Joseph Nguyen

AP Biology, Period 3
Mr. Chan
141107
Homework #8 (141107): Chapter 8
Total points: 40 for Attempt on all questions
1 Concept Map: 10 points each
Total 50 points
1. Explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways in cellular metabolism.
-release energy
-combine molecules
Catabolic pathways in cellular metabolism release the energy stored in complex
molecules through the breakdown of these molecules into simpler compounds.
Anabolic pathways combine simpler molecules into more complex ones.
2. Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy.
-relative motion of objects
-matter possesses
Kinetic energy is the relative motion of objects. Potential energy is energy that
matter possesses because of its location or structure.
3. Explain why an organism is considered an open system.
-interacts with environment
An organism is considered an open system because it constantly interacts with its
environment.
4. Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics in your own words.
-energy is always there
-energy transfer
-increases randomness
According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy is always constant in the
universe. It cannot be made or destroyed. The second law of thermodynamics states
that the more energy that is transferred, the randomness of the universe increases.
5. Explain why highly ordered living organisms do not violate the second law of
thermodynamics.
-can decrease
Highly ordered living organisms do not violate the second law of thermodynamics
because its entropy can decrease, so long as the total entropy in the universe is
constantly increasing.
6. Write and define each component of the equation for free-energy change.
-G=H-TS
-change in free energy
-change in enthalpy
-absolute temp
-change in system entropy
The equation of the free-energy change is G=H-TS. G stands for the change in
free energy. H symbolizes the change in the systems enthalpy. T stands for the
absolute temperature in Kelvins. S stands for the change in the systems entropy.

7. Distinguish between exergonic and endergonic reactions in terms of free energy

change.
-net release
-absorbs free energy
Exergonic reactions proceed with a net release of free energy, while endergonic
reactions are one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.
8. Explain why metabolic disequilibrium is one of the defining features of life.
-dies
Metabolic disequilibrium is one of the defining features of life because anything that
has not reached metabolic equilibrium is dead.
9. List the three main kinds of cellular work. Explain in general terms how cells obtain
the energy to do cellular work.
-chemical work
-transport work
-mechanical work
Chemical work is the pushing of endergonic reactions that would not occur
spontaneously. Transport work is the pumping of substance across membranes
against the direction of spontaneous movement. Mechanical work is the contraction
of muscles cells and the movement of chromosomes during cellular reproduction.
10. Describe the structure of ATP and identify the major class of macromolecules to
which ATP belongs.
-adenosine triphosphate
-chain of three phosphate groups
-nucleoside triphosphates
ATP or adenosine triphosphate is a chain of three phosphate groups with a
nitrogenous adenine base. ATP is one of the nucleoside triphosphates used to make
RNA.
11. Explain how ATP performs cellular work.
-transports chemical energy
-produced during photosynthesis
-consumed by many enzymes
ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. ATP is produced as an
energy source during photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It is also consumed by
many enzymes.
12. Describe the function of enzymes in biological systems.
-catalyst
-proteins
-regulate metabolism
Enzymes in biological systems act as a catalyst, a chemical agent that speeds up a
reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Enzymes are proteins in biological
systems used to regulate metabolism.

13. Explain why an investment of activation energy is necessary to initiate a

spontaneous reaction.
-unstable
An investment of activation energy is necessary to initiate a spontaneous reaction
because molecules are generally stable and needs to be unstable in order to be
reactive.
14. Explain how enzyme structure determines enzyme specificity.
-fit perfectly
Only enzymes with the structure that fits into the substrate can act on the substrate,
so specific enzymes act on specific substrates.
15. Explain the induced-fit model of enzyme function.
-proper substrate -> proper alignment
-catalytic function
The induced-fit model is a model for enzymes-substrate interaction to describe that
only the proper substrate is capable of inducing the proper alignment of the active
site that will enable the enzyme to perform its catalytic function.
16. Describe the mechanisms by which enzymes lower activation energy.
-molecule holds one reactant
-reaction
Enzymes lower activation energy by having a molecule that holds one of the
reactants. The other reactant approaches and most collisions occur in a reaction.
17. Explain how substrate concentration affects the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed
reaction.
-substrate increase, reaction increase
-saturation occurs
As the concentration of substrate increases, the rate of reaction also increases until
the point saturation occurs.
18. Explain how temperature, pH, cofactors, and enzyme inhibitors can affect enzyme
activity.
-molecular structure unstable
-denature
-active site of enzyme
Temperature affects enzyme activity because enzymes are made of proteins and sa
the temperature raises, the proteins molecular structure will be more and more
unstable until it denatures and breaks. The pH works the same way, where the
enzyme will denature if it is in too acidic or too basic of an environment. Cofactors
are molecules that will fit into the active site of an enzyme and activate or
deactivate. Enzyme inhibitors are little molecules that will fit into an enzyme and
prevent the cofactor from reaching and activating it.
19. Explain how metabolic pathways are regulated.
-order of enzymes in cells
Metabolic pathways are regulated by cellular structures.
20. Explain how the location of enzymes in a cell may help order metabolism
-compartmentalized
The cell is compartmentalized, and cellular structures help bring order to metabolic
pathways.

Draw ONE concept Map using the following words:

activation energy
active site
allosteric regulation
anabolic pathway
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
bioenergetics
catabolic pathway
catalyst
chemical energy
coenzyme
cofactor
competitive inhibitor
cooperativity
endergonic reaction
energy
energy coupling