Practical File

Electrical Machines -I

Submitted To: Sir Asif Memon

Submitted By: Muhammad Saad
Usama Riaz
Khet Kumar
Ghaani Shafqat
Roll No: 2429, 2446, 2418, 2410

Index
S.No

Date

2429, 2446, 2418, 2410

Objective

2429 2446 2418 2410 Signature

Page 2

PRACTICAL 01
Object:
To determine the direction of the magnetic flux in a coil due to DC supply using magnetic
compass.

Theory:
A wire coil that is carrying a current produces a magnetic eld, or magnetic flux. . A
magnetic field is a mathematical description of the magnetic influence of electric currents
and magnetic materials. The magnetic field at any given point is specified by both a
direction and a magnitude (or strength); as such it is a vector field. The magnetic field is
most commonly defined in terms of the Lorentz force it exerts on moving electric charges.
Magnetic field can refer to two separate but closely related fields which are denoted by the
symbols B and H.
The direction of the magnetic field around a straight wire depends on the direction
of current in that wire. Thus, a reversal of current in a wire causes a reversal in the direction
of the magnetic field that is produced. It follows that a reversal of the current in a coil also
causes a reversal of the two-pole magnetic field about the coil.
When the direction of the current in a coil is known, you can determine the magnetic
polarity of the coil by using the LEFT-HAND RULE FOR COILS. Grasp the coil in your left hand,
with your fingers "wrapped around" in the direction of the electron current flow. Your
thumb will then point toward the north pole of the coil.

Procedure:

Make a circuit by connecting a solenoid, a power supply and a resistor (if needed) in
series
Now pass the battery and assume the direction of the current to be conventional.
Now put a compass above the coil and note the direction.
Change the polarity of the power supply and note the direction.

Observation:

Result/Conclusion:

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Object:

PRACTICAL 02

To determine the direction of the magnetic flux using slip rings in single loop dc-machines.

Apparatus:

Coil
DC Power Supply
Compass
A resistor if needed.

Theory:
MAGNETIC FIELD:
A region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge within which the force of
magnetism acts. A magnetic field is a mathematical description of the magnetic influence of
electric currents and magnetic materials. The magnetic field at any given point is specified
by both a direction and a magnitude (or strength); as such it is a vector field. The magnetic
field is most commonly defined in terms of the Lorentz force it exerts on moving electric
charges. Magnetic field can refer to two separate but closely related fields which are
denoted by the symbols B and H.
SLIP RINGS:
A slip ring (in electrical engineering terms) is a method of making an electrical connection
through a rotating assembly. Formally, it is an electric transmission device that allows
energy flow between two electrical rotating parts, such as in a motor.

Procedure:

Make a circuit by connecting a dc single loop machine, a power supply and a resistor
(if needed) in series as shown in the circuit diagram.
Now pass the battery and assume the direction of the current to be conventional.
Now put a compass above the coil and note the direction.

Observations:

When the magnetic compass is brought near one of the two coils, it deflects towards
north.
When the magnetic compass is brought near the other coil, it changes the direction
of its needle and vice versa.

Result/Conclusion:

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Page 4

PRACTICAL 03
Object:
To determine the direction of the magnetic flux using commutator in single loop dcmachines.

Apparatus:

Coil
DC Power Supply
Compass
A resistor if needed.

Theory:
MAGNETIC FIELD:
A region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge within which the force of
magnetism acts. A magnetic field is a mathematical description of the magnetic influence of
electric currents and magnetic materials. The magnetic field at any given point is specified
by both a direction and a magnitude (or strength); as such it is a vector field. The magnetic
field is most commonly defined in terms of the Lorentz force it exerts on moving electric
charges. Magnetic field can refer to two separate but closely related fields which are
denoted by the symbols B and H.
COMMUTATOR:
A commutator is the moving part of a rotary electricalswitch in certain types of electric
motors or electrical generators that periodically reverses the current direction between the
rotor and the external circuit. A commutator is a common feature of direct current rotating
machines. By reversing the current direction in the moving coil of a motor's armature, a
steady rotating force (torque) is produced. Similarly, in a generator, reversing of the coil's
connection to the external circuit provides unidirectional (i.e. direct) current to the external
circuit.

Procedure:

Make a circuit by connecting a dc single loop machine, a power supply and a resistor
(if needed) in series as shown in the circuit diagram.
Now pass the battery and assume the direction of the current to be conventional.
Now put a compass above the coil and note the direction.

Observations:

When the magnetic compass is brought near one of the two coils, it deflects towards
north.

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Page 5

When the magnetic compass is brought near the other coil, its direction remains the
same i.e. the north showing that commutation process involves dc-current or dcvoltage.

Result/Conclusion:

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Page 6

Object:

PRACTICAL 04

To determine the direction of the magnetic flux by changing the direction of magnet.

Apparatus:

Magnet
Magnetic compass

Theory:
A magnetic field can be represented by lines of induction or flux lines. These lines are
invisible and are produced by magnetized material or by electrical currents. Magnetic fields
are electrical in nature. The flux lines are continuous and exist in closed loops. A unit of
magnetic flux is called a Maxwell (a line). The magnetic flux
density (B) at any point is defined as the number of lines
passing through an area, which is perpendicular to the
direction of the flux lines. The magnetic flux density (B) is
called a gauss (the number of lines per square centimeter),
which is a vector quantity (a magnitude and direction at any
point). The unit of flux density (B) is the gauss, which
corresponds to one line per square centimeter (or 6.54 lines
per square inch).As we know that the magnetic field depends
upon the pole direction of magnet. Magnetic flux (field) moves
from North Pole to the South Pole.

Procedure:

Put a magnet (with good magnetic field) near a compass and note the direction.
Now change the direction of magnet and repeat the process.

Observation:

When the magnetic compass is brought near one of two poles, it showed the north
direction.
When the magnetic compass is brought near the other coil, it changes the direction
of its needle and vice versa.

Result/Conclusion:

2429, 2446, 2418, 2410

Page 7

PRACTICAL 05
Object:
To study the generator action of the dc single loop rotor machine using slip rings under
permanent magnetic field.

Instruments:

Prime mover
Holder of prime mover
Rubber belt
Single loop
LN key
Permanent magnetic stator
Stator structure
C brushers
C brushes holder
Disc for centering

Diagram:

Figure 1.1: A single Loop Rotor with permanent magnets

Procedure:

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Page 8

Set the prime mover and stator structure on the fixed table along with the stator
structure with the help of LN key.
Set the permanent magnetic stator field on the stator structure and center it by
using disk for centering.
Place the single loop rotor on the shaft of stator structure among the stator field
poles.
Place the rubber belt from prime mover to the single loop rotor.
Place the C- brushes holder on the rotors slip-rings.
Insert the C brushes into the C brush holder and the other terminals are connected
to voltmeter.
Now rotate the prime mover with a maximum speed such that the rotor will rotate
under the magnetic field.

Theoretical Result:
On galvanometer voltage rise as the speed of the rotor rise i.e. speed of motor is directly
proportional to the voltage induced in it.

Observations:
The voltage induced in the output terminals but at a certain speed we get distortion free
output.

Conclusion & Result:

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Page 9

PRACTICAL 06
Object:
To study the generator action of the dc single loop rotor machine using commutator under
permanent magnetic field.

Instruments:

Prime mover
Holder of prime mover
Rubber belt
Single loop
LN key
Permanent magnetic stator
Stator structure
C brushers and holder
Disc for centering

Diagram:

Figure : A single Loop Rotor containing commutator with

permanent magnets

Procedure:

Set the prime mover and stator structure on the fixed table along with the stator
structure with the help of LN key.

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Page 10

Set the permanent magnetic stator field on the stator structure and center it by
using disk for centering.
Place the single loop rotor on the shaft of stator structure among the stator field
poles.
Place the rubber belt from prime mover to the single loop rotor.
Place the C- brushes holder on the rotors commutator.
Insert the C brushes into the C brush holder and the other terminals are connected
to voltmeter.
Now rotate the prime mover with a maximum speed such that the rotor will rotate
under the magnetic field.

Theoretical Result:
On galvanometer voltage rise as the speed of the rotor rise i.e. speed of motor is directly
proportional to the voltage induced in it.

Observations;
The voltage induced in the output terminals but at a certain speed we get distortion free
output.

Conclusion &Result:

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Page 11

PRACTICAL 07
Object:
To study the relation between the voltages induced and magnetic flux in a multi loop dc
generator by varying magnetic flux.

Instrument:

Prime mover
Holder of prime mover
Rubber belt
Multi loop rotor
LN key
Electromagnetic stator
Stator structure
Power supply for Electromagnets
Carbon brushers
Carbon brushes holder
Disc for centering

Working Formula:
EMF equation of DC Generator E = (NPZ) / (60 * A)
where,
E = e.m.f induced in any parallel path in armature
= flux per pole in weber
N = armature rotation in revolutions per minute (r.p.m)
P = No. of generator poles
Z = total number of armature conductors
A = No. of parallel paths in armature

Procedure:

Set the prime mover and stator structure on the fixed table along with the stator
structure with the help of LN key.
Now provide power to the coils of electromagnet in such a way that both coils
generate opposite fields.
Set the permanent magnetic stator field on the stator structure and center it by using
disk for centering.
Place the multi loop rotor on the shaft of stator structure between the stator field
poles.
Place the rubber belt from prime mover to the multi loop rotor.
Place the Carbon- brushes holder on the rotors slip-rings.

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Page 12

Insert the Carbon brushes into the Carbon brush holder and the other terminals are
connected to voltmeter.
Now rotate the prime mover with constant speed for should be constant. Now vary
the voltages (power) across the coils of electromagnet to change the magnetic flux.
Note the value of induced emf at different voltages across coils of electromagnets.

Theoretical Result:
We are changing the flux per pole; other values in the formula of voltage induced are
constant.
On galvanometer voltage rise as the flux of the magnetic field rises i.e. voltage
induced in generator is directly proportional to the strength of the magnetic field.
As the current through the coils (electromagnets) increases the induced voltage also
increases due to increase in magnetic field strength.

Observations:
S.No

Voltage across coils

of electromagnets

V induced 1

Vinduced 2

Vinduced 3

Means

We have taken the mean of 3 values of voltage induced on the same magnetic flux to
minimize the error. Error is due to little bit changing in the speed of rotor, we can say that
changing in .

Conclusion & Result:

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Page 13

PRACTICAL 08
Object:
To study the motor action of the dc machine using a single loop rotor.

Instruments:

Single loop
LN key
Permanent magnetic stator
Stator structure
C brushers
C brushes holder
Disc for centering
DC source

Diagram:

30

Vdc

Ir_dc
Figure 2.1: A Permanent Magnet DC Motor (Single Loop)

Procedure:

Set the stator structure on the fixed table along with the stator structure with the
help of LN key.
Set the permanent magnetic stator field on the stator structure and center it by
using disk for centering.

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Page 14

Place the single loop rotor on the shaft of stator structure among the stator field
poles.
Place the C- brushes holder on the rotors slip-rings at an angle of 90.
Insert the C brushes into the C brush holder and the other terminals are connected
to source.
Now apply 5v by the source.

Theoretical Result:
The rotor will rotate in an anticlockwise direction depend upon the polarity of machine as
polarity is reversed the rotor direction also reverses.

Observed Result:
The rotor will rotate in a certain direction depending upon the polarity of machine as
polarity is reversed the rotor direction also reverses. And the motor starts to rotate at above
a particular voltage level which was found to be approximately _________.

Conclusion:

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Page 15

PRACTICAL 09
Object:
To study the motor action of the dc machine using a multi loop rotor.

Instruments:

Multi loop rotor

LN key
Permanent magnetic stator
Stator structure
Carbon brushers
Carbon brushes holder
Disc for centering
DC source

Diagram:

Fig. 4.1: Generator runs as a motor

Fig. 4.2: Drum Winding in DC

machine

Procedure:

Set the stator structure on the fixed table along with the stator structure with the
help of LN key.
Set the permanent magnetic stator field on the stator structure and center it by
using disk for centering.
Place the multi loop rotor on the shaft of stator structure between the stator field
poles.
Place the Carbon-brushes holder on the rotors slip-rings.
Insert the Carbon brushes into the Carbon brush holder and the other terminals are
connected to source.
Now apply voltage on the terminals of the carbon brushes.

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Page 16

Theoretical Result:
The rotor will rotate in a certain direction depending upon the polarity of machine as
polarity is reversed the rotor direction also reverses.

Observed Result:
The rotor will rotate in a certain direction depending upon the polarity of machine as
polarity is reversed the rotor direction also reverses. And the motor starts to rotate at
above a perticular voltage level wich was found to be approximately _________.

Conclusion:

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Page 17

PRACTICAL 10
Object:
To study the construct a Single or Multiple Loop D.C Motor with electromagnets stator.

Apparatus:
Multiple Loop Rotor, electromagnet Stator, Prime Mover, Machine Clamp, Base of Machine, Magnetic
Needle, Disc, Carbon Brushes, Carbon Brush Holders, Multi-meter, D.C power supply.

Theory:
An electric motor is an electromagnetic device that changes electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor
generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external permanent magnetic field, it will
experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the external
magnetic field. figure 1

Figure 1:DC motor with Electromagnetic poles

Figure 2: Multiple Loop Rotor

In order to get motor action we need:

Magnetic field,
Current carrying conductor.

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Page 18

In order to operate a Motor on D.C voltages a commutator is employed. For multiple Loop rotors
commutator possess N segments where N is number of Loops on Rotor. The torque produced is
directly proportional to applied voltages and magnetic field strength. The relation is given below:

Where
= Torque produced
= current in the loops
= Magnetic Flux
Number of Loops

Result:

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Page 19

PRACTICAL 11
Object:
To study the relation between voltages applied across electromagnetic windings (flux) and speed of
the dc machine using multi loop rotor.

Instruments:

Multi loop rotor

LN key
Electromagnetic stator
Stator structure
Carbon brushers
Carbon brushes holder
Disc for centering
DC source

Diagram:

Fig. 4.2: Drum Winding in DC

machine

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Page 20

Fig. 4.1: Generator runs as a motor

Procedure:

Set the stator structure on the fixed table along with the stator structure with the help of LN
key.
Set the electromagnets stator field on the stator structure and center it by using disk for
centering.
Place the multi loop rotor on the shaft of stator structure between the stator field poles.
Place the Carbon-brushes holder on the rotors slip-rings.
Insert the Carbon brushes into the Carbon brush holder and the other terminals are
connected to source.
Now apply voltage on the terminals of the carbon brushes.

Theoretical Result:
The rotor will rotate in a certain direction depending upon the polarity of magnetic filed as polarity is
reversed the rotor direction also reverses. And speed increased by increase the voltage applied
across electromagnetic windings (flux).

Observed Result:
The rotor will rotate in a certain direction depending upon the polarity of machine as polarity is
reversed the rotor direction also reverses. And the motor starts to rotate at above a particular
voltage level applied on electromagnetic windings and rotor windings.

Conclusion:

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Page 21