS.
Categoriile de trafic ATM
CBR Constant Bit Rate (Traffic Pattern is deterministic & cannot tolerate
cell delay)
VBR-RT Variable Bit Rate Real Time (Traffic Pattern is known & variable,
cannot tolerate cell delay)
VBR-NRT Variable Bit Rate Non Real Time (Traffic Pattern is known &
variable, can tolerate moderate cell delay)
ABR Available Bit Rate (Traffic more variable & bursty than VBR & is delay
tolerant)
UBR Unspecified Bit Rate (No guarantee QoS)
Descriptorii de trafic
Constant Bit Rate (CBR) - Peak Cell Rate (PCR) i CDVT.
Variable Bit Rate (VBR) - Peak & Sustained Cell rates, Maximum Burst Size
i CDVT dac este de tip (RT-VBR)
Available Bit Rate (ABR) - Minimum (MCR) i Peak Cell Rate (PCR)
Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR) doar Peak Cell Rate (PCR) only.
Usage Parameter Control (UPC)

Traffic Contract
ConnectionNeeded
Needed
Connection

MapTraffic
TrafficType
Typeto
toService
Service
Map
Category
Category

SpecifyTraffic
TrafficDescriptors
Descriptorsfor
forthe
the
Specify
Connection
Connection

Requestthe
theConnection
Connection
Request

Service Category (CBR, VBR,

ABR & UBR) Maps to Quality
of Service
Cell Loss Ratio
Cell Transfer Delay
Cell Delay Variation

TrafficDescriptors
DescriptorsInclude:
Include:
Traffic
PCR
MCR
PCR
MCR
SCR
MBS
SCR
MBS
CDVT
CDVT
CBR{PCR,
{PCR,CDVT}
CDVT}
CBR
VBR{PCR,
{PCR,SCR,
SCR,CDVT,
CDVT,MBS}
MBS}
VBR
ABR{PCR,
{PCR,MCR,
MCR,CDVT}
CDVT}
ABR
UBR{}{}
UBR

Traffic Contract
Include urmtorii parametrii:
Peak Cell Rate (PCR)
Sustainable Cell Rate (SCR)
Burst Tolerance (BT)
Cell Delay Variation Tolerance (CDVT)

Traffic Descriptors
GCRA

ATM SWITCH

PCR

Maximum
Maximum Cell
Cell throughput
throughput in
in aa given
given time.
time.
Once
Once value
value is
is reached
reached -- cells
cells are
are discarded
discarded

SCR

BT

CDVT

Connection
Connection rate
rate conforming
conforming to
to the
the average
average ATM
ATM cell
cell rate.
rate.
Useful
Useful for
for VBR
VBR connections
connections (bursty
(bursty by
by nature)
nature)
Traffic
Traffic parameter
parameter that
that reflects
reflects aa time
time scale
scale in
in which
which
cell
cell rate
rate fluctuations
fluctuations can
can be
be tolerated.
tolerated.

Defines
Defines the
the min/max
min/max amount
amount of
of delay
delay aa connection
connection
can
can tolerate
tolerate between
between the
the arrival
arrival of
of any
any two
two cells
cells

Generic Cell Rate Algorithm

Leaky Bucket Algorithm
The Generic Cell Rate Algorithm (GCRA) is a Continuous State Leaky Bucket
algorithm that defines the relationships between the PCR and CDVT and
also between SCR and BT. By doing this, the definition of conformance of

the connection is defined and subsequently enforced to provide the stated

throughput and quality of service. In short, the leaky bucket is the
buffering within the switch that permits the handling of bursts of traffic
above a defined sustained rate. If you look at the buffer as a bucket with a
hole in the bottom. The hole allows a maximum flow of water out of the
bucket. If a burst of water into the bucket does not exceed the capacity of
the bucket, all of the water will eventually flow to the destination. If the
capacity of the bucket is exceeded, water is lost.

Traffic Policing (GCRA Algorithm)

Cell Stream
PCR

No

does traffic conform

to peak cell rate?
Yes
Non-conforming cells
may be discarded
or tagged CLP=1

set
CLP=0
SCR
does CLP=0 traffic conform
to Sustained Cell Rate?
Yes

Conforming

No

Discard
or tag
non-Conforming

QoS Parameters
Cell Loss Ratio (CLR) Numrul total de pachete pierdute raportat la
numrul total de pachete trimise.
Cell Transfer Delay (CTD) is quoted to define the maximum time that a
cell takes to transit a particular ATM switch within the ATM network. This is
important to time-critical services using ATM.
Cell Delay Variation (CDV) is quoted to define the maximum change in
the arrival of cells due to clumping and spreading in ATM switch buffer
queues over a particular connection. In a circuit emulation service the
maintenance of a constant rate of cells over the connection is essential.
Cell clumping could make a CPE equipment buffer overflow or conversely
the spreading of cells could cause a CPE buffer to empty.

CLR
1.7x1010

CDV (CLP0)
150

CTD

VBRRT

1x1010

VBRNRT

1x1010

150
Unspecified

250
Unspecified

ABR

<CBR

Unspecified

Unspecified

UBR

UnderReview

Unspecified

Unspecified

QoSCategory
CBR

250

Traffic Control Functions

Explicit
Explicit Forward
Forward
Congestion
Congestion Indication
Indication

Traffic
Traffic Shaping
Shaping

ATM Switch
ATM CPE

Usage
Usage Parameter
Parameter Control
Control
(UPC)
(UPC)

Connection
Connection Admission
Admission
Control
Control (CAC)
(CAC)

Used to manage the flow of data into the network

Connection Admission Control i Virtual Bandwidth

Connection Admission Control
Verific dac noua conexiune nu va afecta traficul din conexiunile
existente.
Virtual Bandwidth
The Virtual Bandwidth of a connection is the bandwidth which the switch
feels it needs to allocate because of some affecting factor, based on the
buffer storage installed at queuing points within the switch. Example - ATM
Switch with 2K Cells Switch Fabric. If we consider a service with Peak Cell
Rate of 10Mbs, a Sustained Cell Rate of 5Mb/s, and a small Maximum Burst
Size (MBS) of 32 cells. The switch could address the connection as
requiring a Virtual Bandwidth, which is at some value only slightly greater
than the sustained Rate. E.g. 5.9Mb/s. If the same connection were to have
a large Maximum Burst Size (MBS) of, say 210 cells, then the switch would
have to reserve a Virtual Bandwidth, which is closer to the Peak rate. e.g.
9Mb/s.
Banda virtual este detrminat de mecanismul CAC i are o valoare
cuprins ntre SCR i PCR cu o valoare dependent de BT.
.

Connection Admission Control

An
An existing
existing P2P
P2P VBR
VBR permanent
permanent cross
cross
connect.
connect. The
The user
user attempts
attempts to
to increase
increase the
the
SUSTAIN_0
SUSTAIN_0 (for
(for the
the left-to-right
left-to-right direction)
direction) to
to
75
75 Mbs
Mbs (was
(was 50
50 Mbs).
Mbs). The
The change
change is
is rejected
rejected
because
because itit appears
appears that
that itit would
would result
result in
in
unacceptable
unacceptable cell
cell loss.
loss.

Cell Source 1

An
An existing
existing P2P
P2P VBR
VBR cross
cross connect.
connect.
In
In the
the left
left to
to right
right direction,
direction,
SUSTAIN_0
SUSTAIN_0 == 75
75 Mbs
Mbs

Slot 1

Slot 3

OC 3 Cell Relay Card

OC 3 Cell Relay Card

Cell Source 2

OC 3 Cell Relay Card

ATM Switch

Cell
destination

Payload
Payload rate
rate ==
149.76
149.76 Mbs
Mbs

Slot 12

Bottleneck
Bottleneck

Selective Cell/Frame Discards

Any network element may selectively discard cells with CLP=1 as long as
the Network Performance parameters of the CLP=0 and CLP=1 flows are
still met.
This will normally only occur if the GCRA has detected a non-compliant
connection due to an excessive burst, or if the network element has
become congested.

Selective Cell/Frame Discard

Cells may be selectively discarded by network elements if CLP bit is set to 1

Cell discards occur if the GCRA detects a non compliant connection

excessive burst

congestion related

Selectively discarding cells also often results in the destruction of the entire
input frame
Frame
CLP = 1

Explicit Forward Congestion Indication

Purpose of Explicit Forward Congestion Indication

Explicit Forward Congestion Indication (EFCI) was created to allow the

network to inform the CPE devices of impending or actual congested state.
Informaia EFCI este folosit de client pentru a reduce valoarea traficului
injectat n reea pentru a se evita congestiile. Nu este obligatoriu s fie
implementat la nivelul echipamentelor client.
Notifying Explicit Forward Congestion Indication
The means of indicating the Explicit Forward Congestion is by setting the
second bit of a user cell Payload Type Identifier (PTI) field to a value of '1'.
Folosind aceast informaie clientul poate face aciuni corective pentru a
reduce valorile de trafic.

Congestion Control (EFCI)

network informs CPE devices of an impending or actual

congested state

CPE devices then respond accordingly

EFCI set the second bit of a user cell PTI field to a value of '1'

CPE reduce the flow of data into the network

Your wish
is my
command

Hey slow down

its getting a little
too congested in here!!

ATM Switch
ATM CPE

Traffic Shaping
Scop: Ajustarea parametrilor la client pentru a se evita pierderea celulelor
ca urmare a apariiei congestiei PCR, SCR, BT sau CDVT.
QoS i AAL

QoS & AAL Attributes

VBR-RT

ATM QoS

VBR-NRT

CBR

Timing
Relationship

Required

Bit Rate

Not Required

Constant

Connection
Mode

Variable

Connection-Oriented

Associated
AAL

UBR
ABR

AAL 1

Connectionless
AAL 3/4
AAL 5

AAL 2

AAL 3/4

Alcatel Service Categories & QoS Classes

Service
Category
CBR
Rt-VBR

QoS Class
Number
1

QoS Parameter
CTD

CLR

STM-1

E3

150uSec

10-10

250uSec

500uSec

150uSec

10-9

250uSec

500uSec

150uSec

10-9

2.5mSec

5mSec

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

10-7

N/A

10-6

N/A

10-5

ABR

N/A

Low

UBR

N/A

N/A

Nrt-VBR

CDV

CBR Traffic Management

CDVT

CBR Traffic Management

Peak
Cell
Rate

PC
R

Traffic accepted by UPC

Traffic NOT allowed by UPC

VBR Traffic Management

UPC for VBR Services
At the ingress to the ATM network Variable Bit Rate connections are
monitored not only to ensure that compliance to the Peak Rate (plus CDVT)
is met, but also that the frequency of cell bursts do not exceed the predefined Sustained Rate (plus CDVT).
The Maximum Burst Size (MBS) is effectively the measurement window
and defines for how many cells the user may burst into the network at
Peak Cell Rate. The adjacent diagram shows cell bursts produced as a
result of Ethernet Frames having gone through the AAL 5 adaptation
process.
The default Maximum Burst Size (MBS) on the Alcatel Range of ATM
products is 32 Cells. 32 ATM Cells have a capacity to carry a segmented
Ethernet Frame (32 x 48 = 1536 octets), hence the connection is not
punished when it sends a Frame into the network but will be policed based
on the number of successive frames which are sent. (Modern ATM switches
can accommodate very large burst sizes and this would allow greater
guaranteed throughput as well as accommodating services, which use
much larger frame sizes).
Once again the network provider has a choice as to how the connection is
policed. A Tagging policy may be used whereby all non-conforming
Sustained Rate CLP=0 Cells are Tagged to CLP=1, or any non-conforming
Sustained rate cells are discarded regardless of whether they carry a
CLP=1 or CLP=0 marking. Cells, which exceed the Peak Rate (plus CDVT),
would be discarded in both cases regardless of CLP marking.

VBR Traffic Management

Cell Discard

TAG or Discard

MBS
32 Cells

CDVT
Peak
Cell Rate
(PCR)

C
e
l
l

CDVT
Sustained
Cell Rate
(SCR)

R
a
t
e

Time

Multiplexare statistic
Exemplu NRT-VBR

Statistical Gain In VBR Services

Ethernet
Utilization

Peak
10Mb/s
Sust
3.3Mb/s

15-20%

ATM Host

15-20%

Ethernet
ATM Host Utilization
Peak
10Mb/s
15-20%
Sust
3.3Mb/s

ATM Host

Peak
10Mb/s
Sust
3.3Mb/s

ATM Switch

ATM Switch

10Mb/s

ATM Host
Peak
10Mb/s
15-20%
Sust
3.3Mb/s

ATM Host
ATM Host

15-20%

Peak
10Mb/s
Sust
3.3Mb/s

ABR Explicit Rate

Peak
10Mb/s
Sust
3.3Mb/s

15-20%

Explicit Rate ABR

The Available Bit Rate Service connects ABR users at the pre-defined
Minimum Cell Rte (MCR) and upon connection the CPEs request more
available bandwidth from the network until a pre-defined peak rate is
returned.
Negotiation between CPEs and network devices is carried out using ABR
Resource Management (RM) cells. One cell in every 37 cells on an ABR
Explicit Rate connection is a Resource Management (RM) cell.
On connection, a Resource Management cell is sent from the CPE with a
request for an increase in bandwidth to the connection. This is known as
Forward Resource Management (FRM) cell. The cell is carried transparently
to the destination CPE where it is agreed and returned as a Backward
Resource Management (BRM) cell. The BRM cell carries an Explicit Rate
marking which details the requested new rate, and each ATM switch on the
return journey carries out an Explicit Rate calculation to see if it has
enough Available capacity to increase in rate. If it has it will pass the BRM
cell to the next switch without alteration to the ER marking (Allowed Cell
Rate). If a switch needs to modify the ER marking (Allowed Cell Rate) due
to lack of capacity it will do so.

ABR Explicit Rate

FRM Cells ER (i) = 30M

FRM Cell

ATM Cell

FRM Cell

Source
ATM Host

ATM Switch

Destination

ATM Switch

ATM Host

ER Calculator

BRM Cell

ATM Cell

BRM Cell ER (i) = 15M

ER Calculator

BRM Cell

ATM Cell

BRM Cell ER (i) = 20M

BRM Cell

BRM Cell ER (i) = 20M

The change in rate of the connection will not occur until the BRM cell
carrying the Allowed Cell Rate (ACR) reaches the originating CPE, which
initialised the process with the FRM cell.
ABR Explicit Rate VS/VD
Virtual Source/Virtual Destination (VS/VD)

If an ABR (ER) connection spans a large number of ATM switches the delay
in the control loop could cause cells to be lost if an element in the
connection needs to tell a CPE to back-off in Allowed Cell Rate due to a
reduction in available bandwidth or congestion. This problem is addressed
by ABR (ER) VS/VD.
Where VS/VD is available the Switches equipped with this capability are
able to carry out an ER Calculation on reception of the FRM cell and return
a BRM cell with an ER marking immediately.
This reduces the length of the control loop in ABR Explicit Rate connections
and the network becomes more responsive to the Customer Premises
Equipment (CPE) as well as reducing the likelihood of network congestion.
VS/VD support is not required in all of the ATM switches in the connection
and this is illustrated in the adjacent diagram where three ABR control
loops have been established.
The Alcatel multi-services ATM platforms support ABR Explicit Rate with
VS/VD support when the Multi-services Traffic Shaping module is installed
on ATM Cell Relay cards.

ABR Explicit Rate VS/VD

ABR Segment 1

ABR Segment 2

ABR Segment 3

VD

VS

VD

VS

VS

VD

VS

VD

FRM flow

BRM flow

D
S