Homework #10 (130107): Chapter 10 (141107)

Total points: 20 for Attempt on all questions

ONE Concept Map: 10 points
Objectives
The Process That Feeds the Biosphere
1. Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
-sustain themselves
-produced by others
Autotrophic nutrition means being able to feed themselves. Heterotrophic nutrition
means living on compounds produced by other organisms.
2. Distinguish between photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.
-use light energy
-inorganic compounds
Photoautotrophs use light energy, while chemoautotrophs use inorganic compounds
as energy.
3. Describe the structure of a chloroplast, listing all membranes and compartments.
-stomata
-stroma
-thylakoids
-chlorophyll
Chloroplasts are made up of chlorophyll. A chloroplast has an envelope of two
membranes surrounding a dense fluid called the stroma. Suspended within the
stroma is a third membrane system, made up of sacs called thylakoids, which
segregate the stroma from the thylakoid space inside these sacs. Chlorophyll is the
green pigment that give leaves their color.
The Pathways of Photosynthesis
4. Write a summary equation for photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2.
5. Explain van Niel's hypothesis and describe how it contributed to our current
understanding of photosynthesis. Explain the evidence that supported his hypothesis.
-oxygen-18
-shuffling of atoms
-photosynthesis
Scientists confirmed van Neils hypothesis by using oxygen-18 as a tracer to follow
the fate of oxygen atoms during photosynthesis. A significant result of the shuffling of
atoms during photosynthesis is the extraction of hydrogen from water and ints
incorporation into sugar.
6. In general terms, explain the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis.
-oxidation
-photosynthetic electron transport chain
The oxidation of water is linked with the reduction of CO2 through a series of redox
reactions in which electrons are passed from one compound to another. This series

of reactions constitutes the photosynthetic electron transport chain. The process

begins with the absorption of light by protein-pigment complexes known as
photosystems. Photosystems use absorbed light energy to drive redox reactions and
thereby set the photosynthetic electron transport chain in motion. In turn, the
movement of electrons through this transport chain is used to drive the synthesis of
ATP and NADPH. And finally, ATP and NADPH are the energy sources needed to
synthesize carbohydrates using CO2
7. Describe the two main stages of photosynthesis in general terms.
-photo reactions
-synthesis reactions
Photosynthesis involves light-dependent "photo" reactions and light-independent
"synthesis" reactions. Traps energy from sunlight into bonds of energy carriers (ATP
and NADPH) in the thylakoid. energy then transferred to and stored in chemical
bonds of carbohydrates
8. Describe the relationship between an action spectrum and an absorption spectrum.
Explain why the action spectrum for photosynthesis differs from the absorption
spectrum for chlorophyll a.
-chlorophyll
-absorption spectrum
Action spectrum of photosynthesis follows absorption spectrum of chlorophyll. The
absorption spectrum indicates how much of each wavelength chlorophyll will
absorb, whereas the action spectrum can tell us which off those wavelengths are
most effective in photosynthesis.
9. Explain how carotenoids protect the cell from damage by light.
-ascorbate
-beta-carotene
Ascorbate, beta-carotene, and other antioxidants are able to neutralize reactive
oxygen species. These are chemicals that detoxify reactive oxygen species
10. List the wavelengths of light that are most effective for photosynthesis.
-blue
-red
Light most effective for photosynthesis absorbs in blue (400-450 nm) and red (650700 nm) wavelengths. Chlorophyll appears green because it reflects green
wavelengths (500 to 600 nm).
11. Explain what happens when a solution of chlorophyll a absorbs photons. Explain
what happens when chlorophyll a in an intact chloroplast absorbs photons.
-rapidly released
-convert to heat
-reaction center
For chlorophyll molecules that have been isolated in the laboratory, this absorbed
light energy is rapidly released, allowing the electron to return to its initial "ground"
energy state. Most of the energy is converted into heat; a small amount is reemitted
as light). By contrast, The absorbed light energy is transferred to another
chlorophyll molecule and then on to another. Absorbed light energy is transferred

from one chlorophyll molecule to another until it is finally transferred to the reaction
center. When the transfer takes place, the reaction center becomes oxidized and the
adjacent electron-acceptor molecule is reduced.
12. List the components of a photosystem and explain the function of each component.
-photosynthetic pigment
Chlorophyll is the major photosynthetic pigment, sunlight, accessory pigments
allows photosynthetic cells to absorb a broader range of visible light than would be
possible with just chlorophyll alone. Antenna= Absorbed light energy is transferred
from one chlorophyll molecule to another. the reaction center is where light energy
is converted into electron transport.
13. Trace the movement of electrons in noncyclic electron flow. Trace the movement of
electrons in cyclic electron flow.
-PS II
-PS 1
Non-Cyclic Electron Flow - uses PS II and PS I. Photosystem II supplies electrons to
the beginning of the electron transport chain. When photosystem II loses an electron
(that is, when it is itself oxidized), it is able to pull electrons from water. In contrast,
photosystem I energizes electrons with a second input of light energy so they have
enough energy to reduce NADP+.
14. Explain the functions of cyclic and noncyclic electron flow.
-compensate
-reduce NADP+
Ciclic electron flow = used to compensate for higher ATP requirements. Non-cyclic
electron flow = electron energy can be uses to reduce to NADP+ (NADH in cellular
respiration).
15. Describe the similarities and differences in chemiosmosis between oxidative
phosphorylation in mitochondria and photophosphorylation in chloroplasts.
-photophosphorylation
In Photosynthesis electron flow from light through pigment molecules provides
energy for ATP synthesis = PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION. In Cellular Respiration electron flow from oxidation of glucose through glycolysis / pyruvate oxidation /
citric acid cycle provides energy for ATP synthesis = OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION. Mitochondrion--pumps H+ out --transfers chemical energy
from food to ATP- matrix. Chloroplast--- pumps H+ in-- transforms light energy to
ATP --in stroma
16. State the function of each of the three phases of the Calvin cycle.
-carboxylation
-reduction
-regeneration
1) Carboxylation = the addition of CO2 to the 5 carbon compound, RuBP is
catalyzed by the enzyme ribisco. Carbon fixation of CO2 to 3PG. 2) Reduction =
NADPH transfer high-energy electrons; conversion to carbohydrate (G3P). 3)
Regeneration of RuBP = process, 3-C compound are reorganized and combined to
produce RuBP

17. Describe the role of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle.
-More atp is used
-3 for every 2
More ATP is used than NADPH+H+ in Calvin Cycle. 3 ATP consumed for every 2
NADPH+H+ used. Extra ATP used in regenerating RuBP - extra ATP produced in
Cyclic Electron Flow
18. Describe what happens to rubisco when O2 concentration is much higher than CO2
concentration.
-oxygenase
Rubisco can act as an oxygenase (catalyzes O2 fixation) = photorespiration. Rubisco
can bind O2 in place of CO2.
19. Describe the major consequences of photorespiration. Explain why it is thought to be
an evolutionary relict.
-requires ATP
requires ATP. when atmosphere had less O2 and more CO2. Inability of enzyme to
exclude O2 wouldnt matter. Now photorespiration is inevitable.
20. Describe two important photosynthetic adaptations that minimize photorespiration.
-CO2 added to PEP
-break down
In C4 plants, CO2 is first added to a three-carbon compound, PEP, with the aid of
an enzyme (PEP carboxylase) that has a high affinity for CO2. The resulting fourcarbon compound formed in the mesophyll cells of the leaf is transported to bundlesheath cells tightly packed around the veins of the leaf. The compound is broken
down to release CO2, which rubisco then fixes into the Calvin cycle. In CAM plants,
they break down the compounds down to release CO2 during daylight so that the
Calvin cycle can proceed. The process of succulent plants close their stomata during
the day to prevent water loss, but open at night to take up CO2 and incorporate it
into a variety of organic acids. The CAM pathway does not structurally separate
carbon fixation from the Calvin cycle
21. List the possible fates of photosynthetic products.
-sugar.
Sugar made in the chloroplasts supplies the entire plant with chemical energy and
carbon skeletons for the synthesis of all the major organic molecules of plant cells.

Key Words to Construct Concept Maps

absorption spectrum
action spectrum
autotroph
bundle-sheath cell
C3 plant
C4 plant
Calvin cycle
CAM plant
carbon fixation
carotenoid
chlorophyll
chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
cyclic electron flow
electromagnetic spectrum
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
heterotroph
light reactions
light-harvesting complex
mesophyll
mesophyll cell
NADP+
noncyclic electron flow
PEP carboxylase
photon
photophosphorylation
photorespiration
photosynthesis
photosystem
photosystem I (PS I)
photosystem II (PS II)
primary electron acceptor
reaction center
rubisco
spectrophotometer
stoma
stroma
thylakoid
visible light
wavelength