Lecture 4

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY MANAGEMENT

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Introduction: Why Energy Management?

Energy is essential
Fossil fuel is a finite resource
No alternative energy source is readily available
Environmental impact of energy use
Economic considerations

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Principles of Energy Management

The following general considerations are required in the
energy management process:

Review energy use patterns

More efficient equipment and processes
Energy recovery
Economy in material selection and use
Smoothing energy use patterns
Using
g alternative energy
gy sources and
Economic evaluation

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Environmental Impact of Energy Use

The world has focussed attention on the need for energy
management and the sustainable use of energy as a result
of:

Continuing evidence to the increased

concentration of Carbon Dioxide in the
atmosphere and
its subsequent serious environmental effects
due to global warming.

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The major source of emission is the burning of

fossil fuels, particularly coal and oil.
Figure 1 shows the expected build up of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere under a
number of scenarios.

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WEC: World Energy Council

IPPC: Integrated Pollution
Prevention Control

Figure 1: Scenarios of carbon dioxide emissions in the next

century from energy generation for IPPC scenarios IS92a
and WEC scenarios A, B and C.
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WEC scenario A assumes high economic growth especially in

developing countries.
WEC-B assumes moderate economic growth.
All scenarios assume that there will be significant environmental and
economic pressures to achieve major improvements in energy
efficiency compared to historic performance;
WEC-C assumes the application of very strong pressure to reduce
emissions in order to combat global warming.

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This has lead to the Kyoto protocol in 1997.

The key outcomes of the Kyoto Protocol are summarised
below:

A cut in global emissions by 5.2% below 1990 levels

by 2008-12
2008 12.
Reductions of 7% for US, 8% for EU and 6% for
Japan.
The global target is equal to 30% reduction on
business-as-usual growth in emissions.
No obligations, either voluntary or legally binding,
on developing
d
l i countries
t i to
t cutt emissions.
i i
Protocol to cover all 6 gases, CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs
(Hydroflurocarbons), PFCs (Perflurocarbons) and
SF6 (Sulfur Hexafluoride).
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Sustainable Energy Technology:

This is defined as the products, processes, practices,
designs and services which:
improve energy efficiency,
efficiency
facilitate the utilisation of renewable energy and
implement the production, transmission and use of energy
in ways which minimise the levels of greenhouse gases
and other emissions harmful to the environment.

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Renewable Energy :
One way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions is the
use of renewable energy sources.
Energy from inexhaustible supply such as the sun does
not result in damage to the environment.
Sources of renewable energy are:
Solar
Wind
Biomass
Hydro
Waves, currents, tidal etc.....

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Non-Renewable Energy :
Non-renewable sources of energy include:
Coal
}
Oil
}
Gas
}
Nuclear
Geothermal

Fossil fuels

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CO2 Emission :
As an approximate guide to the level of emissions from
conventional fuels, use the following figures:
1 litre of petrol produces 2
2.3
3 kg of CO2
1 kWh of electricity produces 1 kg CO2

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Energy Conversion:
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
However, it can be converted from one form to another.
Irreversible processes, which constitute most real
processes, involve some losses of energy in the
conversion process.
This can be summarised in the figure below:
USEFUL
ENERGY OUT
ENERGY IN

CONVERSION
PROCESSES
LOSSES

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In order to evaluate how well we are using available

energy in a conversion process, we must consider the
process efficiency:

Efficiency =

Useful energy out

Energy in

In order to reduce energy use requirement, we need to

consider one or more of the following:
Improve conversion efficiency
Reduce losses
Recover some of the losses by reusing some of
them in the same system or another system.
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Conversion Efficiency of Thermal Systems :

The second law of thermodynamics implies that the
maximum possible efficiency is that of a reversible
system (Carnot efficiency). It is given by:
CARNOT 1 -

T2
T1

where the temperatures are in degrees Kelvin

T1 source

System

T2 sink

This value represents the theoretical maximum limit for

the efficiency.
Real thermal systems have lower efficiency values. 15/17

Example:
Estimate the overall cumulative efficiency for incandescent
and fluorescent lighting, taking into account energy losses
in
Step

Fuel
F
el production
prod ction
Fuel transportation
Energy conversion to
electricity
Transmission of electricity
Light bulb

Production of coal

Efficiency of step
(percent)
96

Transportation of coal

97

Generation of
electricity

33

Transmission of
electricity

85

Lighting, incandescent
(fluorescent)

5 (20)

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Reduction of Losses :
In thermal systems this involves:
Reducing lost fuel
Reducing loss of fluids within the system
Reducing heat losses from the system
The reduction of waste in fuel use during transportation
and filling as well as the reduction of hot or cold fluids
during various operations are subject to normal
operation and maintenance practices and are
considered sound energy management processes.
The reduction of heat losses and energy recovery are the
subject of the next module.
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