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INTRODUCTION
Classification
of Measuring Instruments:
1- Mechanical Instruments:
Since they have moving parts then they are useful for stable
operation but due the inertia of the moving elements are
slow then they are not suitable for measuring dynamic
variables and transient operations.
Classification
2- Electrical Instruments:
Classification
3- Electronic Instruments:
Methods
of Measurements:
1- Direct Method:
Disadvantages are:
Methods
of Measurements: (cont.)
1- Indirect Method:
The unknown quantity under measurement is determined
via the use of measurement systems as follows:
Advantages are:
Basic
definitions:
1- True Value: At
It is the actual value of a variable to be measured
2- Measured Value: Am
It is the value measured by a specified instrument
3- Static (Absolute) Error: (A)
It is the difference between measured value (Am ) and true
value ( At ).
It is the deviation of the measured value from the true value.
A= Am -At
Dr. Sahar Abd El Moneim Moussa
Basic
definitions: (cont.)
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Basic
definitions: (cont.)
11
Example 1:
A meter reads 127.5 V and the true value of the voltage is
127.43 V, determine the:
i- Static error
ii- Static correction for this instrument.
Solution:
The Static Error: A = Am At = 127.5 127.43 = + 0.07 V
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Example 2:
A voltmeter has a true value of 1.5V. An analog indicating
instrument with a scale 0-2.5 shows a voltage of 1.46V. What
are the values of absolute error and correction. Express the
error as a fraction of the true value and f.s.d.
Solution:
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Basic
definitions: (cont.)
6- Limiting Error:
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Example 3:
A 300 V voltmeter is specified to be accurate within 2% at
full scale. Calculate the limiting error when the instrument is
used to measure a 120 V source and 60 V. Comment.
Solution:
The limiting error at full scale is 2%
The magnitude of the limiting error at full scale is
= 300 x ( 2/100 ) = 6 V
The limiting error at 120 V
= 6/120 x 100 = 5%
The limiting error at 60 V = 6/60 x 100 = 10%
The results of the previous example give us an important
conclusion, which is:
Measurements of low values has higher limiting errors, so readings
should be made near full scale to decrease error.
Dr. Sahar Abd El Moneim Moussa
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Example 4:
The inductance of an inductor is specified by a manufacturer as
20H5%. Determine the limits of the inductance between
which it is guaranteed
Solution:
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Characteristics
of the Instruments:
1- Accuracy:
2- Resolution:
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Characteristics
3- Sensitivity:
4- Precision:
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Example 5:
If an Ohmmeter requires a change of 8 to produce a change
in the deflection of 2 mm. Find its sensitivity.
Solution:
sensitivity is given by:
S = 2 / 8 = 0.25 mm /
Example (6):
If an ammeter has an input of 10 A which produces 5 mm. Find
the sensitivity.
Solution:
It will Solved in the lecture
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Example 7:
A moving coil voltmeter has a uniform scale with 100 divisions,
the full-scale reading is 200 V and 1/10 of a scale division can
be estimated with a fair degree of certainty. Determine the
resolution of the instrument.
Solution:
1 scale division = 200/100 = 2 V
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Example (8):
A digital voltmeter has a read-out range from 0 to 9999
counts. Determine the resolution of the instrument in volts
when the full scale reading is 9.99V.
Solution:
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Errors
in Measurements:
1- Gross Errors:
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Errors
in Measurements: (cont.)
2- Systematic Errors:
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Errors
in Measurements: (cont.)
3- Random Errors:
=1
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Errors
in Measurements: (cont.)
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Loading
Effect Error:
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Loading
27
Loading
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Example (10):
A 50 voltage range voltmeter is connected across the
terminals A and B of the circuit shown in the figure. Find the
reading of the voltmeter under open circuit and loaded
conditions. Find the accuracy and the loading error. The
voltmeter has a resistance of 1000 k.
Solution:
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Propagation
of Errors:
= [ + ]
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Example (11):
Three resistors having the following ratings: R1=2005%,
R2=10010%. Find the magnitude of the resultant
resistance and limiting errors in percentage and ohms, if the
above resistances are connected in series .
Solution:
It will Solved in the lecture
31
Propagation
of Errors:(cont.)
= [ + ]
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Example (12):
The measurements of potential difference and current for
certain element are V=202%, I=35%. Calculate the
percentage error in the calculated power.
Solution:
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