Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2nd Law
! = !!! !!!
!
! ! = !"#$%,!!! + !"#,!!! =
Conservation
relations
for
an
open
system
Mass
conservation
!"
=
!"
!"
Energy
conservation
(1st
Law)
!"
!
= +
!" +
+
2
!"
+ !"#,!!!
!"#
!"#
!"
!"# +
!"#
!
+
2
=
+
Constitutive
relations
Model
Solid
Incompressible
liquid
Ideal
gas
Model
Solid
Incompressible
liquid
Ideal
gas
( )!"
!"
( )!"# + !"#
!"#
Internal
energy
(Constant
mass
and
specific
heat)
! ! = (! ! )
! ! = (! ! )
! ! = ! (! ! )
Specific
enthalpy
( = + )
(Constant
specific
heat)
NA
1
! ! = ! ! + (! ! )
! ! = ! ! !
Page
1
of
3
!"#
Model
Solid
Entropy
!
! ! = ( )
!
!
! ! = ( )
!
!
!
! ! = !
+ ln( )
!
!
!
!
! ! = !
ln( )
!
!
!
!
! ! = !
+ ! ln( )
!
!
Incompressible
liquid
Ideal
gas
(For
variable
specific
heat)
! ! = ! ! ! !
For
an
ideal
gas,
! = ! +
For
an
ideal
gas:
=
For
a
spring:
=
!
Elastic
potential
energy
of
a
spring:
! ! = ! (!! !! )
Mass
flow
rate:
= (note
that
V
is
velocity
in
this
formula)
For
an
isentropic
process
of
an
ideal
gas
with
variable
specific
heat
!!
!
!
!
= !!! ;
!! = !!!
!
!
Isentropic
efficiency
relations
For
a
turbine
!!
! =
! !
! !!
! =
!! !
! !
For
a
compressor/pump
For
a
nozzle
! =
!
!!
Page 2 of 3
!!
!
!
Work
of
a
system
Work
of
a
system
in
general:
= .
!
Work
of
a
quasi-equilibrium
expansion
(closed
system)
:
! =
!!"#
!!
; if reversible = 1 ! !
!
Conduction
! =
Convection
= ( ! )
Radiation
= ( ! ! ! )
Fluid
statics
Hydrostatic
pressure
in
a
column
of
fluid:
! = ( ! )
where
h
is
the
fluid
height.
Page 3 of 3